UNIT 2 CULTURAL DIVERSITY A READING Unit 2 trang 14 SBT Part 1 Read the passage and complete the table that follows [ Đọc bài và hoàn thành bảng sau] There are questions from a cross cultural workshop[.]
UNIT 2: CULTURAL DIVERSITY A READING Unit trang 14 SBT Part Read the passage and complete the table that follows [ Đọc hoàn thành bảng sau] There are questions from a cross-cultural workshop which helps business people to avoid misunderstandings when they deal with people who come from different cultures Ideas about polite behaviour vary from one culture to another and it’s easy to cause offence, or feel offended, if you don’t know what other cultures expect Some societies, such as America and Australia, for example, are mobile and very open People here change jobs and move house quite frequently As a result they have a lot of relationships that often last only a short time, and they need to get to know people quickly So it’s normal to have friendly conversations with people that they have just met, and you can talk about things that other cultures would regard as private At the other extreme are more crowded and less mobile societies where long-term relationships are more important A Malaysian or Mexican business person, for example, will want to get to know you very well before he or she feels happy to start business But when you get to know each other, the relationship becomes much deeper than it would in a mobile society To Americans, both Europeans and Asians seem cool and formal at first On the other hand, as a passenger from a less mobile society put it, it’s no fun spending several hours next to a stranger who wants to tell you all about his or her life and asks you all sorts of embarrassing questions that you don’t want to answer Cross-cultural differences aren’t just a problem for travellers, but also for the airlines that carry them All airlines want to provide the best service, but ideas about good service vary from place to place This can be seen most clearly in the way that problems are dealt with Some societies have ‘universalist’ cultures These societies have a strong respect for rules, and they treat every person and situation in basically the same way ‘Particularist’ societies, on the other hand, also have rules, but they are less important than the society’s unwritten ideas about what is right or wrong for a particular situation or a particular person So the formal rules are bent to fit the needs of the situation or the importance of the person This difference can cause problems A traveller from a particularist society, India, is checking in for a flight in Germany, a country which has a universalist culture The Indian traveller has too much luggage, but he explains that he has been away from home for a long time and the suitcases are full of presents for his family He expects that the check-in clerk will understand his problem and will bend the rules for him The check-in clerk, however, expects that if she explains the rules, the customer will understand If he was allowed to have too much luggage, it wouldn’t be fair to the other passengers But the traveller thinks this is unfair, because the other passengers don’t have his problem Type of society or Distinguishing culture feature Mobile Lest mobile “Universalist” “Particularism” Effect behaviour on Country on region Answer Type of society or Distinguishing culture feature Effect behaviour on Country or region Mobile Change jobs and Have a lot of America move house quite relationships that Australia frequently often last only a short time know people quickly and Less mobile Long-term Relationships are Malaysia Mexico relationships are deep more important or “Universalis” Strong respect for Treat every person Germany rules and situation in basically the same way “Particularism” Rules are less important than the society’s unwritten ideas Formal rules bent to fit needs of situation or importance of person are India the the the the Dịch đọc: Có câu hỏi từ buổi hội thảo giao thoa văn hóa giúp đỡ doanh nhân tránh hiểu lầm đối mặt với người đến từ văn hóa khác Các ý tưởng lối ứng xử lịch khác văn hóa văn hóa khác dễ gây tổn thương, cảm thấy bị xúc phạm, bạn văn hóa khác mong đợi Một vài xã hội, ví dụ Mỹ Úc linh hoạt cởi mở Mọi người thay đổi công việc chuyển nhà thường xun Vì họ có nhiều mối quan hệ thường kéo dài thời gian ngắn, họ cần biết người cách nhanh chóng Vì bình thường có đối thoại thân thiện với người họ vừa gặp, bạn trị chuyện vấn đề mà văn hóa khác xem riêng tư Ở xã hội khắc nghiệt khác xã hội đơng đúc linh động nơi mà mối quan hệ lâu dài quan trọng Một doanh nhân Mã Lai hay Mexico, chẳng hạn, muốn biết bạn kỹ trước anh hay cô cảm thấy vui vẻ để bắt đầu hợp tác làm ăn Nhưng bạn biết nhau, mối quan hệ trở nên sâu sắc nhiều so với xã hội linh hoạt Đối với người Mỹ, người châu Âu người châu Á lúc đầu dễ chịu trang trọng Ngược lại, hành khách từ xã hội linh động hơn, khơng vui dành hàng bên cạnh người xa lạ người mà muốn kể cho bạn nghe đời sống anh hay cô hỏi bạn tất loại câu hỏi gây bối rối mà bạn không muốn trả lời Sự khác giao thao văn hóa không vấn đề du khách, mà cịn cho hãng hàng khơng vận chuyển họ Tất hãng hàng không muốn cung cấp dịch vụ tốt nhất, ý tưởng dịch vụ tốt khác từ nơi nơi khác Điều nhìn thấy rõ ràng theo cách thức mà vấn đề giải Một số xã hội có văn hóa “ phổ quát” Những xã hội tôn trọng quy luật, họ đối xử với người tình theo lối Những xã hội “ riêng biệt”, ngược lại, có quy luật, chúng quan trọng so với ý kiến không viết thành văn sai cho tình cụ thể người cụ thể Vì quy tắc trang trọng điều chỉnh phù hợp với nhu cầu tình tầm quan trọng người Sự khác gây vấn đề Một du khác từ xã hội riêng biệt Ấn Độ, kiểm tra chuyến bay Đức, đất nước có văn hóa phổ quát Du khách người Ấn Độ có nhiều hành lý, anh giải thích anh xa nhà lâu hành lý đầy q cho gia đình anh Anh mong đợi nhân viên thủ tục hiểu vấn đề anh điều chỉnh quy luật Tuy nhiên, nhân viên hải quan hi vọng giải thích , khách hàng hiểu Nếu anh cho phép nhiều hành lý, không công cho hành khách khác Nhưng vị hành khách nghĩ điều không cơng bằng, hành khách khác khơng có vấn đề Part 2.Complete the passage, using the word from the box that best fits each space [ Hoàn thành đọc sử dụng từ khung phù hợp với chỗ trống] particular particularly fairly common suitable carefully naturally advisable useful important immediately acceptable finer enough invariable Good personal relations based on mutual trust and esteem play a (1) important role in doing business in Japan Hospitality given and received can (2) part in maintaining and establishing such relations While it is (3) for the visitor to offer a meal in a restaurant or in his hotel: he is not expected to reciprocate entertaining on the Japanese scale The Japanese not expect foreigners to understand the (4) points of their own etiquette but they like people who try to conform Shoes are removed before entering Japnaese – style houses and restaurants Most Japanese meals consist of a series of small dishes (5) , the polite thing to is to eat what one is offered but Japanese hosts are understanding if a foreigner explains that he finds a (6) dish unappetizing In Japan it is the almost (7) custom to exchange visiting cards when one makes a new acquaintance This is useful to the foreign visitor, and it is (8) to take a substantial number of cards (say at least 100) for use in Japan The custom of giving gifts to business and personal acquaintances is more (9) than in most other countries Most of these gifts are (10) small items and it is not necessary to reciprocate (11) although it is customary to give something back in due course for personal presents received from individuals It may be useful to take a number of souvenir items such as English china, company pens or ties to give away on (12) occasions Very high-quality Scotch whisky also makes an (13) gift It is (14) that all gifts should be (15) wrapped in gift wrapping paper Answer particularly useful enough finer Naturally particular invariable advisable common 10 fairly 11 immediately 12 suitable 13 acceptable 14 important 15 carefully B LANGUAGE FOCUS unit trang 16 Exercise Circle A, B, C, or D to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions [Khoanh tròn A, B, C D để xác định từ có phần gạch khác so với ba từ lại phát âm] A wanted C decided B stopped D hated A walked B knocked C jumped D arrested A helped C phoned A started B rained D explained B arrived C mended D decided A needed B afforded C advanced A astonished C.rubbed A disposed C missed A asked C worked A washed C intended 10 A stopped D invented B toured D erased B satisfied D timed B advised D promised B matched D walked B added C produced D worked Hướng dẫn giải 1.B D 3.A B C A C B C 10 B Exercise Choose the correct answer [ Chọn câu trả lời đúng] I at the library when you came over I A am; have been C was; have been B have been; am D were; am being I’m sure he there twice since Monday here tonight, isn’t he? to bring it He A will'not forget; is coming B has not forgotten; comes C is not forgetting; is coming D will not forget; is going to come He too some stamps at the post office He says A, is buying; gets C has bought; got A is going to buy; will get D will buy; gets The child would not have fallen if you him A haven’t pushed C hadn’t pushed B didn’t push D weren’t pushing She he me some stamps as if she for days A looks; had not slept B looked; had not slept C is looking; isn’t sleeping D had looked; hadn’t slept The library now No one to enter it A has cleaned; is allowed B is being cleaned; is allowed C has been cleaned; are allowed D is cleaning; allows She out the towel after she it in hot water for a while A wrings; soaked C was wringing; soaked B wrung; had soaked D wrung; has soaked They they always very troublesome neighbours Just last night a quarrel with us A had been; were having C have been; were having C have been; had D are being; had had By three o’clock yesterday afternoon, we decorating the hall A were finished C had finished B finished D are finishing 10 Everyone in the school classrooms empty then part in the sports meet next week The A are taking; is C will be taking; have been B is taking; will be D takes; is Answer C A B C B B B C C 10 B Exercise Put each verb in brackets into an appropriate tense [ Đặt động từ ngoặc đúng] Ask hundreds of people what they (1 do) on a certain day in August next year, or the year after, and there (2 be) only one reply Provided of course that the people you (3 ask) (4 belong) to the Elvis Presley Fan Club Although the King of Rock and Roll (5 die) nearly two decades ago, his fans (6 meet) every year since then outside his home in Memphis,Tennessee, to show respect for the singer they (7 love) so much Jean Thomas, who is from Catford in South London, (8 visit) Graceland, the house where Elvis (9 suffer) from his fatal heart attack, twice in the past five years “It was the first time I (10 borrow) the money from my mom, as I (11 not work) then But two years ago I (12 get) married and since then I (13 work) in my husband Chris’s garage Chris and I (14 go) together last year, and we (15 think) of spending two or three months in the U.S.A next year I (16 always want) to visit some of the places where Elvis (17 perform) Like Las Vegas for example.” Jean says that Elvis (18 be) her obsession ever since she (19 be) ten years old, and she (20 own) every single one of his records, good and bad Answer 1.will be doing will be ask belong died have met love has visited suffered 10 borrowed 11 was not working 12 got 13 have worked 15 are thinking 16 have always wanted 17 performed 18 has been 19 was 20 owns 14 went C SPEAKING unit trang 19 Check the statements about cultural behaviour that are true in your country Then tell your partners about them [ Kiểm tra câu hành vi văn hóa với đất nước bạn Sau kể với bạn chúng] Example: In Vietnam, it is all right to ask people how much money they earn Socialising It’s OK to ask people how much money they earn It’s all right to ask someone how old she/he is gift It’s common to introduce yourself to new neighbours and give them a small People always arrive on time when they’re invited to someone’s home It’s OK to bring a friend or family member when you are invited to someone’s home 6 It’s OK to drop by a friend’s house without calling first When friends have dinner out together, each person pays his or her share of the check Out in public It’s OK to blow your nose in public It’s all right to chew gum while talking to someone It’s common to bargain when you buy things in stores If you want to smoke around other people, you should always ask if it’s OK At work and school In an office, people usually prefer to be called by their first name In schools, it’s common to call a teacher by his or her first name Students always stand up when the teacher enters the classroom Dating and marriage Parents often decide who their children will marry Teenagers go out on dates a lot A man usually gives a woman a gift when they go out on a date Young people usually live with their parents after they married Dịch bài: Hòa nhập xã hội: 5, 6,7 Bình thường hỏi người ta thu nhập Bình thường hỏi người khác tuổi Bình thường tự giới thiệu với hàng xóm tặng họ q nhỏ Mọi người ln đến nơi họ mời tới nhà Bình thường dẫn theo ngưươ bạn hay thành viên gia đình bạn đến nhà Bình thường ghé nhà chơi mà không báo trước Khi người bạn ăn ngồi nhau, người tự chia tốn với Trong cộng đồng: Bình thường xì mũi nơi cơng cộng Bình thường nhai kẹo cao su nói chuyện với người khác Phổ biến trả giá bạn mua hàng cửa hàng Nếu bạn muốn hút thuốc quanh người khác bạn nên hỏi người khác có họ đồng ý khơng Ở nơi làm việc trường học: 1, Trong văn phòng, người thường thích tên Ở trường, bình thường gọi tên giáo viên Học sinh đứng lên giáo viên vào lớp Hẹn hò hôn nhân: Bố mẹ thường định người mà họ cưới Thanh niên hẹn hò nhiều Đàn ơng thường tặng phụ nữ q họ hẹn hò Giới trẻ thường sống với bố mẹ sau kết hôn D WRITING unit trang 20 Exercise 1.Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it [ Kết thúc câu sau theo cách có nghĩa giống với câu cho trước đó] The last time I was in Prague was in 1986 I haven’t This will be the team’s first match outside England This will be the first time Terry will get over his illness Then his work will be improved Once There will be someone to meet you on arrival When The number of people who attended the fair exceeded our expectations More people I didn’t receive the results of my test for a month It was My work won’t be finished by the end of the month I Go to the international ticket desk immediately on arrival As I didn’t know about John’s departure I didn’t know that 10 Quite a few books are missing from the class library Several members of the class have not Answer I haven’t been to Prague since 1986 This will be the first time the team has played outside England Once Terry gets over his illness, his work wil be improved When you arrive, there will be someone to meet More people than we expected attended the fair It’s was a month before I received the results of my test I won’t have finished my work by the end of the month As soon as you arrive, go to the international ticket desk I didn’t know that John had left/ departed 10 Several members of the class have not brought back their library books Exercise Below are some typical features of the American culture Write the corresponding features of the Vietnamese culture [Bên đặc điểm điển hình văn hóa Mỹ Viết đặc trưng tương ứng văn hóa Việt Nam] In America In Vietnam Two generations (parents and children) live in a home Family relationship is not always close Americans have knives, spoons, forks and plates They in soup in the plate Food is put in individual plates or on the table They tend to pass the whole plate of food around Americans sometimes exchange cheekkisses to express friendliness Talking directly about the main subject is prefeable Looking straightly into someone’s eyes in conversation shows honesty and frankness Answer In America In Vietnam Two generations (parents and children) live in a home Two, three or even four generations live under one roof Family relationship is not always close Family relationship is very close Americans have knives, spoons, forks and plates They in soup in the plate Vietnamese use spoons, chopsticks, and bowls They eat soup in a bowl Food is put in individual plates or on the table They tend to pass the whole plate of food around Food is put on the table and all individuals take piece by piece The parents get food for their kids by using their chopsticks, not by passing the whole plate Americans sometimes exchange cheek-kisses to express friendliness Vietnamese never exchange cheekkisses It is a shock to most married women Talking directly about the main subject is preferable Vietnamese talk around a subject before coming to the point Looking straightly into someone’s It is not respectable especially older eyes in conversation shows honesty people or to superiors and frankness ... quát Du khách người Ấn Độ có nhiều hành lý, anh giải thích anh xa nhà lâu hành lý đầy quà cho gia đình anh Anh mong đợi nhân viên thủ tục hiểu vấn đề anh điều chỉnh quy luật Tuy nhiên, nhân viên... particular invariable advisable common 10 fairly 11 immediately 12 suitable 13 acceptable 14 important 15 carefully B LANGUAGE FOCUS unit trang 16 Exercise Circle A, B, C, or D to indicate the word... old, and she (20 own) every single one of his records, good and bad Answer 1.will be doing will be ask belong died have met love has visited suffered 10 borrowed 11 was not working 12 got 13 have