So thing 1/20I6 Nam thl? Mudi Mot AN LE VA VAI TRO CUA AN LE TRpNG DAO TAO CAC CHlJC DANH TL/ PHAP CUA HOC VIEN TU PHAP vfO gg iiJi^''''l^ ThS Nguyen Thi Hgnh'''' ThS Nguyen Thi An Na 1 An I£ trong lich sir[.]
So thing 1/20I6-Nam thl? Mudi Mot AN LE VA VAI TRO CUA AN LE TRpNG DAO TAO CAC CHlJC DANH TL/ PHAP CUA HOC VIEN TU PHAP vfO.gg iiJi^'l^ An I£ lich sir phap ludt ViSt Nam Tren th§ gidi ap dung an le da trd mdt nguyen tac Theo nguyen tac nay, phan quyet ciia Tda an ngoai vai frd la dua each giai quyet mdt vy an cy the frong trudng hop chua cd quy dinh ciia ludt hoac quy dinh cua luat chua rd rang, cd su xung dot cdn cd vai trd thiet lap mpt "tien le" de ap dung cbo nhirng vy an tuong tu sau An le cd bai muc dich: (i) lam cho luat dp dung dupe thdng nhat va dap iing nhiing tinh hudng mdi ma luat chua du lieu; (ii) thiic day cac ben franh chdp dl dang chap nhdn bdn dn tda tuyen vi trudc Tda an da timg quyet dinh nhu the dli vdi cac ban an khac cd tinh tuong ty An le la mdt hinh thiic phap ludt chiem vi tri quan frgngfronghe thong phdp ludt Common Law Trong he thdng phap luat Civil Law nhu mdt s6 nudc Phap, Due, Y, Nhat Bdn an le chi dupe coi la ngudn thir yeu Tuy rtiiiSn, an le cang cd vai frd quan trpng be thdng Civil Law, dac biet la frong tbdi dai todn cdu hda biSn nay, nhdt la ddi vdi ITnh vyc dan sy kinh te ThS Nguyen Thi Hgnh' ThS Nguyen Thi An Na- Tir sau nam 1945, thudt ngu "an le" da dupe sii dungfrongcac van ban phap ludt, tren cac tap san Luat hpc cua Nha nudc Viet Nam dan chu Cpng hda Cu the, dupe de cap frong mdt sd van ban phdp luat va tap chi chuyen nganh sau: Thdng tu ciia Thii tudng Chinb phii sd 442/TTg, 19-1-1955 ve trimg tri mdt sd loai tgi pham, Thdng tu sd 19-VHS 306-1955 cua Bd Tu phap vl viec ap dung luat le, Cbi thi sd 772-TATC 10-7-1959 ciia Tda an nhan dan Tdi cao ve vdn de dinh chi dp dung lu^t phap cii ciia de qudc, phong kien, Thdng til sd 92-TC 11-11-1959 cua Bg Tu pbap-TANDTC, gidi tiiich va quy dinh cy the nhiem vu va quyen ban cua cac TAND phiic tbam Ha Ngi, Hai Phdng va Vinh, Tap san Tu phdp (nay la Tap chi TAND) sd nam 1964 Nhu vay, thudt ngii "an le" da dupe sir dung ttirdc nam 1960 cac van ban phdp luat chirih thiic va fren cdc tap chi chuyen nganh ciia Nha nudc ta, the hien dudng Idi xet xii cua Tda dn vl nhung vy viec ciing loai dupe tap hgp, phan tich, binh luan Tuy nhien, tit nam Tim hilu vl an le frong Hch sii pbap luat 1960, thuat ngii "an le" khong dupe sii Viet Nam, cbiing tdi thdy thuat ngii "an le" dung, thay vao dd thudt ngii "luat le" dupe su kbdng dupe su dyng pbap ludt thdi ky dyng nhilu Trong cac sdch, bao pbap ly an le phong kiln An le da chinh thiic dupe coi la van dupe cac nha khoa hpcfraoddi nhung chi ngudn luat ciia Viet Nam vao thdi ky Phap mang tinh chit nghien ciiu hgc thuat Mac du tbdi ky nay, an le chua phdi la tiiudc (1858 - 1945) Vao giai doan an le da dupe suu tap va cdng bd, dien hinh la Tap dn le ngudn ciia pbap luat ciia Viet Nam nhung da Bic ki (nam 1937) va Trung ki (nam 1941) va dang chilm mdt vi tii kba quanfrgng,dac Dudi chl Viet Nam Cdng hda, an le ciing biet frong thyc tien hoat ddng xet xir Tda an dupe coi la mdt ngudnfrongITnh vyc pbap luat nhan dan (TAND) cdc cap ludn cd xu hudng ddn sy Vi vay, d Viet Nam tbdi ky Pbap thudc tham khao tinh dung dan frong cac ban an da va Viet Nam Cdng bda da cd boat ddng ddo tuyen ve cac van de chua cd luat dieu chinh hoac cdn nhilu each hieu khdc doi vdi tao, gidng day vl an le ' Tr Bo mon, Giang vien, Khoa dao tao Tham phan, Hpc vien Tu phap ^ Giang vien, Khoa dao tao Luat su, Hoc vien Tu phap nhiing quy dinb cua phap ludt chua rd rang thye hien viec tong kit thue tien xet xu, bdo Cac phan quylt ciia Tda an cdc cap thudng hay dam dp dung thong nhdt phdp lugt xet quy chilu din cdc phan quyel cd hieu luc phdp xu" TrSn co sd dd Luat td chirc TAND nam luat da tuyen trudc dd, nhat la cac quyet dinh 2014 quy dinh TAND cd nhiem vu "Tdng kit giam ddc tham cua Tda chuyen frdch, cua Hdi thyc tiin xet xie cita cde Tda dn, bag ddm dp ddng Thdm phan TAND Tdi cao de dua dung thdng nhdt phdp lugt xet xw-" (K3, quyet dinh ddi vdi cac van de cy the frong vu D20) va Hpi ddng Thim phan TANDTC c6 an cd ndi dung tuong ty ciia minh Dieu nhiem vu, quyen hao: "Lua chgn quyit dinh dupe xem la giai phap kha hieu qua chua gidm dde thdm cua Hpi ddng Thdm phdn Tda cd luat dieu chinh NghTa la, an le khdng dn nhdn ddn tdi cao bdn dn quyet dinh dd eo dupe ghi nbdn frong ludt nhung thyc te nd van hieu luc phdp ludt cd tinh chudn myc cua cdc tdn tai Dac biet, frong nhiing nam gan day, Tda dn tdng kit phdt trien dn le de cdc Toa dn Tda an nhdn dan Tdi cao da cdng bd hang fram nghien cuu dp dung thdng nhdt xet xu " Nhu v^y, vdi cac dinh budng, nguyen tac tren quyet dinh giam ddc tbam la CO sd cdn thiet de ghi nban dn le la mot Do phdp ludt Viet Nam cd the ap dung an le nguyen tac frong ludt, ddn den su chap n h ^ an nen Nghi quylt sd 48-NQ/TW ngdy 24/5/2005 le vdi tu each la mpt ngudn ludt cd tinh thuylt cua Bd Chinh tri "ve Chien luge xdy dyng vd phyc bd sung vd ldm sdng td luat van tai hodn thien hi thdng phdp ludt Viet Nam den Viet Nam nam 2010 dinh huang din ndm 2020 ", da xac dinh: "Nghien ciru ve khd ndng khai thdc, su Timg budc thuc bien dua an le frd dung dn le " vd Nghi quyet sd 49-NQ/TW ngudn ludt frong thyc tien dp dyng phap luat ngdy 02/6/2005 "Ve chien lupc cdi cdeh tu vd frong boat ddng xet xir, Bd ludt Td tung dan phdp den nam 2020" ciing da khang dinh: su sira ddi nam 2015 da quy dinh bd sung an le "TANDTC cd nhiim vg tdng ket kinh nghiem xet la mdt ngudn bd frp ciia phap ludt van xu hu&ng ddn dp dung phdp lugt phdt trien dn Diem b, khoan Dilu 262 v l bdn dn so tiiam li vd xetxu gidm dde thdm, tdi thdm'" Nhu vay, da quy dinh: "Tod dn phdi cdn ca vdo kit qud tiiudt ngu "an le" dupe tilp tuc su dung chinb tranh tung cdc chirng ca da dugc xem xet tgi thiic tai hai van kien quan frgng cua Dang Ddy phiin tda dephdn tich, ddnh gid, nhgn dinh ve Id dieu kien tien de cbo viec an le dupe chinb ede tinh tiit cua vu dn nhimg cdn cuphdp lugt, thiic thira nhan va phat trien d Viet Nam Xudt dn 14, tgp qudn, tuang tu phdp lugt le cdng phdt tir quan diem cbi dao ciia Nghi quyet sd bdng md Tda dn dp dung di chdp nhgn hogc 48-NQ/TW, Nghi quylt sd 49-NQ/TW va tir khdng chdp nhdn yeu cdu de nghi cua duang thyc tien xet xir, ddng thai cu the bda quy dinb sy ngu&i bdo v4 quyin vd lgi ich hgp phdp cita tai Dieu 104 ciia Hien phap nam 1992 v l viec duang sy vd gidi quyit cdc vdn de khdc cd lien TANDTC "bdo ddm dp dung thdng nhdt phdp quan " Khodn Dilu 308 v l bdn dn phiic tham lugt trongxetxu", ngdy 31 thang 12 nam 2012 ciing khang dinh rd: "Tod dn phdi cdn cu vdo Chanh an Tda dn nhdn ddn Tdi cao da ban hanh kit qud tranh tung, cdc chieng ca da duge xem Quylt dinh sd 74/ QD- TANDTC phe duyet dl xet tgi phiin toa dephdn tich, ddnh gid nhgn dn "phdt trien dn 14 cda Tda dn nhdn ddn Tdi dinh ve khdng edo, khdng nghi cdc tinh tiet ciia cao " (sau day vilt tit Id Quylt dinb sd 74 QD- vii dn, vi4c gidi quyit xet xa cda Tda dn cdp set TANDTC) de cap nhieu van de can bdn v l an le thdm, nhieng cdn cuphdp ludt dn le tap qudn, nhu muc tieu, quan diem chi dao, dinh hudng tuang tie phdp lugt, le cdng bdng md Tda dn dp va cac gidi phap dung de chdp nhgn hogc khdng chdp nhgn Khodn Dilu 104 Hiln phdp nam 2013 khdng edo khdng nghi vd gidi quyit cdc van cimg da khang dinb: "Tda dn nhdn ddn tdi eao de khdc cd liin quan " Vdi quy dinh frong 11/2016 - M m thd Mudi M91 BLTTDS nam 2015 an le da chinh thirc frd nudc, ngodi viec ddi moi va tiing budc nang tiidnh mdt ngudn bd frp ben canh luat thdnh cao tu phdp ly ve dn le cho Thim phan, van, tap qudn Kiem sat vien, Luat su chiuig ta cin cd sy dinh Ngay 28/10/2015, HDTPTANDTC da ban budng ve dao l^o, giang day nghi luat tai Hgc hanh Nghi quylt 03/2015/NQ-HDTP TANDTC vien Tu phdp gan vdi an le Cy thl, cin dua an (NQ 03/2015) ve quy trinh cdng bd, lya chpn va le vao npi dung chuang trinh dao tao nghiSp ap dyng an le, cd hieu luc thi bdnh tir ngdy vu Tbam phdn, Kiem sdt vien, Luat su Hien nay, viec sii dung cdc quyet dinh gidm ddc 16/12/2015 Theo Nghi quylt 03/2015 khai niem an le tbam cua Hdi ddng Thim phan TANDTC ^xoug dugc hieu "dn li la nhiing lap lugn phdn quyetddo tao cu nhan ludt tai cac co sd ddo tao ludt bdn dn quyit dinh da cd hieu lye phdp ndi chung va dao tao nghi Thim phan, Kilm lugt ciia Tda dn ve mpt vu vi4c cu thi dugc Hpisat vien, Ludt su tai Hpc vien Tu phap ndi ddng Thdm phdn Tod dn nhdn ddn tdi cao lyarieng da cd nhung cdn rat ban cbe va thieu chon vd dugc Chdnh dn Tod dn nhdn ddn tdithdng nhatfrongcdeh thyc bien Rit hiem viec gidng vien dua an le vdo giang day va neu dua eao cdng bd la dn le di cde Tod dn nghiin cuu dp dung xet xa" (Dieu I) An le dupe lya vao gidng day ciing khdng bdo dam sy thdng chpn phai dap iing dupe cactieuchi sau: Chiia nhdt ddi vdi viec gidng day Dieu cbo thiy dung lap luan de Idm rd quy dinh ciia phap luat an le d Viet Namfrongddo tao luat, nghe luat cdn cd each hieu khdc nhau; phan tich, gidi cbi la ngoai le Chimg tdi cho rang dua an le thich cac vdn de, su kien phdp ly va chi vdo nghien cim, ddo tao nghe Tham phdn, nguyen tdc, dudng ldi xir ly, quy pham phap Kiem sdt vien, Luat su tai Hpc vien Tu pbap luat can dp dyngfrongraptvu viec cy the; Cd cd vaifrdquanfrpngddi vdi viec ndng cao chit tinh chuan myc; Cd gid tri hudng dan ap dung lupng dao tao Dieu the hien d nhirng khia thong nhdt phap luat frong xet xii, bdo dam canh sau: nhiing vy viec cdtinhtiet,su kien phdp ly nhu Tha nhdt an le cd vai frd quanfrpngfrong tbi phai dugc giai quyet nhu nhau.^ viec gan ket boat ddng giang day, hpc tap nghe Ngdy 24/11/2015, Bd ludt Dan sy nam Thdm phan, Kiem sat vien, Ludt su tai Hpc 2015 dupe Qudc hdi thdng qua chinhtinicghi vien Tu phdp vdi thyc tien xet xu, nhdn an le dupe sir dung kbdng the dp dung Vdi viec nghien cuu an lefrongqua trinh tirongtirp h ^ luatfronggidi quyet cac quan he giang day, hpc tap mdt edch he thdng, thudng dan su Nhu vdy, an le chinb thiic frd thdnh xuyen cdc mdn bgc ciia timg chuang ngudn bdfrpciia phap luat van, bao dam trinh dao tao, hgc vien cac lap nghiep vy xet viec dp dyng phdp luat thdng nhdt xii, kiem sdt, ludt su se cd khd nang gan ket vd Vai tro cua an le hoat ddng lien he ly thuyet ky nang nghe nghiep dupe dao tao cac chirc danh tu phap if Hoc vien gidng vien chuyen tdi,frinbbdy, dupe nghien ciiu cac giao trinh ky nang nghe luat, Tu phap Mdt nhiing chiic nang, nhiem vy dugc thyc hdnh cac hd so tinh hudng frgng tam cua Hpc vien Tu phdp Id ddo tao vdi thyc tien xet xii Mgt ban an dupe xet xir nghe Thdm phdn, Kiem sat vien, Ludt su Chip ap dyng phap ludt ve vdn de phdp ly dat hanh vien vd cdc chirc danh tu phap khdc nhung chua cd van ban hudng dan dp dung Trong boat dpng xet xu, Tham phan, Kiem sat, phap luat hoac viec quy dinh cdn chung Ludt su ia cac chu the dp dung pbap ludt Vdi chung, thieu tinh cu the, ngi dung cd mau quan dilm pbat trien an le cua Ddng va Nhd thuan thi thyc tien xet xir dupe xay ^ Xem Di£u NQ 03/2012/NQ-HDTP TANDTC AfCEEDISiaZQl dyng due kit nhung quy tac mang tinh chuin myc dugc Hgi ddng Tham phan TANDTC phat tiiln an le Khi dua dn le vdo chuong trinh ddo tao, hpc vien se tim hilu, phdntich,ly giai dupe vi Tbam phdn lai dua phdn quyet nhu vay tii dd ren luyen ky nang phdn tich vdn de phdp ly chua cd luat quy dinh budng gidi quyet van de phap ly Cdc hgc vien bgc nghe ludl tai Hgc vien Tu phdp ngodi viec hpc nhirng ly thuyet vd thyc hanh cac ky nang nghe nghiep tir hd so tinh hudng tii thyc tiln ay Thara phan nhieu nudcfrenthe gidi vua la ngudi lam cdng viec thyc tien phap ly vua Id nhd khoa hpc pbap ly, vi vay chinh cdc Thdm phan la ngudi tham gia vao cac boat ddng khoa hpc phap ly rdt tich cyc U Viet Nam hien nay, vdn chua ket ndi duoc gitra boat ddng thyc tien phdp ly vd boat dgng khoa bgc phdp Iy nhu d nhieu nudc, cac Thdm phan vdn cdn it tbam gia vdo cac boat dgng khoa hpc Cdng viec khoa hpc phdp Iy vdn thudn tiiy ddnh cho cdc nha khoa hpc, cdc gidng vien, hpc vien d cac co sd ddo tao luat, nghe ludt Vi vdy, dua dn le vdo chuang trinh ddo tao nghe ludl se khuyen khich vd tao dieu kien cho boat ddng suu tdm vd pbat trien tu ciia cdc gidng vien, cac hpc vien ciia Hpc vien Tu pbap, dac biet la cdc hpc vien Idp dao tao ngudn Thdm phan Id mpt viec lam cdn thiet vd quanfrgngde nang cao chat lupng cua ngudn an le ciing nhu chdt lupng dao tao cac chiic danh tu phdp Dieu ndy cho thdy an le thyc sy da frd thdnh mdt ndi dung khdng the thieu duoc frong dao tao ngh6 luat tai Hgc vien Tu pbap ViSc dupe tiep can dn le vdi thuc tien xet xu thdi gian hgc tap tai Hpc vien, ldm nghe, hpc vien se khdng bo ngd, lung tiingfrongthuc tien hanh nghe vd hp dp dyng an le gidi quyet cdc vdn de pbap Iy thudc ITnh vyc cua minh Tha hai: Dua dn le vdo hgc tap vd gidng day giiip tang cudng thdi quen nghien ciiu, cap nhdt thyc tien phap ly cua hpc vien va giang vien Hpc vien Tu phap Dua dn le vao chuong trinh ddo tao nghigp vu xet xu, kiem sat, luat su ddi hdi tir bai hgc ddu tien ve ky nang va hgc vien can phai nghien ciiu dn le cua TANDTC Viec tilp can vdi cac ban an, quyet dinh dupe phdt trien thdnh an le frong cac mdn hoc nghiep vu frd bit budc va thudng xuyen ddi vdi cac hgc vien, giang vien nghien ciiu de co bai phan tich, binh Iuan dang tai fren cac tap chi chuygn nganh Cdc giang vien, hgc vien nghien ciiu cdc bdi phan tich, binh luan cd tdc dyng phdt trien tu ludt hgc ciia hg Cdc sach chuyen khdo, giao trinh phyc vu cho hgc tap, nghien ciiu can phdi cd dn le Va nhu vdy, nghien ciiu ve an le sefrdthdnh thdi quen bat bugc ciia hpc vien vd gidng vien Hpc vifn Tu pbap Tha ba: Ehra an le vao hpc tap, gidng day se ddm bdo phuong phdp day va hgc tich cue dupe phat buy tdi da An le cd the ddng vai frd nhu nhiing bai tap tinh budng giiip hpc vien nam bat kien thiic ly thuyet ky nang tdt va hieu qud ban nhiing vi du gidng vien xdy dyng mang tinh gid dinh Dieu ndy ddi hdi gidng vien, hgc vien phai ty tim bieu them dn le fren cac phuang tiSn thdng tin dai chimg hoac mang internet, thu thdp them cdc bai viet, binh Iuan md rgng cd lien quan, Viec nghien ciiu an le ciia giang vien va hpc vien giup cho hpc vien khd nang thyc hanh nghien cuu theo tinh hudng (case study) dat hieu qua cao va hieu ddy du, sdu sac cac npi dung ciia bdi hpc ly thuyet ky nang Viec thdo ludn, binh ludn ve an le dupe long ghepttongcac gid hpc tren Idp se giiip cho cac hgc vien, gidng vien chia se, ren luyen 1^ nang ap dyng phdp luat ve van de phdp Iy mdi va cac ky nang khac can phai cd ddi vdi hgc vien ciia Hpc vien Tu pbap Dieu ndy se hdfrgtich cyc cho viec phdt huy tdi da md hinh giang day hien dai theo hudng tich cyc va ty ngbifin ciru ciia hpc vien cdc lap ddo tao nghiep vu xel xu, kiem sat, ludt su Thu tie viec dua cdc an 16 vao nghien cihi va giang day se gdp phdn tich cycfrongviec So thing i/20l6-Namlhi?Mu'aiM6i ddo tao hgc vien theo hudng ren luyen tu phdp ly, thong ^ua viec tim hieu phuang phap lap luan, he thdng ve cac vin dl phdp ly mdi tir cac an lefrongthyctiSnxet xii, lien he cac van de ciing nhu khd nang chudn bi tdt ve ndi dung cho viec thuc hanh tranh tyng, bao ve mgt van de trudc co quan tai phdn, tir cd till dp dyng tdtfrongthyc tiln boat dpng nghi nghiep sau nay, Trong nhieu vy viec, neu su dyng cdc van ban phap luat thaitii van, tap qudn thi chua thl gidi quylt dupe vin dh Vi vdy, cac Thim phan da phai ap dyng ngudn cii lieu phong phu vd da dang hon nhu: tuong ty phdp luat, tap qudn, hpc thuyet phdp ly, nguyen tic phdp ly, binh ludn khoa hpc.dl dua quan dilm phap Iy ciia minh, tao dn le, Nghien ciiu quan diem ciia Thdm phanfrongtiing an le cu the, hpc vien hieu dupe tinh hap ly, chuan muc cua quan diem phdp Iy dd, qua dd hieu va cd ky nang dp dyng phdp ludt frong gidi quyet, tham gia gidi quyet cac vy viec cy thl frong thyc tiln Ciing d khia canh nay, dua an le vao giang day vd hpc tap tai Hgc vi6n Tu phdp cd vai trd tang cudng thdi quen nghien ciiu, cap nhdt thyc tien phap ly cua gidng vien va hgc vien ddng thdi ren luyen tu phap ly cbo hoc vien va giang vien thiic day boat ddng nghien ciiu khoa hpc quan trpng ddi vdi mpt co sd dao tao nghi luat itiiu Hpc vien Tu phdp, dd la boat dpng binh ludn dn Se cd nhieu hon cdc bai viet khoa hpc ve binh ludn an dupe dang tai fren cac tap chi chuyen nganh, cac webside, tii dd dat dupe muc tieu nang cao chat lupng nghien cihi khoa hpc va chdt lupng dao tao nghi luat tai Hpc vien Tu phdp ddi vdi cdc chiic danh tu phap, CO sd ddo tao nghe tu phdp ciia Viet Nam.Tap chi TAND frong thdi gian gdn day cdng bd mdi so 01 Quyet dinh gidm doc tham ciia Hdi ddng Thdm phdn Tuy nhien, cac quyet dinh gidm ddc tham ndy khdng cd binh luan kem theo va cung chua dupe xac dinh Id dn le Thu ndm viec dua an, le vao frong giao trinh, tdi lieu nghien ciiu, gidng day cd vai frd tao cho chuong trinh ddo tao nghiep vy xet xu, kiem sat, luat su theo xu budng chung cua nhilu nudc cd nin tu phap phdt triln fren thl gidi va khu vyc, dap iing yeu ciu cai each tu phap Chuong trinh dao tao nghiep vy xet xii, nghiep vu kiem sat, nghiep vy ludt su da vd dang thyc hien chua cd ndi dung dao tao ve dn le Trong dd, chuong trinh ddo tao nghe luat cua nhieu nudcfrenthe gidi thi ddo tao vl dn le Id mgt ndi dung bat bugc Thdi gian tdi, chiing ta can nghien cihi, tham khdo kinh nghiem cua nudc ngoai de timg budc dua dn le vdo gidng day chuongtiinhddo tao Mat khdc, dn letinidcddy chua dugc thira nhdn la ngudn luat nenfronghetiidngcac giao trinh tdi lieu nghien ciiu chuygn nganh ludt ndi chung va giao trinh ky nang nghiep vu xet xir, kiem sat, luat su cua Hpc vien Tu phap ndi rieng khdng de cap den an le, neu cd tbi cung chi la nhiingtinbbudng don le de minh hpa cho ky nang nghe nghigp, frong ddy Id diem chung thudng thdy d da sd cdc gido trinh, tai lieu nghien ciiu bang tieng nudc ngoai Dieu tao nen sy khac biet ciia be thdng giao tiinh, tdi lieu dao tao nghi luat cua chiing ta frong mdi tuong quan so sdnh vdi nhieu nudc fren the gidi Mat khac, chuongtirinhdao tao cua cac co sd ddo tao ludt tai \^et Nam ciing bat ddu xdy dyng ndi dung ddo tao ve dn le Do dd, neu Hpc vien Tu phap cham fre frong viec dua an le vdo ndi dung chuang trinh ddo tao nghe luat cho cdc ddi tuong hpc vien cdc lap ddo tao nghiep vu xet xir, kiem sat, ludt su tbi cdc chucmg trinh ciia chung ta se ttd nen tut hdu Nhu vdy, dn le cd vai frd quanfrpngfrong ddo tao nghe Tham phdn, Kiem sdt, ludt su budng tdi viec dp dung phdp ludt thong nhit frong thyc tien Vi vay, thdi gian tdi, d% nang cao chdt lupng ddo tao cdc chiic danh tu phdp, chuang trinh dao tao chirc danh tu phap ciia Hgc vien Tu phdp cdn thiet ke bd sung npi dung ve dn le./ [fcaanzimsi BAN VE QUYEN TU DO LIEN K E T TAI H O A KY ^0 '2 ThS Nguyin Binh An' rong quatirinhdam phan Hiep dinh ddi tdc xuyen Thai Binh Ducmg (TPP), cac vdn de vl thuc thi quyen ty lien ket va gia nhdp cac Cdng udc cd lien quan da dupe cdc cdng dodn tai My lien tyc yeu cau Chinh phu gia tang ddi bdi vdi cac qudc giafrongchucmg hinh nghi sy Viet Nam ciing gap phai nhun§ vin dl mang tinh cam ket va thdng !e qudc te frong dd ham chiia nhiing ca hpi vd nguy co Viec tira hieu thdu dao van de giiip cbo cdc nhd hoach dinh chinh sach tan dung co hdi qudc te vd ban cbe nii rofrongquan he qudc te Id viec Idm cap thiet, Trong pham vi bai viet nay, tac gia se trinh bdy mot sd ndi dung co ban cua quyen ty lien ket- (right to fi-eedom of association)frongcdc van kien phdp ly qudc te va phdp luat Hoa Ky T Su hinh vd phat trien quyen ty liSn ket: Nhirng gia tri qudt nhan loai hudng toi Tir thl ky XVIII d Chdu Au, ty le tiiit nghiep gia tang, cac dieu kien lam viec frong nhd may cdngfrdnen tdi te, xuat hien sy Uen ket giira nhung ngudi lao ddng nhim ddu tranh bao ve quyen Ipi ciia hp Theotiidigian, nhiing ddi hdi cdng nhan quyen duoc lien ket cang tang len theo sy phdt trien cua cac td chiic cua ngudi lao ddng fren khdp Tay Au giira the ky XIX Nhung nd lye dan den su ddi cua Hiep hdi Phap luat Lao ddng Qu6c te, tien than cua Td chiic Lao ddng Qudc tl (ILO), cd try sd tai Basel vdo nam 1901 Sau Chiln tranh Thl gidi lin tiiu I, ILO dupe tiianh lap theo Hiep udc Versailles vdo nam 1919 Tir dd, nguyen tic ty lien ket da dupe cdng nhan va neu frong Phan XIII, Hiep udc Versailles va Ldi ndi ddu Hien chuong ILO Nguyen tic dupe xdc dinh la mgtfrongcac cdng cy cdi thien dieu kien lao ddng vd bao ddm su bdi bda quan be lao ddng.^ Vd Tuyen bd Philadelphia da nhdn manh rang tii tien kit rit cantiiietcho sy tien bp ben viing.* Mai cho den nam 1948, nguyen tac co ban ndy mdi dugc tdn vinh bang viec Hdi nghi Lao dgn§ Qudc te da thdng qua Cdng udc sd 87 ve Quyen ty lien ket va bao ve quyen dupe to chiic ("Cdng udc 87")^ Cdng udc the hien sy bdo ve quyen lap vd tham gia cdc to chirc theo su lya chgn cua ngudi lao ddng va ddm bdo quyen ty chii td chirc cua hg Mgt nam sau, mdt van kien co ban thii hai lien quan den ty lien ket da dupe thdng qua, Cdng udc sd 98 ve Quyen Td ehirc va Thucmg lupn^ tap the ("Cdng udc 98") Cdng udc 98 da lap di nhung khoang frdng ciia Cdng udc 87, cung cap sy bdo ve chdng lai sy phdn biet ddi xii chdng lai cdng doan vd tang cudng ban nua tinh chu ddng cua cdc td chiic dai dien Vao thang nam 1998, Hdi nghi Lao dpng Qudc te da thdng qua Tuyen bd ciia ILO ve cac nguyen tac vd quyen co ban cdng viec Tuyen bd ndy la mdtfrongnhihig tbdnbtirunoi bat cua ILO*, mac du gdy franh cai,' nhung Tuyen bd tai khang dinh ty lien ket la mgt ' NCS Khoa LuSt, Dai hpc Qu6c gia Ha Noi ^ Theo nhieu tai li?u, sach chuyen khao dang duac liru hanh (Nhung cong uoc va khuyen nghi cua To chiic lao dpng quoc te ve quan he lao dpng, cong uoc co ban ciia To chiic lao dpng qu6c t^ ), "freedom of association" dupe (iich la "tit lap hpi" hoac la "tu hiep hpi" ^ Bernard Gemigon, Alberto Ocero and Horacio Guido (2003), "Freedom of association", Fundamenial rights al work and intemational labour standards, Geneva, International Labour Office, pp 5-17 •* Myc I, Tuyen b6 Philadelphia nam 1944 ' ILO (2001), "The Committee on Freedom of association: Its impact over 50 years", Geneva, Intemational Labour Office, p * Faina Milman-Sivan (2009), "Freedom of Association as a Core Labor Right and the ILO: Toward a Normative Framework", Law & Ethics of Human Rights, Vol 3, Iss 2, Art ' Giao su Philip Alston (Khoa Luat - Dai hpc New York) da cho ring Tuyen b6 nam 1998 lam suy giam cac quyen phap ly irong cac Cong ucrc ciia ILO So Ihang 1/2016 - Nam thil MuSi Mot frong bdn nhdm quyen co ban ciia ngudi lao ddng.* Nham khuyen khich cdc qudc gia vien thuc day cdc nguyen tac va quyen co ban, Hpi nghi da tuyen bd tdt cd cdc thdnh vien, cd hg chua phe chuan Cdng udc, cd nghia vu vdi tu each la thdnh vien ciia Td chiic, phdi tdn trpng, thiic ddy va hien thyc hda mdt each cd y phu hpp vdi HiSn chuong, cdc nguyen tic lien quan den cac quyln co ban vd la ngi dung cua cdc Cdng udc dd Ngdy nay, cdc khai niem vl ty lien kit da dugc thua nhdn rpng rai nhu Id mdt quyln co banfrongludt phap qudc te, Tuyen ngdn toan thl gidi vl quyln iigudi nam 1948 nhin manh rang mgi n ^ d i diu cd quyln ty hpi hgp hda bmh, quyen lap va gia nhap cdng dodn de bdo ve cac quyen lpi ciia minh.^ Cac nguyen tdc tuong ty dupe lap lai Cdng udc Qudc tl ve cdc Quyen Kinh te, Xa hdi vd Van hda (ICESCR)'" va Cdng udc Qudc tl vl cac Quyln Dan sy va Chinh tii (ICCPR)" nam 1966 ILO cung cong nhan quyen tu lien ket mgt sd van kien quanfrgng,trong dd quan trgng nhdt la Cdng udc 87 vd Cdng udc 98,'Ngoai ra, quyen ty lien ket dupe bdo dam frong Cdng udc chau Au ve Quyen ngudi (ECHR) nam 1950'^, Cdng udc chau My vS Quyen ngudi (ACHR) nam 1969'", Dieu Udc ve quyen lpi xa hdi co bdn ciia cdng nhdn (CCFSRW) nam 1989'^ Dilu Udc Cdng ddng Chdu Au ve cac quyln co bdn (EUCFR) nam 2000'* va Hien chuang chau Phi vl ngudi va quyen ngudi (ACHPR) nam 1981" Nhung noi ham co ban cua quyen tudo lien k8t Quyen ty lien ket cd ndi bam rdng, ttT)ng dd, mdt sd ngi dung co ban ciia quyen ndy bao gdm quyen td chiic, quyen thuang lupng tap the vd quyen dinh cdng.'* 2.1 Quyin to chuc Quyen td chiic la mdt ndi hdm quan frpng ciia quyen ty lien ket, ddm bdo ngudi lao ddng khdng phdn biet dudi bat ky hinh thiic nao, deu khdng phai xin phep trudc ma vdn cd quyen dugc td chiic va gia nhdp cdc td chiic theo sy lya chpn cua minh Theo dd, viec lap va gia nhap cdng dodn khdng phdn biet dudi bat ky hinh th^c ndo, khdng cd sy cam dodn hoac phan biet ddi xii ve nghe nghiep, gidi tinb, chimg tdc, qudc tich, quan diem chinh tri, tinh frang hdn itiian va dd tudi cua ngudi lao dpng." Viec cdm dodn hoac ban che quyen td chuc ddi vdi ngudi lao ddngfrongcac ^ Ba nhom quyen lai la: Loat bo tat ca cac hinh thiic lao dpng cuong buc hoac bat bupc; Bai bo mpt each co hi§u qua lao dpng tre em; va Loai bo phan biet doi xit viec lam va nghe nghiep ' Khoan i, Dieu 20 va Khoan 4, Di6u 23, Tuyen ngfln toan the gioi ve quyen ngudi ">E)i6u8(l)(a)-(c),ICESCR "Digu22(l),ICCPR '^QuyentirdoIienketc6ndugicth6hientrongC6nguacve Dai dien ciia nguoi lao dpng, nam 1971 (so 135); Cong uoc ve Quyen lien ket (Nong nghi?p), nam 1921 (so 11); Cong uoc ve Cac to chiic cua nhiing nguoi lao dpng nong th5n, nam 1975 (so 141); Cong ucrc vg Quan he lao d^ng (dich vu cong), nam 1978 (so 151); Cong uoc ve Lao dpng di tru (sira doi), nam 1949(s697);C6ngu6c vS nguoi bp lac va ban dia, nam 1989 (so 169); Cong uoc ve Don dien, nam 1958 (so lIO);C6ngU0c ve Thirong thuySn (cac tieu chuan toi thieu), nam 1976 (so 147) "Di6ull,ECHR '*Dieul6,ACHR "Di6u 11, CCFSRW '* Diau 12(1), EUCFR "Dieu 10, ACHPR '* Bemard Gemigon, Alberto Ocero and Horacio Guido (2003), "Freedom of association" Fundamental rights work and international labour standards, Geneva, Intemational Labour Office, pp 5-17 Lance Compa (2003), "Workers'freedomof association in the United States: The gap between ideals and practice", ia J.A Gross (Ed.), Workers 'rights as humanrights(pp, 23-52), Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, p.24 " Lee Swepston (1998), "Human Rights Law and Freedom of Association: Development through ILO Supervision", International Labour Review, vol 137,No.2,pp 169-194 o lmh vuc cy the nhu ngudi lao ddngfrongcac nhirng no lye ty nguyen vd kien tri ciia cd hai khu che xudt, ngudi lao ddng ndng nghiep hoac ben,^ Tren co sd dd, dilu quanfrpngla hai ben ngudi lao dpng lam viec cdc ITnh vuc cin phdi dat dugc mdttiidatiiudn,khdng dupe cdng la dilu khdng phu hpp vdi quy dinh tii hoan td chirc thuang lugng mdt each phi ly nay.^° ILO cdng nhan quyen ciia cac to chirc Thda thuan ndy rdng budc bai ben vd ngudi sir ciia ngudi lao ddng dupe lap dieu le, nhimg dyng lao ddng khdng dupe quyen don phuong quy tac quan ly, ty bau cac dai dien, td chirc sira ddi hoac buy bd cdc ndi dung ciia thod udc dieu banh boat ddng va soan thao chuong trinh lao dpng tap the da ky kit, hoac ddi hdi thuong boat ddng cua minh Va cdc co quan nhd nudc lupng lai cd tham quyen phdi tranh mpi sy can thiep cd Cdc chil dl cua thuong lupng tap the tinh chdt ban cbe hodc can frd viec thi hanh khdng cd sy phan chia ve chii de bat budc va hpp phdp quyen ndy kbdng bat budc thuong lupng, ma hudng tdi Ben canh dd, hanh vi phan biet ddi xir cac quy dinb ve cdc dieu khodn va dieu kien chdng cdng dodn Id mdtfrongnhung bdnh vi vi ldm viec va ve viec giai quyet mdi quan he pham quyen ty lien ket nghiem frpng bdi giiia ngudi sii dyng lao ddng va ngudi lao hanh vi dd cd the gay nguy hiem cho sy tdn tai ddng va td chiic cua hp Dieu kiSn lam viec ciia td chiic cdng dodn Cac td chiic cua ngudi khdng chi la thdi gian lam viec, tien luong, an lao ddng dupe hudng su bao ve thicb hgp todn lao dpng tai noi lara viec, nghi, chdng lairagihanh vi ciia nhiing phai vien hay rad cdn Id nhtmg van de lien quan mat thiet thdnh vien ciia mdi ben nham can thiep vao viec frong quan he lao ddng nhu thang lien, dieu tiianh lap, td chiic dieu hanh hoac qudn ly npi chuyen, sa thai , cdng nhdn nhung dieu kien bp cua phia ben Quy dinh thiet lap sy thudn Ipi cho cdng dodn bao gdm viectiepcan ddc lap todn dien ciia cac td chiic ciia ngudi lao noi lam viec Trong mpi trudng hpp, bdt ky ddng thyc hi€n cac boat ddng ciia minh ddi sy ban cbe ndo ve thuong lupng tap the bdi vditigudisir dyng lao ddng ILO ciing ddi hdi mpt CO quan chirc nang can phdi dugc tham cac thdnh vien xem xet kha nang ap dung cac vdn trudc vdi cac td chiic ciia ngudi lao dpng quy dinh cua phap ludt mdt edch ro rang va va ngudi sir dyng lao ddng frong nd lye dat chinh xdc ddra bdo sy bao ve diy dit cac td chiic dupe thda thuan vdi hp cda ngudi lao dpng chdng lai cac banh vi can Quyen thuong lupng tap the dupe thira thiep, ddm bdo hoat ddng ciia hgfrongthyc tl nhdn ddi vdi todn bd khu vyc tu nhdn va khu 2.2 Quyin thirong luang tap thi vyc cdng, va chi ngoai tru cac lye lugng vii Quyen thuong lupng tap the Id mpt khia frang, canh sat va cdng chiic tham gia vao viec canh CO bdn cua quyen ty lien ket ILO xem qudn ly ciia Nha nudc,^ ty thuong lupng vdi nguoi sir dyng lao ddng 2.3 Quyin dinh cdng nham gidi cjuyet cac dieu kien lam viec nhu Id Quyen dinh cdng Id mdt quyen ca bdn ciia mgt yeu td thiet yeu ciia ty lien ket.^' Thuong lugng tap the chi cd thl dat hieu qua ngudi lao dpng vd cdng doan, la mdt cdng cu neu dupe thyc hignfrenco sd thien cbi cua cd phap ly can thiet cho ngudi lao dgng de thyc hai ben Tuy nhiSn, thien cbi khong the phap hien quyen tu lien ket, thiic ddy vd bao ve ludt dp dat, nd chi cd the Id thdnh qua cua lpi ich kinh te - xa hdi cua minh (Xem tiip trang 96) ^ ILO (2006), "Freedom of association: Digest of decisions and principles of the freedom of association committee of the governing body of the ILO", note 216-219, pp.46-47_ ^'Theo huong dan cua ILO_, Toa an Nhan quyen Chau Au gan dSy tin tuong rang, quyen thuong lupng tap the gan lien voi quyen ty lien ket duoc bao dam boi Diiu 11, Cong iroc chau Au ve Quyen ngucri " Bemard Gemigon, Alberto Ocero and Horacio Guido (2003), "Freedom of association" Fundamental rights al work and intemational labour standards, Geneva, Intemational Labour Office, pp 5-17 ^ Dieu 5, Cong uoc 98 ^n ... nhdt xii, kiem sdt, ludt su se cd khd nang gan ket vd Vai tro cua an le hoat ddng lien he ly thuyet ky nang nghe nghiep dupe dao tao cac chirc danh tu phap if Hoc vien gidng vien chuyen tdi,frinbbdy,... Chip ap dyng phap ludt ve vdn de phdp ly dat hanh vien vd cdc chirc danh tu phap khdc nhung chua cd van ban hudng dan dp dung Trong boat dpng xet xu, Tham phan, Kiem sat, phap luat hoac viec quy... cd vai frd quanfrpngfrong ddo tao nghe Tham phdn, Kiem sdt, ludt su budng tdi viec dp dung phdp ludt thong nhit frong thyc tien Vi vay, thdi gian tdi, d% nang cao chdt lupng ddo tao cdc chiic danh