TAP CHi KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM Phgm Vii Phi Hd V H I E U QUA VA THAI DO CUA SINH VIEN VE PHlTOfNG PHAP VIET BAI THEO NHOM PHAM VO PHI H6" T 6 M TAT Mgc dich cua nghien cuu ndy Id tien hdnh mot cudc thuc[.]
TAP CHi KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM Phgm Vii Phi Hd V H I E U QUA VA THAI DO CUA SINH VIEN VE PHlTOfNG PHAP VIET BAI THEO NHOM PHAM VO PHI H6" T M TAT Mgc dich cua nghien cuu ndy Id tien hdnh mot cudc thuc nghiim di khdng dinh lgi tinh hiiu qud cua phuang phdp td chdc cho sinh vien (SV) viit bdi theo nhdm Kit qud nghien cuu cho thdy bdi viit theo nhdm hieu qud han rdt nhiiu so vdi bdi viet cd nhdn vd SV cUng cd thdi rdt tich cue vi phuang phdp ndy, ddng thdi cd the giup cdc gidng viin (GV) dgy Viit tgi Trudng Dgi hgc (DH) Md Thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh (TPHCM) gidm thiiu cdng viec chdm bdi phdi gidng dgy cdc lap hoc ddng SV Tir khda: phuang phap vidt bai theo nhom, gdp y chinh sda bai vidt, vidt theo ca nhan, vidt theo tien trinh ABSTRACT The effects of and students* attitudes towards collaborative writing The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectivess of collaborative writing Sixty-two 2" year students at the Faculty of Foreign Languages at HCMC Open University, Vietnam participated in the study of which 27 of them were in the control grou and 35 in the experimental group The results of the study indicate that collaborative writing is significantly more effective than individual writing and students gain positive attitudes towards it Lecturers at the Faculty of Foreign languages at HCMC Open University can consider this teaching model Keywords: collaborative writing, individual writing, writing process, writing activities Gidi thieu v4n dl nghien cihi KT nang vidt tidng Anh ludn la mdt vin dh khd khan va nan giai cho hlu hdt cac SV hgc Ngoai ngu kd ea cac SV DH, hge vidn cao hgc, hay nghidn edu sinh Theo Homstad va Thorson [10], kT nang vidt tidng Anh luon la mgt boat ddng dly vlt va ddi vdi SV vi hg hi gidi ban nhidu vd kha nang thdng thao tidng va ea vd mat kidn thuc ngdn ngii Pham Vu Phi Hd [1] eiing cho ring ehiu anh hudng eua ridng Viet ndn SV chuydn tidng Anh cua Khoa Ngogi ngu Tmdng DH Md TPHCM chua thd vidt dugc nhung bai vidt nhu mong dgi Trong qua trinh giang day mon Vidt hge thu^t' theo phuong phap Vidt theo tidn trinh, tu nhung hoat ddng nhu chgn lya dd tai cho bai vidt, phat tridn y tudng, lap dan y, sip xep y tudng, ddn vide ehinh sua bai vidt, cac GV ddu sd dyng ngudn lyc sin ed la su hop tac cua SV nhdm dd giup dd cai thidn chit lugng bai vidt [1] Vay vin dd dat la lieu co ndn eho SV hgp tae vdi ca d budc vidt bai hay khdng vi hau TS, T n / d n g Ogi hoc M d TPHCM; Email: ho pham@ou.edu.vn TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM het cac budc tidn trinh Viet ddu duge SV eung lam vdi Vidt bai theo nhom thudng dugc cac nha nghidn euu chung minh tinh hidu qua va dd nghi dugc ap dung cae ldp hgc vidt ciing nhu thyc hidn dd an cuoi khda^ Lowry, Curtis va Lowry [II] djnh nghTa vidt bai theo nhdm la mdt tien trinh lap di lap lai mang tinh xa hgi, giup cho ca nhom tap tmng vao mgt myc dieh ehung ma eln sy thuong lugng, hgp tac va ban thao suot qua trinh tao mgt van ban chung SV se cd nhieu co hgi lam vide theo nhdm (tu ddn ngudi), eung thao luan, cung vidt chung mgt bai Iuan (essay), va la ddng tac gia cua bai luan Storch [14] nhan thay ring vidt bai theo nhdm didn ben ngoai Idp hgc kha phd bidn trdn thd gidi, nhung boat dgng vidt bai theo nhdm ldp hgc van cdn rat gidi ban Dobao (2012) [6] nghidn cuu cac boat dgng vidt bai theo nhom, theo cap, va vidt bai theo tdng ea nhan thay rang bai viet dugc vidt theo nhdm thudng chinh xac hon khdng chi so sanh vdi cac bai vidt theo ca nhan ma cdn hon ea cac bai vidt theo cap Storch (2011) [14] cung khang dinh rang hoat ddng vidt bai theo nhdm se tao cho SV co hdi hgc hdi them vd ngdn ngu Hidn nay, tai Khoa Ngoai ngd Tmdng DH Md TPHCM, sT sd SV h-ong mgt ldp kha ddng (80 SV 11 ldp) ndn vide danh gia bai vidt cua SV hang tuin la khd ed thd thuc hidn DQ giai quyet van dd nay, GV thudng td chdc cho SV vidt bai theo nhdm dd giam tai edng vide hang tuan [1] Tuy nhidn, phuang 50 So 4(82) ndm 2016 phap eho SV vidt bai theo nhdm van^chua dugc nghidn euu tai Khoa Ngoai ngu Do dd, mue dich cda bai nghidn ciiu nhlm dd: (i) kidm tra xem bai viet theo nhdm ed tdt hon bai vidt theo tung ca nhan hay khdng?, va (ii) thai cua SV vd cac boat ddng vidt bai theo nhdm nhir thd nao? Phmrag phap nghien cuu 2.1 Ngit cdnh vd miu nghien cuu Bai nghidn cdu dugc thyc hien vao hgc ki nam hgc 2013 - 2014 tai Khoa Ngogi ngd DH Md TPHCM Sd mau nghidn ciiu dugc lya chgn cho bai nghidn cuu la SV nam dang hoc mdn Vidt Viet bai luan (Essays) Trong hgc ki cd ldp hge Vidt 3, co khoang 240 SV Tham gia giang day cho ldp hgc gdm hai GV eo hihi (faculty staff) va mgt GV thinh giang (visiting lecturer) phy trach cac ldp Mdi GV phy trach ldp Mdt hai GV CO hihi duge lya ehgn de giang day thue nghiem, vi GV dugc chgn la Tmdng bg mdn Viet ndn cd nhidu kinh nghidm giang day mdn Day la mdt loai nghidn cuu Hanh dgng ndn idp hgc dugc chgn mang tinh cd myc dich, mau nghidn ciiu khdng dugc chgn lya theo tinh ngau nhien Tdng cgng cd 62 SV tham gia hge ldp gdm 35 SV ldp kidm nghidm va 27 SV ldp ddi chiing Tit ea phuong phap giang day, thidt ke bai giang ddu duge GV Idp va chung tdi (tac gia bai nghidn cuu nay) thao luan rit cy thd, thudng xuydn sudt khda hgc dd trdnh bit cu mdt bien sd nao cd the xay TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Vi muc dich cua bai nghien cuu ndn ca hai Idp dugc lua chgn ddu dugc thuc hien giang day mgt each dac bidt ngang va khdng hoan toan theo phuang phap dao tao tmyen thdng Cae boat dgng ldp hgc ddu nhu nhau, chi khac d budc vidt bai luan theo ca nhan va vidt bai lugn theo nhdm 2.2 Thiit ki nghien curu Myc dich cua bai nghidn cuu dugc dya tren ket qua cua bai nghidn cuu Pham va Phi Ho tmdc (Pham Vu Phi Ho, 2013) [1] nham tim hidu xem vide vidt bai theo nhom cd tdt ban bai vidt theo timg ca nhan hay khong, va tim hidu xem thai cua ngudi hgc vd hidu qua vidt bai theo nhdm Bai nghien euu dugc thidt kd theo the loai su dyng phuong phap nghidn cuu Hanh ddng, kdt hgp ca hai phuang phap djnh lugng va djnh tinh de phan tich kdt qua Hinh dudi day trinh bay each thidt kd mo hinh nghien ciiu l u ^ i ^ ^ g i ttanh lu^a (120 phut) vidt theo nhdm (nhdm kiem nghi^) Bai viet ca nhan (ohgm doi chiing va kiem nghiem) l^ac hogt dgnf^^ va lam vide t h e o | ^ ^ ( c a nhran) :• let bai theo nhdm (nhdm kiem chung) ' ' '^' i^ bai theo cl nhM (nhdm doi chilagS jBai Viet lugn the logi tranh lugn (120 pfiuty - ^ ^ ^ai Viet theo nhdm (nhdm kiem ngiuM lafMet ca uhllo (nhdm doi chihig va kiem nghi^) Hinh Thiet ki mo hinh nghien c^ 2.3 Tien trinh nghiin ciru Tmdc thuc hidn vide giang day va thu thap du lieu, ehung tdi thao luan vdi GV phu trach hai ldp ba lan de ndi vd hudng nghidn ciiu va each giang day bd mdn Viet 3, dong thdi ban vd tat ca nhimg hogt dgng cd the thye hidn hai ldp hgc va thdng nhat phuong phap giang day cho hai ldp Cac dd tai cho SV vidt thu nghidm (pre-tests) va cac de tai vidt kidm nghidm/cudi khda (posttest) etlng dugc chung tdi xem xet, chinh sua cho phu hgp vdi dd khd cua trinh SV va tuong duong vd kho cua cac de tai cac bai vidt Ngay dau tidn cua khda hgc, ldp ddi chiing (control group) dugc GV dd nghi dd tai va ca Idp chgn dd tai vidt cho tung ca nhan ldp Bai vidt dugc su dung nhu bai vidt thu nghidm (pre-test) de so sanh khac vdi bai vidt cuoi ki sau dugc dao tao Ldp hgc kiem nghiem (experimental group) thi dugc danh ridng budi dd vidt Budi dau tidn, SV dugc nhSn dd tai dd vidt theo nhom, va budi thii hai nhan dd tai dd vidt theo timg ca nhan Hai bai vidt TAP CHi KHOA HOC OHSP TPHCM thu nghidm (pre-tests) cung dugc su dyng dd ludng khae bidt vdi bai vidt cudi khda vd bai vidt ca nhan va theo nhdm sau dugc dao tao Moi bai thi vidt keo dai 120 phut Cac Idp cung dugc GV thdng bdo ve vide duge lya ehgn Iam mlu eho bai nghidn ciiii, myc dieh cua bai nghien cuu eiing dugc giai thich rd rang eho SV eua hai ldp, giup SV bidt duge hg dang lam gi va duge lam gi sudt khda hgc Cac budc thyc hidn va eac boat ddng giang day cho ldp ddu gidng nhau, tue la lam vide theo nhdm, ngogi tru budc vidt bai luan, mgt ldp vidt bai theo timg ca nhan, va mdt ldp vidt bai theo nhdm cac hoat dgng day mdn Viet duge thuc hidn theo phuang phap day vidt theo tidn trinh (process approach) Trudc tidn, GV va SV cung chgn dd tai vidt Sau do, cac nhdm se lam chung vdi dd thao luan vd de tai (discussion), khai tridn y tudng (brainstorming) rdi ca ldp ciing viet dan y chung (General outline) budc nay, SV ehi can tim eae y ehinh dd phat trien bai viet Sau do, GV gdp y chinh sua Budc quan trgng tidp theo la SV viet bai luan dya trdn sudn bai da thao luan nhdm (composing) Day la budc nhat khac giira ldp thu nghidm va ldp ddi ehung Ldp dugc doi ehdng thi cac SV vidt bai rieng theo timg ca nhan dya trdn chinh sudn bai da dugc thao Iuan nhdm Cdn ldp thu nghigm thi vin tidp tyc viet bai theo nhdm Mdi nhdm ehi viet chimg mgt bai lugn Day la myc dich chinh cua bai nghidn eiiu nham tim hidu xem vide vidt bai theo nhdm cd the giup SV cai 52 Sd 4(82) ndm 2016 thidn kT nang vidt tdt ban vide viei oai theo timg ca nhan hay khdng Sau vidt bai xong, cac nhdm chinh sua bai eho Ldp thd nghidm thi eac nhdm chuydn ddi bai cho nhom khac dgc dd gdp y chinh sua, cdn ldp doi chiing thi cae vidn nhdm tir dgc va gdp y chinh sua bai cho GV chi gdp y mlu cho mdt sd bai tren bang, giup eho cae nhdm biet each chinh sua bai cho tdt hon Vi Ii Idp ddng va vide vidt thye hidn trdn ldp nen GV khdng thd gdp y chinh sua tit ea bai vidt cua SV Budc cudi eung ldp hgc vidt la SV, sau nhan dugc gdp y chinh siia bai viet tu cae bgn nhdm hoac ek nhdm khac, se thao lugn de chinh siia bai vidt cua minh mdt each tdt nhat rdi nop lai eho GV chim diem Vide chim didm dugc thye hien bdi hai GV dgy mdn Vi^t cua Khoa Ngogi ngii Mgt la GV ciia hai ldp va mgt la GV co hdu eda Khoa Day la nhimg GV day mdn Vidt nhieu nam ndn cd nhidu kinh nghidm Cac dd tai dd viet Iuan cua hai nhdm ddi chung va thyc nghiem dugc xem nhu cd eung khd Trudc vao khda hgc, GV phy trach hai ldp cdng da ban thao vdi chiing tdi vd eac dd tai cho phu hgp va cae de tai cung dugc SV ddng y Vide lya ehgn dd tai cho SV viet la GV cua hai ldp hgc dua sau ban Iuan vdi chiing tdi, Co nghla la SV ehi dugc chgn dd tai vidt khudn khd cua dd tai dugc GV dua dd dam bao tinh tuong ddng vd khd gida cac de tai diu khda (pre-tests) va cudi khda (post-test) Ndu de SV tu lya chgn dd tai TAP CHi KHOA HOC OHSP TPHCM thi cac bidn sd vd dg khd cua cac dd tai vidt se khong dugc dam bao Tuy nhidn, chung tdi cung cd gang chgn dd tai phu hgp vdi trinh va tinh phd bidn cho SV Trong dd lieu phdng van 10 SV trdn 10 nhom Idp hgc kiem nghidm, sd ndi rang hg "thieh cac de tai vidt khda hge vi nd gan gui va mang tinh thdi sy" 2.4 Banh gid cheo bdi viet (interraters) Dd vide danh gia bai vidt mang tinh khaeh quan hon va du tin cay hon, hai GV CO him cua Khoa Ngoai ngu, chuyen dgy mdn Vidt hgc thuat cua khoa nhidu nam tham gia vide cham bai vidt mgt each dde lap Mgt GV trye tidp dung ldp cua Idp nghidn eiiu, mdt GV dgc lap duge mdi dd cham bai Cac bai vidt eua SV dugc photo bg, mdi GV gio mdt bd dd cham Sau dd, didm sd dugc chdng toi so lai va tinh didm tmng binh Ndu each bidt qua xa, tu diem trd Idn, thi bai dd se phai dugc cham Igi bdi mgt GV thu ba (chung tdi - tac gia bai nghien cdu nay) Sau dd, didm nao cua mgt hai ngudi chim gan nhat vdi ngudi thu ba thi sd dugc ehgn va tinh didm tmng binh cgng Cronbach's Alpha eua vide cham bai cheo cua cac bai viet tu GV dat nhu sau: (1) Ldp ddi chung vdi cdc bai vidt dau khda dgt 981, (2) cudi khda 904; (3) Idp kidm nghiem vdi cac bai vidt chung dau khda dat 867; (4) bai vidt ehung cudi khda dat 970; (5) bai viet ca nhan dau khda dgt 862; va (6) bai vidt ea nhan cudi khoa dgt 904 Dieu cho thiy tin cay (reliability) eua vide cham bai cheo rat eao Pham VuPhiHd Ket qua va binh luan Chung tdi thu dugc tit ca 144 bai viet nghien eiru Trong do, ldp ddi chirng ed 54 bai vidt, gdm 27 bai vidt thu nghiem diu khda (pre-tests) va 27 bai vidt cudi khda (post-tests) 27 bai vidt thu nghidm dau khda cd sd tu vung trung binh mdi bai la 391 td vyng/bai (M = 390.77; SD = 130.77); va 27 bai vidt cudi khda cua ldp ddi chung cd sd tu vyng tmng binh mdi bai la 417 td/bai (M = 417.15; SD = 149.46) Ldp thyc nghidm CO 90 bai vidt, gdm 35 bai vidt thu nghiem dau khda theo bai vidt ca nhan vdi sd tu vyng tmng binh mdi bai la 359 tu/bai (M = 358.71; SD = 73.48), 35 bai vidt cudi khda vidt theo ea nhan vdi so td vyng tmng binh mdi bai la 417 tu/bai (M = 417.05; S = 80.42), 10 bai vidt theo nhdm diu khda cd sd td vyng tmng binh mdi bai la 360 tu/bai (M = 360.37; SD = 58.58), va 10 bai viet theo nhom cudi khda vdi sd tu vung tmng binh mdi bai la 425 tu/bai (M = 425.11; SD = 75.27) Kdt qua cua cac bai vidt dugc trinh bay eae phan dudi day 3.1 Ki ndng viit cda SV trudc thirc nghiem Didm tmng binh cua 27 bai vidt thu nghidm dau khda (pre-test) eua Idp kidm nghiem (control-group) va didm trung binh cua 35 bai vidt ca nhan cua nhdm thyc nghidm bai vidt diu khoa (pretest) dugc so sanh va phan tich bang phan mdm SPSS phidn ban 22 Independent Samie t-test duge chgy de so sanh ket qua cua hai nhdm/ldp xem kT nang vidt tidng Anh/chat lugng bai viet (writing quality) cua nhom SV td diu khda hgc, tmdc TAP CHl KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM dugc can thiep bang phuong phap viet theo nhom, co khac biet hay khong S6 4(82} nam 2016 Bang I duoi day trinh bay ket qua bai viet thir nghiem ciia SV tir dSu khoa hoc: Bang So sdnh chdt lucmg bdi viet cua SV lap hoc tnrac thtre nghiem (n=35 nhdm thirc nghiem: n = 27 nhdm ddi chimg) M SD Variable ; df Chit luong bai vijt o dau khoa hoc 084 92 60 Nhom kiem nghiem 5.95 1.27 5.98 Nhom doi chimg The t and dfwere not adjusted because variances were equal Independent Samples t-test Theo bang 1, 27 bai vidt cua ldp ddi chiing va 35 bai viet cua tung ca nhan d ldp kiem nghidm dugc so sanh didm trung binh bang Independent Samples Test Didm tmng binh (Mean score) eua nhdm ddi chimg (control group) la 5.98 va cua nhdm kidm nghiem (experimental group) la 5.95 Diem trung binh ctia nhdm ddi chdng cao hon mdt chut so vdi nhdm kidm nghiem (5.98 vs 5.95) Tuy nhidn, kdt qua eua Independent Samples Test cho thiy ring hai nhdm khdng cd chdnh lech dang ke vd kT nang vidt bai theo hing ca nhan {t{60) = 084; p = 93) Didu eho thay rang kT nang vidt cua hai nhdm tmdc tidn hanh thyc nghidm la khdng cd gi khae bidt KT nang vidt cua cac SV dugc xem nhu ngang Nhu vgy, sau tidn hanh thyc nghidm, ndu ed sy khac bidt giira nhom vd kT nang vidt, thi co thd du doan (predict) dugc vd tfnh anh hudng cua bidn sd dde lap (collaborative writing) tren bidn sd phu thudc (individual writing) dugc ap dung bai nghidn euu Dudi day, chung tdi trinh bay kdt qua nghien ciiu va thao lugn vd cac 54 P 93 kdt qua bang nhihig cau hdi nghien ciru 3.2 Cau hoi nghien eitu Bai viet theo nhdm ed hieu qua hon bai vilt theo tirng ca nhan hay khong? Dt tra ldi eho cau hdi nghien ciiu thu nhat nay, chiing tdi phai thyc hien mgt sd vide nhu sau Thu nhit, tdi liy kdt qua viet bai dau khda (pre-tests) theo timg ea nhan eua ldp kidm nghiem so sanh vdi ket qua vidt bai theo nhdm ciing cua ldp kidm nghidm ndy dd xem kdt qua cd gi khac biet khdng Sau dd, tdi Iai liy ket qua cua cae bai viet cudi khda cua ldp kidm nghidm, bai viet theo timg ca nhan va bai vidt theo nhdm de so sanh vdi Vide dugc thye hidn nhlm muc dich khang dinh lgi tinh hieu qua cua phuang phap vidt bai theo nhdm nhu da dugc phat hidn bdi cac nha nghidn cuu trudc va didu cung ed y nghTa ldn cho myc dich chinh eua bai nghidn cuu kiem nghidm xem phuang phap vidt bai theo nhdm cd anh hudng ddn ki nang viet eua timg ca nhan hay khdng Ndu ban than cua viec vidt bai theo nhdm Pham VdPhiHd TAP CHI KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Cronbach's Alpha cua diem cham tu ngudi cham bai vidt chung dSu khda eua nhdm kiem nghidm dgt 867; dau khda ciia bai vidt theo ca nhan dat 862 Tue la tin cay ciia hinh thuc cham bai cheo dgt rat cao Bang dudi day trinh bay kdt qua thii nghidm/dau khda (pre-tests) cua Idp thyc nghidm khdng hidu qua so vdi vide vidt bai theo timg ca nhan (null hypothesis is accepted) thi gia thuydt ehinh eiia eua bai viet khdng ed gia tri Phan mem SPSS phidn ban 22 dugc six dung va Pair Samples Test dugc chay dd kidm tra sy khac bidt ve kT nang viet eua SV thdng qua kdt qua viet bai Iuan theo thd loai Vidt tranh luan (Argumentative essays) Bdng So sdnh bdi viit cd nhdn vd viit nhom eua lap thuc nghiim tic ddu khda hgc Variable chat lirgng bai viet Bai viet nhom dau khoa Bai viet ca nhan dau khoa M SD Correlation Mean difference t df P 6.709 645 441 754 5.203 34 000 5.954 917 Paired Samples t-test Bang so sanh ve diem trung binh cua 35 bai vidt ca nhan va 10 bai viet theo nhdm dau khda (pre-test) Tmng binh, mdi bai vidt ca nhan co dd dai gdm 359 tu/bai, va mdi bai vidt theo nhdm la 360 tu/bai Bang cho thay rang diem trung binh ciia bai vidt theo timg ca nhan ciia 35 SV ldp kidm nghidm tu dau khda la 5.95 va didm tmng binh cua Idp vd bai viet theo nhdm (4 ngudi) la 6.71 theo thang didm 10 Chdnh Idch giua didm la 75 Mdi lien he gida bai vidt nhdm va bai vidt ca nhan la r ^.44 cho thay bai vidt nhdm ed sd didm cao thi se din ddn bai vidt ca nhan cung vgy, va ngugc lai Kdt qua kidm tra cua Paired Samples t-test vdi gia tri /(34) = 5.20; p= 000 (p< 01) cd nghia la bai vidt theo nhdm dat chat lugng cao hon bai viet theo ca nhan Dieu cho thay tu diu khoa, trudc su dung bat cu can thiep nao, kT nang vidt bai theo nhdm da CO hidu qua hon nhieu so vdi kT nang vidt bai theo timg ca nhan Y>e khang dinh them mdt lan nda vd tinh hidu qua cua vide viet bai theo nhom, chdng tdi lai so sanh kdt qua eua bai vidt theo nhdm va bai vidt theo tung ea nhan thyc hidn d cudi khoa hgc (post-test) Cronbach's Alpha cua viec cham bai cheo cua cac bai vidt nhdm cudi khda la 970; bai vidt ca nhan cudi khda dat 904 Tue la tin egy eiia hinh thdc cham bai cheo dat rat cao Bang sau day trinh bay vide so sanh ki nang vidt cua SV theo nhom va theo timg ca nhan d bai vidt cudi khoa (post-test) TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM S6 4(82) nam 2010 Bang So sdnh bdi viet cd nhdn vd bdi viet nhdm cudi khda cda lop thir nghiem M SD Correlation Mean difference / df P 7.24 1.003 OAI 729 3.001 34 005 6.511 1.076 Variable Chat lirgmg bai viet Bai viet nhom cuoi khoa Bai vi€t ca nhan cuoi khoa Paired Samples t-test Bang trinh bay ket qua so sanh ciia bai viet ca nhan va bai viet theo nhom cuoi khoa (post-test) cua lop kiem nghiem Diem trung binh 35 bai viet theo timg ca nhan cua bai vi£t cu6i khoa (post-test) la 6.51 va diSm tnmg binh cua bai vijt theo nhom cOng bai vijt cuai khoa la 7.24, chenh lech giira diem la 73 So voi lech \l diem trung binh o dSu khoa thi lech co ve thSp hon (.76; 73) Tuy nhien, kSt qua ciia Paired Samples t-test voi gia tri ((34) = 3.00, p = 005 (p < 01) cho thdy rang bai viSt theo nhom van dat chit luong cao hon nhieu so voi chit lugng ciia bai viet ca nhan Nhu vay, chiing toi dua tren ket qua thSng ke, xac nhan ring bai vidt theo nhom co hieu qua hon rit nhieu so voi bai viet theo timg ca nhan cua chfnh lop kiSm nghiem DiSu co the de hidu la nguoi se vidt t6t hon mpt nguoi Kdt qua triing khop voi kdt qua nghidn cuu cua Dobao's (2012) [6] tim thiy ring bai vidt theo nhom khong nhihig chinh xac hon bai vidt theo ca nhan ma ca hon bai vidt theo cap (2 ngucri) Shehadeh (2011) [12] cDng cho ring bai vidt theo nhom dat chit 56 lugng cao hon bai viet ca nhan ve mSt ngi dung va bo cue doan van Tuong ty, Storch (2005) [13] ciing cong nhln ring bai vidt theo nhom tao dugc cau tnic cau hay hon, tir vung sii dung chinh xac hctn va muc dich bai viet dugc thd hidn ro rang hon Sutherland va Keith (1999) [15] cung tim thiy su tien bg rit khac bidt giira bai viet chung va bai vidt ca nhan Mgt didu can chii y rang, ndu viet theo nhom tot hon vidt theo ca nhan thi ciing chua the n6i ldn didu gi nhidu vi nhidu nguoi vin hon mgt ngucri Muc dich ciia bai nghien cim muon bo sung kidn thirc cac cong trinh nghien ciiu khoa hgc cua cac nha nghidn ciru khac kdt qua nghien cim ciia hp chi dimg lai d vide khang dinh bai vidt nhom se tot hon bai vidt ca nhan (Storch N., 2005 [13]; Shehadeh, 2011 [15]; Biria & Jafari, 2013 [5]) tuong tu nhu kdt qua ciia cau hoi nghidn ciru thii nhit nay, lai thidu vide danh gia lieu cac boat dgng vidt nhom co anh huong tich cue trdn kT nang vidt ciia timg ca nhan nhom hay khong TAP CHl KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM 3.3 Cau hoi nghien cu'u SV CO thai nhir the nao ve cac hoat dong lam vide vk viet bai theo nh6m? Dd tra ldi cho cau hdi nghidn ciiu nay, chung tdi se phan tich dCi lieu dinh tinh-trong phin phdng vin ban elu true (semi-stmctured interviews) dd tim hieu xem nhung thuan Igi tich eye nao ma SV cd dugc sudt qua trinh vidt bai theo nhdm Ddng thdi, nhiing kho khan ma hg gap phai cung se dugc trinh bay phin phan tich dinh tmh dudi day 3.3.1 Hiiu qud cua hogt dgng viit bdi theo nhdm Mudi SV dugc chgn nglu nhidn td mudi nhdm Idp ki^m nghidm, mdi nhdm SV, dd tham gia tra ldi phdng vin HIU hdt SV (9/10) khing djnh ring hg thich vidt bai theo nhdm vi vidt bai theo nhdm ludn ludn hidu qua hon rit nhidu so vdi vidt bai theo timg ca nhan vi "cd su gdp sue cua nhieu ngudi se tdt hon mgt minh", cac bgn nhom "cd thd hd trg cho Khi "minh be tic, suy nghT khdng ra, nhung ban lai Ide [y tudng] Iam cho bai vidt cua [nhom] minh tdt hon" Didu cd thd cho thay SV cae nhdm lam viec vdi rat tich eye, giup giai quydt van dd khd khan bai vidt, tao bai vidt tdt hon Kdt qua da lap lai kdt qua cua Dobao & Blum [6] hg tim thay rang hau bet SV eua hg ddu thieh lam vide va vidt bai theo nhom Erkens et al (2005) [8] khuydn rang SV can hge tap each hd trg nhau, tim kidm thdng tin, chia sd dii ligu va hgp tae vdi dd dgt dugc muc dich chung la giup cho bai vidt dat dugc Phgm VuPhiHd chat lugng tdt nhat Kdt qua di ngugc vdi kdt qua cua Ajmi va AH (2014) [4] hg thiy ring SV Iam vide nhom chua tich cyc va hg thudng bat ddng vd y kidn Iam vide nhdm Tit ca mudi SV (10/10) dugc phdng van ddu nhgn thay rang vidt bai chung cd nhidu thugn Igi hon vide vidt bai ridng vi "co nhieu y tudng" cho bai vidt "Khi nhdm ddng ldng vidt thi bai vidt se hay han bai vdt ca nhan" Ca 10 ban SV (10/10) ddu ndi ring vilt theo nhdm "hay hon vidt theo ca nhan vi cd y kidn cua nhieu ngudi;" "mdt ngudi vidt, ba ngudi dgc va chinh sua chic chan se hay hon mdt minh." Kdt qua dinh tinh cung duge khang dinh bdi kdt qua dinh lugng so sanh chat lugng cua bai vidt nhdm vdi bai vidt ca nhan cac phan phan tich dinh lugng da ndu d trdn ca hai bai viet theo nhom dau khda va cudi khda ddu dat chat lugng cao hon so vdi hai bai viet theo ea nhan Hon nda, ea Storch [13] lan Shehadeh [12] deu ehiing minh didu qua cae kidm nghidm eua hg Them vao dd, nhieu SV (8/10) cung khing dinh rang phuong phap hgc vidt bai theo nhdm se giup bai viet cd nhidu y hay hon, "cau true eau va cau true ngu phap cung tdt ban rat nhidu," va ca "each dung tu vyng" bai vidt Hon nua, SV cdn cd thd hgc dugc each "iam vide nhom." Cac ldi eo ban nhu "eau true cau va ngii phap thi cd the ty minh chinh sua dugc", cdn eae ldi vd mat ngi dung va eau true bai vidt nhu "topic sentences, va cac y tudng thi khdng thd ty chinh sua dugc ma phai nhd ddn cac ban 57 TAP CHI KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM nhdm" Ddi (10/10) ngudi vidt eiing khdng nhan ldi bai vidt cua chinh minh ma can ddn sy trg giup cua cae bgn nhdm, "vi minh khd nhan bidt ldi eua minh, ngudi khae de nhan bidt hon" Kdt qua triing khdp vdi ket qua nghien ciru tmdc cua Phgm Vu Phi Hd va Usaha [3] vd thuan lgi cua Iam vide theo nhdm chinh sua bai viet cho nhau, "cac Idi CO ban bd mat (surface errors) thi ngudi viet cd the ty chinh sua, cdn cac ldi vd mat ngi dung va cau tnic bai vidt (global areas) thi ludn can cd su trg giup cua cac ban nhdm vi mgt minh khdng the nhan dugc" Ngoai ra, hau hdt SV cung nhan thay ring thdng qua vide viet bai theo nhdm va gdp y ehinh sua bai vidt ehung "hg hge dugc rat nhidu kT nang vidt tir cac ban nhdm nhu ldi vidt, each dung tu va su dung cau tnic cau" Kdt qua ciing trung khdp vdi ket qua nghidn ciiu cda ehung tdi mdt ngu eanh khac SV Iam vide chung dd gop y chinh sua bai viet cho [3] Dobao va Blum [6] cung nhan thay rang SV thao luan vdi luc vidt bai chung, hg hgc duge tu rat nhidu dieu Kdt qua khao sat eua Ajmi va Ali [4] cung nhan thay rang boat ddng vidt bai theo nhdm giup SV cd co hdi chia sd kT nang, kinh nghidm cho va hg co thd hgc hdi rat nhieu Dieu thu vi vd phuong phap vidt bai theo nhdm la hlu hdt SV (8/10) ddu cdng nhan rang phuong phap day vidt bai theo nhdm giup cho ldp hgc "sdi ndi hon, sinh ddng hon, khdng nham chan, va dd eang thang" Didu la udc mo cua cac GV 58 Sd 4(82) ndm 2016 day mon Viet vi hlu hdt cac ldp hgc viel ddu cd ve khdng dugc sdi ndi nhu ldp hgc vd cae kT nang khac nhu mdn NgheNdi Tuong ty, Ajmi va Ali [4] cung nhan thiy ring phuong phap dgy SV viet bai theo nhdm, ldp hgc sinh dgng hon SV cam thiy hiing khoi hon cac boat ddng vidt bai chung; han nua, hoat dgng vidt bai chung giup hg giam bdt nhidu thdi gian cung lam chung mdt bai vidt 3.3.2 Nhimg khd khdn md SV gap phdi viec viit bdi theo nhdm Tuy SV (10/10) ndi ring hg "hai ldng vdi phuong phap day viet theo nhom, nhung ddi cung can tranh luan va giai thich cho de di ddn thdng nhat y kien" Didu ddi cting khdng de dat dugc lam vide theo nhdm Ddi ca nhdm khdng di ddn didm chung dugc, vi "bat ddng quan didm" ndn phai "bidu quydt theo so ddng, hoac hdi cd [GV]" Ajmi va Ali [4] eung gap kho khan tuong ty mdt sd vien nhdm td lan at cac vidn khac iam vide nhdm Do do, co mgt (I/IO) y kidn eho rang "vidt ca nhan CO the tu thieh vidt gi thi viet, nhung vidt nhdm thi phai thdng qua nhidu ngudi" van dd can quan tam d day la phai hudng dan cho SV hidu duge ich lgi chung lam vide nhdm, ddng thdi kT nang iam vide theo nhdm cung nen duge chi dan cho SV Handayani [9] giai thich rang tat ca eac SV phai cung dgng nao va su dung hdt kl nang eua rieng minh de thuang lugng va hTiydn dat eac y tudng ca nhan cho mgi ngudi nhdm TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Chin trdn mudi (9/10) SV ddng quan diem rang vidt theo nhdm, "ca nhdm tranh luan nhidu, timg dau cham, dau phay dd di den ddng thugn, ddi phai nhd ddn GV, hoac tra tu didn, hoac can cu vao tai lieu de biet dung sal, vi bgn cung eo thd sai nhu minh" Ket qua eho thay rang phuang phap viet bai theo nhdm rat hidu qua vi day la noi cho SV thao Iuan [tranh luan] va hgc hdi lan nhau, thgm ehi cdn can phai "ndi cd sach, mach cd chiing" dd thuydt phuc cac bgn nhdm Erkens et al [8] phai cdng nhan rang bat ddng y kidn nhdm la didu khdng thd tranh khdi Do dd, lue thao lugn, GV can phai quan tam va tim mdt phuang an thich hgp dd hda hgp cac y tudng eua timg ea nhan nhom vdi Ket luan DQ khang dinh tinh hidu qua cua phuong phap vidt bai theo nhdm so vdi bai vidt ca nhan nhu da tim thay d cac nghien edu trudc (Biria & Jafari, 2013 [5]; Dobao, 2012 [5]; Shehadeh, 2011 [12]; Storch, 2005 [13]; va Sutherland & Keith, 1999 [15]), bai nghidn ciiu eho thay eac bai vidt theo nhdm, ca d dau khda iln cudi khda, ddu tdt hon rat nhidu so vdi cae bai viet theo ca nhan Hon niia, hau het SV nhdm dugc phdng van ddu thieh phuang phap cho vidt bai theo nhdm vi ho tim duoc rat nhidu lgi Pham va Phi Ho ich cac boat ddng va ldp hgc mdn Vidt cung trd nen sinh dgng hon Day cd thd ndi la nhiing diem tich cyc cho cac Idp hgc viet ma hau nhu GV nao eung mong dgi ed duge Theo Pham Vu Phi Hd [2], mgt phuong phap dugc ap dung Idp hgc dd dao tao SV ma dat dugc sy ddng thuan cao tu ngudi hgc, thi chac chan se dat dugc sy hgp tac cua ngudi hgc qua trinh dao tgo, va co the se dd dat ddn kdt qua tdi tm Vay phuong phap td chuc vidt bai theo nhdm khdng nhihig giup bai vidt cua tiing ca nhan tidn tridn tdt ban, kT nang viet dugc cai thidn ma cdn giup ldp hgc thdm phan sdi ndi ban Kdt qua nghien cuu cho thay phuang phap day vidt theo tidn trinh eua nhom ddi chung tidn tridn khdng dang kd Didu di ngugc lgi vdi cac nghien ciiu trudc Li co thd tu nhidu khia canh, nhung vidt bai luan theo thd loai tranh Iuan khong phai don gian nhu cac thd loai khac Do dd, nen cd mgt nghidn cuu sau hon vd phuang phap viet bai cua nhom ddi chung nay, tim hidu nhung van dd khae ma bai nghidn ciiu chua dd cap Hon niia, can cd mdt nghidn cdu ehuyen biet vd vide vidt bai theo nhdm, nghla la ea nhdm cung ddng gdp timg cau bai vidt so vdi vide ea nhdm chia phan vide cho timg ngudi de viet timg phan cua bai luan Academic Writing ^ Writing project, term paper, or final assignment 59 TAP CHi KHOA HOC BHSP TPHCM 10 11 12 13 14 15 S6 4(82) nam 2016 TAI lA%\i THAM KHAO Pham Vu Phi H6 (2013), "Cac hoat dong day va hpc mon vidt tai Khoa Ngoai ngii Dai hoc Mo Thanh ph6 H6 Chi Minh", Tap chi Khoa hfc Truang Bai hgc Ma rP/ZCM 3(31), 96-115 , , ^ , Pham Vu Phi H6 (2015), "Hoat dong Vidt theo nhom va mgt so van dd can tidp tue nghien Cliu", Tgp chi Khoa hoc Trudng Bai hoc Md TPHCM, MAY), 124-131 Pham Vii Phi H5 & Usaha, S (2015), "Blog-based Peer Respor'