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NGHIEN CUU Li LUAN i DOI Mdi GIANG DAY MON TIN HOC LOIP 6 VOfl PHUONG PHAP BAN TAY NAN EOT HAVltTHAI Trudng Bai hoc Su pham Bai hpc Hu^ Email haviethalvTt@yahoo cam Tdm tdt Theo xu hudng ddo tao phdt[.]
NGHIEN CUU Li LUAN i DOI Mdi GIANG DAY MON TIN HOC LOIP VOfl PHUONG PHAP BAN TAY NAN EOT HAVltTHAI Trudng Bai hoc Su pham - Bai hpc Hu^ Email: haviethalvTt@yahoo.cam Tdm tdt: Theo xu hudng ddo tao phdt trien ndng lUc vd pham ehdt hoc smh, cdc phuang phdp day hoe tich cUc nhU day hoc neu vd gidi quyet vdn de, day hoe theo dudn, phuang phdp ddng ndo, sddung bdn tuduy, duac sddung rang rdi Phuang phdp Bdn tay nan ddt phdt huy duae tinh tieh cUc, ehii ddng vd sdng tao cua hoc sinh Bdi viet neu y tddng, ede Idp luan eho viee md rdng phgm vi dng dung phuang phdp bdn tay nanfadftrong qud trinh day hoc vd thiet Idp gido dn minh hoa dedp dung phuang phdp ndy vdo viee gidng day mdn Tin hoc Tit khda: Mon Tin hoe Idp 6; gidng day; phuang phdp bdn tay nan bat; ndng lUe (Nhan bdi ngdy 23/11/2016; Nhan ket qud phdnbienvd chinh sda ngdy 10/12/2016; Duyet ddng ngdy 27/12/2016) Dat van de Chuyen hudng ddo tao theo trpng tdm phdt trien ndng lUe vd pham chat cua hoc sinh (HS) duoc xac dmh la mot ndi dung then ehdt cua qud trinh ddi mdi gido due (GD) nude ta hien Theo xu hudng nay, ede phuong phdp day hpe (DH) tieh eUc nhu DH neu va giai quyet van de, DH theo du an, phuong phap ddng nao, sQ dung bdn tU duy, , dUoc sQ dung rdng rai Ben canh dd, mdi du nhap vao Viet Nam, phuang phap bdn tay nan bdt (PPBTNB) dd duae dUa vdo cae ehuang tnnh ddi mdi DH vd thu dUoc nhQng ket qua tich cUc Tuy nhien, pham vi Qng dung cua phuong phdp chi mdi dQng lai d cdc mdn khoa hoe tQ nhien gdn hen vdi thuc nghiem gdm Vat li, Hda hoc va Sinh hpc Vay cd the dp dung phuang phap ndy cho ede mdn hoe khae duoc khdng? Qua mdt qua trinh nghien cdu li thuyet cQng nhathue tien hoat ddng (HD) chuyen mdn, chung tdi da nhan thay dieu Id hoan toan ed the doi vdi mdn Tin hpe, trudc het la d Idp 6, Mot so van de ccr sd ii luan ve phUo^ng phap ban tay nan bdt 2.1 Khdi niem ve phuong phap ban tay nan bpt PPBTNB Giao sU Georges Charpak de xuat tU nhQng nam 90 cua the ki XX [1], Triet li cot Idi cua phuong phap la de HS tQ minh khdm pha va lam ehu kien thdc khoa hoc cung nhu nhQng ki ndng can nSm thdng qua eac HD nghien cQu mdt each tieh cQc cua ban than, tuong tanhucachthUc tim kien thQc ddeua cac nha khoa hoe Nha vay, HS trd chu the trung tam cua qua trinh nhan thQc Thdng qua qua trinh chu ddng tim toi, nghien cQu, HS hieu sau, nhd kT nhdng dieu da tim hieu daoc, tao duae ddng ca tieh cue eho qua trinh hoe tap, Thdng qua qua trinh tich eUc nay, chuoi ede HO tim tdi, thdo luan nhdm, tien hanh thi nghiem, danh gia va suy luan ndng lue HD va pham chat cua HS duoc hinh thanh, phat trien mdt each vQng ehde va toan dien 2.2 Cdc nguyen tdc ca bdn cua phuang phdp bdn tay nan bpt DQdi day la 10 nguyen tdc cO ban cua PPBTNB duoc de xuat bdi Vien Hdn lam Khoa hoc va Bd Gido due Qudc gia Phap [2]: HS quan sdt sUvdt hay hien tuong eua the gidi thUe tai, gan gui vdi ddi sdng, de cdm nhan va cac em se thUc hanh tren nhQng cai dd, Trong qud trinh tim hieu, HS lap luan, bdo ve y kien eua minh, dua tap the thao luan nhQng y nghi vd ket luan ca nhan, tQ dd ed nhQng hieu biet ma neu ehi cd nhdng HD, thao tdc rieng le khdng du tao nen NhQng HD gido vien (GV) de xuat cho HS dQOc to chQc theo tien trinh sQ pham nhdm ndng cao dan mQc dd hoc tap Cdc HD lam cho ede chQang trinh hoc tap duqc nang cao va danh cho HS phan tu ehu kha Idn Can mdt luong tdi thieu la gid/tuan va nhieu tuan lien tiep eho mdt de tai, SU lien tue cua cdc HD va nhQng phaong phap GD dUoe bao dam sudt thdi gian hoc tap Bat bude mdi HS phai cd mdt quyen vd thUe hanh rieng chinh eac em ghi chep theo edeh thdc va ngdn ngQ cua minh Mue tieu chinh cua phuang phap la su chiem ITnh dan eac khai niem khoa hpc, ki thuat dUOc thue hanh, kem theo la su cung eo ngdn ngd viet va ndi cua HS, Cac gia dinh hoac khu phd duoc khuyen khich thuc hien eac edng viec cua Idp hoc, d dia phuang, cac co sd khoa hpc (trudng dai hoc, cao dang, vien nghien cQu„) giQp eac HD eua Idp theo khd nang cua mmh ddia phuong, cac trudng sU pham giup GV ve kinh nghiem va phuang phap DH, S0135-THANG 12/2016 • 33 ^ d l ) NGHItN UUU LI LUAN GV cd the tim thay tren Internet cac website cd ndi dung ve nhQng module kien thQc (bdi hpc) da daac thUc hien, nhQng y tQdng ve cdc HO, nhQng giai phap thde mac, GV cung cd the tham gia HO tap the bang trao doi vdi eac ddng nghiep, vdi cac nha sQ pham va vdi cac nha khoa hoc GV la ngudi chiu trach nhiem GD va de xuat nhQng HO eua lop minh phu trdch, Md rdng pham vi siJT dung phUcrng phdp i^ tay nan bpt day hoc mon Tin hpc PPBTNB duoc dua ve Viet Nam t d nhQng nam 20C dp dung cho cac mdn Vat li, Hda hpe va Sinh hpc Si mdt thdi gian thQ nghiem va dp dung, edng ddngC danh gid cao hieu qua cua viec dp dyng phQOng pha viec phdt trien nang iQc va pham chatJisi, mdt eau hdi dQdc dat la:"Tai PPBTNB chi duoca dung DH cae mdn Vat li, Hda hoe va Sinh hoc?" Do dac diem cot Idi cua PPBTNB la de HS tu mini kham phd kien thQc thdng qua eac HD tim tdi, nghie cQu tren thUc nghiem nen nd ehi phu hop vdi cac moi khoa hpc gan iien vdi cdc HO thuc nghiem, ndi bat nha chinh Id ba mdn khoa hoc ndi tren Dieu the hii rat rd tU noi khai sinh phuong phdp la nUdc Phap vdi trang web chinh eua td chQc Fondation La mainafe pate [3], chi de cap den eac mdn khoa hocia nhien lien quan den mdn Vat li, Hda hoc va Smh hoc Do dd, duac mang vao Viet Nam, moi HO lien quar den phuang phdp cung chi lien quan den mdn h« tren vd dieu duoc chap nhdn mdt each mac nhien, 2.3 Cdc budc cda tien trinh day hpc theo phUOng phdp bdn tay nan bpt Dudi day la cae bade de dinh hudng tien trinh DH theo PPBTNB Cac bUdc can dUoc dp dung mdt each linh hoat va sang tao; Tinh hudng xuat phdt vd cdu hdi neu vdn de La tinh hudng neu van de GV dUa de dan ddt HS, thudng duoc the hien d mdt eau hdi md va phu hap vdi trinh dd hien tai eua HS nham kich thich su td md, thich tim tdi, nghien cQu va chud'n bi tdm the cho ho trude kham pha, linh hdi tn thQc Bdc Id quan diem ban ddu eua HS GV khuyen khich HS bdc Id quan diem ban dau de iQ dd hinh eac eau hdi ciJa HS trade tien hanh hpc kien thQc mdi, Cac quan diem cd the trinh bay bdng Vdi mong mudn trien khai PPBTNB sang eac bo Idi hoac so do, hinh ve minh hoa, phu thudc vao nen mdn khae, ehung tdi da di sau nghien cQu ve lithuyet tdng kienthUcva kmh nghiem thQc tai cua HS, cung nhu thQ nghiem soan thao giao an va di den nhan Hinh thdnh cdu hdi cua HS vd dexudt phuang dn thUe dmh rdng PPBTNB ed the dQoc ap dung vao giang daj nghiem nghien cdu mdt so ndi dung cua mdn Tin hpc, trUdc het la d I6p6 TQ nhQng quan diem ban dau khac biet eua HS, GV NhQngludncQeho viee daac trinh bay dudi day giup hp de xuat cac eau hdi tQ sQ khac biet dd theo y dd 3.7 Oac diem cua chUOng trinh Tin hoc Idp DH, GV can xQ li kheo Ieo de td tap hap cac quan diem Trong ehuang trinh GD hien nay,Tin hoe la monbSi ban dau khac tao eau hdi theo dang tinh huong bude d Idp 6, vdi thdi luong tiet tren tuan, Ndi dune cd van de nham kich thi'eh ham mudn tim tdi, kham pha eua ehuang trinh dupe chia lam ehuang, d kien thQc de gidi quyet van de dd Sau dd, GV goi y, de chuong Soan thdo vdn bdn, gom eac bai li thuyet vathi/c nghi HS de xuat cae phuong an thue nghiem nghien cQu hanh ve viec sQ dung phan mem (Vlicrosoft Word desoao va dinh hudng, trogiup cho cac em den phQong an thich thdo vdn bdn hop, Sach giao khoa Tin hoc Idp dUoe trinh bay chuyen Tien hdnh thuc nghiem t'lm tdi nghien cdu theo dang gidi thieu cac kien thUc li thuyet Phan c6 lien TQ nhQng phuong an thuc nghiem dUOc de xuat quan den viec sQ dung phan mem duoc trinh bay cfiii d bade 3, GV nhan xet va lua chon cdng cu thi nghiem yeu theo dang huong dan chi tiet cac thao tac tren phan hay thiet bi DH de HS tien hanh nghien cQu Ifu tien mem cu the de thac hien eac cdng viee dUpc yeu eau Do tien hanh thuc nghiem tren cae dd vat that nhung cd dac diem nay, GV giang day bd mdn cung thudng trinh the sQ dung cac md hinh, tranh ve hay md phdng thay bay li thuyet theo dang thuyet trinh va phan sifdung the nhung tradng hop kho khan Hudng dan de phan mem theo dang hQdng dan, lam mau de HS quan HS chu ddng tien hanh thuc nghiem theo tdng ca nhan sat va lam theo Ndi cdch khac, phuang phap giang day hoac tQng nhdm ddc lap, tranh trudng hop bat chudc thien ve truyen thu mdt chieu, khdng the hien duoc vai hoac bi dong, trd trung tam eua HS Vi vay, HS khdng phdt huy 6Mc Ket iudn va hap thdc hda kien thdc nang luc ehu ddng, sang tao va eac kien thde, ki nang Sau tien hanh thUe nghiem rim tdi, nghien cQu, khdng dUoc khae sdu mdt each can thiet Do do, da so cac eau hdi duoc dat ban dau duoc tra Idi dan, eac gia HS sau hoe mdt thdi gian da quen het cac kien tliLic thuyet duoc de va eac kien thdc dan duoc hinh va kT nang duac hoc Mdt van de khae la ehi hoc va nhung chua cd he thdng hoac chuan xac ve mat khoa luyen tap kha may mde tren mdt phien ban phan mem hoc GV yeu eau HS neu y kien ve ket luan cua kien thQc, da eu (Windows XR Microsoii Word 2003) nen HS lung sau torn tat, he thdng hda va chinh xac hda cac kien tung hoac khdng the sd dung dUoe cae cac phien ban thdc de ehung trd nhung kien thuc cua bai phan mem phien ban mdi ban daoc cai da sd car hoc GV khac sau kien thQc eho HS bang each ddi chieu may tinh thuc te hien lai vai nhQng quan mem ban dau, cd the la kliac va sai 3.2 Luan cd can bdn cho viec dp dung phUt/ng biet so vdi kien thQc ket luan duoc phdp ban tay nan bpt day hpc mon Tin hpc 34 • KHOA HOC GIAO DUC NGHIEN CUTU LI lUhH i Triet li cot Idi cua PPBTNB la de HS tU minh kham id va lam chu kien thQc khoa hoc, cac ki nang can ndm Idng qua ede HD tim tdi nghien cQu mdt each tieh cQc ' ja bdn than va nhQng HD bd tro khac nhu thdo luan, dnh gid, suy luan, dQdi su dinh hudng, tro giup cua GV, I vay, dieu kien tien quyet cd the ap dung PPBTNB cho idt bai hpc la eac kien thQc va kl nang bai hoc hdi duae tim thdng qua cdc HD thQc nghiem Do dac iem ndy, thdng thadng cdc kien thQc gan vdi ede ddi Jang va quy luat tu nhien eua cac nganh khoa hoe thac ghiem gdm Vdt li, Hda hpc vd Sinh hpc Do dd, mdn Tin pc dupe xem Id khdng thich hop de dp dung PPBTNB, Tuy nhien, ddi vdi HS, phan mem la eac ddi tupng 5n tai mdt each khach quan, cung nhu cac thQc the va inh vat ta nhien the gidi thuc Mat khdc, cdc kien hQc, kl nang lien quan den phdn mem cung cd the duoc hdm phd va luyen tap qua qud trinh thUe nghiem, thdo idn, ddnh gid vd suy luan Vi vay, viec day hpe mdn Tin IOC ndi chung vd trUdc het la d mdt so ndi dung lien luan den viec sQ dung phan mem cdc chuang 'a eua chuong trinh idp cung hoan toan cd the daac rien khai theo PPBTNB Mmh chQng thQ nhat ve mat li huyiTt eho luan cQ the hien d viec 10 nguyen tdc co adn eua PPBTNB deu ed the dupe dap Qng mdt each hoan odn eho viee DH sQ dung phan mem cac ehaong idy, vdi gde nhln ve phan mem va qua trinh hpc sQ dung Dhan mem vQa neu Minh chQng thQ hai ve mat li thuyet :d the thu daoc thdng qua viec dmh hudng trien khai DUdc cua tien trinh DH theo PPBTNB eho cac bai hoe lien Huan den viee sQ dung phan mem dupe trinh bay muc tiep theo 3.3 Cdc budc dinh hU&ng tien trinh day hpc su' dung phdn mem theo phUang phdp ban tay nan bpt Nam budc dinh hudng tien trinh DH theo PPBTNB, i h u da neu d muc 2.3, dUOc trien khai cu the trudng hop DH sQdung phan mem nhQsau: Tmh hudng xuat phdt vd eau hoi neu vdn de Tmh hudng xuat phat hay la tinh hudng neu van de da so trudng hop cd the dupe GV neu thdng qua :ac yeu eau ve viee lam sQ dung phan mem de dap j'ng mdt nhu eau thQc te, dudi dang mdt vi du cu the, gan gui va de cdm nhan ddi vdi HS Oe tao tinh hudng cd ;an de thi yeu eau phdi vucrt pham vi kha nang, kien :hQe hien tai cua HS va ed ndi dung, hinh thQc hop li kich thich dapc hQng thu tim tdi, kham pha cua ho Sdc id quan diem ban ddu eua HS GV khuyen khich HS bdc Id quan diem ban dau, tQ 3o hinh cae eau hdi cua HS trade tien hanh hpc