I NGHIEN GiJU U LUAN QUY TRINH PHAT TRIEN CHINH SACH GIAO DUC NGUYEN TIEN HUNG ma Khoa hoc 6lio due Vl$t Nam Email hunga60@gmaH com Tdm tdt Be cdp den quy trinh phdt triin chinh sdch gido due, bdi vie[.]
I NGHIEN GiJU U LUAN QUY TRINH PHAT TRIEN CHINH SACH GIAO DUC NGUYEN TIEN HUNG ma Khoa hoc 6lio due Vl$t Nam Email: hunga60@gmaH.com Tdm tdt: Be cdp den quy trinh phdt triin chinh sdch gido due, bdi viet trinh bdy vd phdn tich ehu trinh gom 03 giai dogn phdt trien ehinh sdch gido due vdi 08 bUdc liin quan den edc hogt ddng nghien edu, phdn tich, tham vdn vd tong hgp thdng tin de thlit ke, thue hien, ddnh gid vd diiu ehinh ehinh sdch gido due Ba giai dogn dd Id: Thiit ke chinh sdch gido due;Thue hien ehinh sdch gido due; Diiu chinh chinh sdch gido due Tdm bUde bao gdm: 1/Phdn tich hien trg gido duc;2/Duthdo cdc lua chon chinh sdch gido due; 3/Ddnh gid cdc Ida ehgn chinh sdch gido due; 4/Tham vdn vd quyit dinh chinh sdch gido due; 5/Ldp kihogeh thuc hiin chinh sdch gido due; 6/Thue hien ki hoach cua chinh sdch gido due; 7/Kiem sodt thtfc hien vd ddnh gid tde dpng cua chinh sdch gido due; 8/Diiu chinh vd thiit ki mdi ehinh sdch gido due Tif khda: Quy trinh; chlnh saeh gido due; phdt trien ehinh sdch gido due (Nhan bdi ngdy 28/10/2016; Nhdn kit qud phdn bien vd chinh sda ngdy 05/01/2017; Duyet ddng ngdy 25/01/2017) I.Oatvlnde Tren thUe t l , cd nhieu each hieu khlc nhUng ve khai quit ed the hieu chfnh sleh II cle quan dilm dinh hudng llm co sd quyet djnh eua td chQc Lien quan d i n gilo dye (GD) thudng cd d c d p dp chinh saeh sau: Chinh sach GD cua Chinh phu, cua nganh GD va chinh sleh cda td chQe GD hay cP sd GD (goi t i t la td chQc GD) Trong bai vilt nay, chung tdi trinh bay va phan tich chu trinh 03 giai doan phat trien chfnh sleh GD vdi 08 budc iien quan den cac hoat ddng nghien cQu, phan tich, tham van va tong hop/khai quit hda thdng tin de thiet ke, thuc hien, danh gia va dieu ehinh chinh sach GD Thilt k l chinh sach giao due Budc 1: Phdn tich hiin trgng GD nhIm Idi keo cac nhdm lien quan ehinh xem xet/danh gil cac hoat ddng GD, thdng qua danh gia SWTO ve mdi trudng ben (dilm manh, yeu) v l mdi trudng ben ngoai (co hdi va de doa/thach thQc) cua nganh/td chQc GD hen quan den; 1/ Tiep can vdi eae co hdi GD; 2/ Cdng bang phan bo cac djch vu GD; 3/ Cau true ciia he thdng/td ehQc GD; 4/ Hieu qua va hieu qua ngoli eua cle sin pham/dich vu GD; 5/The che/cd che quan li GD Phan tich hien trang GD thudng de t r i Idi cac cau hdi: Llnh vUe nao nganh GD dang lam tdt va chua tdt? Kit ndi giQa td chUc GD va cac chuong trinh GD he thdng GD hieu qui nhuthe nao? Nganh GD cd huy ddng dUdc cac ngudn lue tQ ben va ben ngoai cd hieu qua khdng? Quan he ddi tac vdi cac td chQc GD khae he thdng GD va cong ddng dUdc thiet lap nhu the nao? Cae to chdc GD nao dang thUc hien cimg san pham/dich vu GD?Td chQc GD cd the hoe hdi duoc ql td cac td chQe GD khae?., Oe phan tich hien trang GD thudng sQ dung kl thuat phan tieh PEST (Political Econimic Socio - Cultural and Technological Analysis) de hilu rd tam quan cua chfnh saeh GD lien quan den nhu cau va cae uu tien iZ 'KHOA HOC GIAO DUC ve dja li van hda v l edng ddng hpe tap nhu the nIo va chung cd Inh hudng tdi vile quylt djnh v l tham chi cac q u i trinh thUc hien cua nganh/td ehQc GD boi d n h chinh tri, kinh te.xa hdi v l cdng nghe nhQ t h i nao Cy t h i nhu sau [1]: - Chinh tri: Mdi trQdng ehinh trj tac ddng den cle hoat ddng eiia nganh/td chQc GD nhU t h i nIo? Nglnh/ td chdc GD chiu anh hudng nhu t h i nIo bdi cle thay ddi eua quoe gia dia phuong? Phan tich bdi eInh chinh trj giup hieu ro qua trinh quyet djnh ciia qudc gia/dja phuong va vai trd cua nganh GD q u i trinh phIt triln ehinh trj-xa hdi - Kinh te: Tinh hinh phIt triln kinh te qudc gia, dja phUPng nhu t h i nao? NgUdi dan dupe quyen va dQpc chuan bi de tham dQ vao td ehQc GD nhu t h i nao? Phan tich bdi d n h kinh t e d l khdng ehi hilu rd hien trang ma cdn c l khuynh hQdng phat trien kinh te v l die biet la ngudn nhln luc ddi hdi nganh/td chdc GD phai dap Qng - Xd hpi - Vdn hda: Dan sd qudc gia dia phQong c6 thay ddi hay khdng va nhQ the nIo? Thai dd cda ngUdi dan vdi viec lam va sQ dyng thdi gian nhQthI nao? Phan tfch bdi d n h van hda, x l hdi de hieu rd vj tri dia li, dan sd, van hda v l phan tang xa hdi lien quan, d c nhdm lien quan khlc thudng ed sQ quan tam khae ve vai trd, tam quan trpng cua nganh GD - Cdng nghi: Nganh/td chQc GD chju Inh hudng ciia phIt tnen edng nghe mdi nhu t h i nao? nganh/to chdc GD cd tiem nang de Idi cudn cae ddi tUOng mdi hay thuc hien cae dich vy mdi hay khdng? Tiep theo, can nhan manh la danh gia hien trang GD khdng the cdng neu khdng danh gia duoc cac ap luc hay chdng lai thay ddi cua ede nhdm quan tdm ehinh de dua vao dd de xuat kieu chinh sach GD phu hop, bao gdm: Cdc nhd cung cdp GD dd dang ehu y nhat la nha giao - nhQng nhdm ngudi cd anh hudng nhat viec img hd hay chdng ddi bat ki thay ddi GD nao, vi lai NGHIEN cdu LI LUAN I ich cua hp se tdt hon hoac b| de dpa n l u thay ddi GD mang lai mdt sd thach thQc vdi hi^n trang hay die quyen hien tai cQa ho; Khdeh hdng eua GD dd quan trpng nhat la gia dinh, ngudi hpe v l b i n sQ dyng lao ddng thQdng cd quan t i m rat khae ve quy md va chat lupng GD phu thudc vao nguon gde van hda hay nghi nghiep hole kinh t l - x l hdi khlc nhau, ed nang tao nen su Inh hudng mat can ddi vdi GD Ben canh dd, edn nhdm quan tam la d e edng chQc cCia he thdng quIn li GD - nhdm nly thudng cd khuynh hUdng mudn tri he thdng GD hien tai hole thay ddi hay chdng laj d e chinh sleh thay ddi Vl vly, phan tfch hien trang GD can xlc djnh chfnh xac d e nhdm quan t i m chfnh v l hieu rd nhQng gi ehua ddng nhat glQa ho; mat khae d n tao dilu kien thuan Ipi cho ho duoe tham du vIo qui trinh phat triln chinh saeh GD d l ed co hdi ndi len nhu d u cua minh Olc biet vdi cle nhdm dUpc xlc djnh II "chdng ddi" thi d n hilu rd ho dupe td ehQc tdt nhQthI nao, quyin iQe d i n mQc nao ho cd xa h d i v l hp san sang sQdung quyen luc cua ho nhu t h i nIo deed ddi sleh phii hdp va kjp thdi Budc 2: Dtfthdo edc Itfa chpn chinh sdch CD Ch in h sach GD mdi thudng sinh tQ hien trang va bdi d n h GD bj xlo trdn bdi van de tdn tai, quyet djnh ehinh trj hay tai d u true nen kinh te.TQphan tich hien trang tren, du thIo ele lua chon chinh sach ed the dupc hinh thinh theo cac elch tiep can sau: - Tiep can he thdng die trUng bdi 03 hoat ddng: thu thap dQ lieu, hinh thinh, dat Qu tien cle lua chpn Hinh d c lua chpn chinh sach GD theo d c h la q u i trinh phQc tap Neu chi dua vao cac dQ lieu thi sd lupng Idn d c lua chon ed the dua deu phu hpp vdi bdi eInh GD, nen can liet ke tat c l kit q u i ed t h i xly va sau xlc dinh cle lUa chpn tdi Uu hoac it nhat II mang lai hieu qui Tiep theo, khae v l a p luc xuat phat tQ tri tue/ trinh dd, chinh tn, x l hdi va nghe nghiep cua cle nhdm quan tam chfnh se cd sQc nang va Qu tien khlc phy thudc vao tam quan trpng cua cac van de llnh hdi dupc nen giup thu hep cle lUa chpn chfnh sach GD - Tiep edn Idn ddn bit dau td viec xuat hien cac van de tdn tai ddi hdi nganh/td chUe GD eIn ed cac bien phIp khlc phuc va q u i trinh nly d n g Idn len theo thdi gian dan tdi hinh thinh cac lUa chpn GD Idn hpn, ddi hdi can dinh hudng eho cac quyet dinh ciia nganh/td chUc GD duong dIu cd hieu qua vdi cac thach thQc Idn dan len nhu vay Day dupe goi la tiep can Idn dan len de giup ngudi quylt djnh chinh sach tim kiem dieu ehinh cle khd khan hien tai hdn la hudng tdi tUdng lai, vi vay khuyin khich cli t i l n Idn len dan dan - Tiep edn ddc thu B6\ van detdn tai nlm ngoai he thdng GD, nhU cli elch the ehl ehinh tri hay tai cau true nen kinh te ddi hdi he thdng GD ndi chung va td chQc GD ndi rieng can dieu chinh va thay ddi Vi vay, can CO elch tiep can dac thu cho phii hop, bdi d n h nly phat trien chinh sach cd the chUa cd co sd hop li linh vuc GD - Tiip edn nhdp khdu Cd nhilu kinh nghiem v l d i tien v l ddi mdi d e he thdng v l td chQc GD tren t h i gidi Day chfnh II ngudn cQa cle Ida chpn chinh saeh GD m l nganh/td chQc GD cd t h i xem xet Tuy nhien, d c ehinh sleh GD chi cd t h i dupe nhap khIu thinh cdng nd dUpc dilu chlnh phd hpp vdi bdi d n h ey the de dap Qng dUoe cle nhu d u ciia ele nhdm dac thu cua nglnh/td chQe GD BUde 3: Ddnh gid edc Itfa ehgn chinh sdch GD, thudng dua tren d c tieu chi sau [2]: - Mong mudn gdm kich cd: 1/ Tic ddng cQa lua chpn tdi d e nhdm quan t i m hay bdn lien quan khlc nhau: Ai ed Ipi? Ai d m thay bj de dpa? NhQng ngUdi bj thiet hai dupc d i n bu nhu t h i nao? Cai gi llm cho lua chpn chinh sach GD phu hpp vdi mong mudn eua tat c l cac ben lien quan? 2/ Khi nang tuong thich vdi y thQc he chfnh tri chi phdi va d c chi tieu phIt trien/ting trudng kinh t l dupe de d p d e ke hoach phat triln qudc gia; 3/ Trong mdt sd trudng hop, tie ddng eCia lua chon chinh sleh tdi phIt triln chinh tri v l b i n vQng - Chdp nhdn duge: Chi phi ve ngudn nhln lUc, vat luc v l t l i chfnh eho ele kjch b i n eCia cle lua chpn ehinh sach GD can duoc danh gia kl lUdng d l ed t h i duoc chap nhan Khd khan de dua d e du doln n l m d nang du doan ele xu hudng tUong lai, bao gdm phat trien kinh t l , chfnh tri v l xa hdi Nd die biet quan trpng ehi phi cho cle chinh sach thay doi/cli d c h GD thudng khd dupe bio ve khdng t h i mang lai k i t q u i hole d p bach so vdi d e thay ddi ve kinh t l , chinh tri v l x l hdi - Khd thi: Cac ngudn t l i chinh eho cac lua chpn ehinh sach GD cd the ude tinh duoc, nhien, khd hon lien quan den ngudn nhan lUc nhuviee can dutinh trinh dp dIo tao nIo ddi hdi nhl gilo can cd va ed dii nhan IQC d l thQc hien iQa chpn ehinh sleh dUdc lua chpn hay khdng Tuong tU, vIn hda the ehe (cac nguyen tac, thu tuc, mdi trudng) can thilt d l thu hut, tri va thQc hien hieu q u i dao tao/bdi dudng ngudn nhan lUa dap Qng djch chuyen chinh sach cle k l hoach va chuong trinh thuc hien Nhln td khae d n xem xet la thdi gian: hau het cac nghien cQu ve du an GD eho thay thdi gian thudng bi vuot qua thyc hien nen can dy kiln thdi gian thyc hien thi mpt each kl lUdng va cd t h i ehi llm dupe qua danh g i l can than nang lUc va nang thyc hien cua nganh/td chQe GD - Bin vdng: Van de ben vQng d n quan tam die biet cac tieu chi tren dUOc ap dyng, Cac ehinh sleh GD can ben vQng ve iing hp chinh tri va tai chinh thdi gian dai de dat tdi ket qui De dam bao dupe nhu vay, ele kich bin mang tinh dai han cua cac lUa chpn chinh sach can duoe coi trong chinh sach GD va nd can ket hpp vao eae chinh sach vl md mdt each khdn ngoan va nhat quan vdi khat vong qudc gia dai han Budc 4: Tham vdn vd quyet dinh chinh sdch GD Khi cac lya chpn chinh sach GD duoe lUa chpn tQ Budc tren, thi nganh/to chQc GD can tham van vdi ele nhdm S0136-THANG1/2017*23 Q NGHIEN CUrU Li LUAN quan t i m chinh hidn tai va tiem nang hen quan, thdng qua mdt sd hinh thQc nhu: nghien cQu khao sat bIng philu hdi qua dien thoai, true tuyIn; phdng vIn ele nhdm trpng tam; td ehQc d e hdi thIo, dien dan Tiep theo, dy thIo ehinh sach GD can duac hinh thinh dya tren mdt hole k i t hpp ciia mdt sd kjch bin cQa ele iQa chpn chinh sach GD da dQOe tham van d tren va dU thIo chfnh sleh GD nly lai dupe tiep tuc td ehQc tham vIn vdi cle nhdm quan t i m ehinh, edng khai tren mang xa hdi lien quan eung nhu hdi thIo va thilt lap dien d i n trQe tuyln Muc tiiu cua tham van lan thQ hai nly thudng nhIm chinh xlc hda tQ ngQ, lam rd nghia va dilu chinh ndi dung cOa chfnh sleh GD trudc ban hanh [3], Cudi cung, holn thien chfnh sleh v l quyit dinh ban hdnh cWnhsdcftGD Thuc t l , ehinh sleh GD dupe ban hinh cd t h i chua la lya chpn tdt nhat cho tQng nhdm quan tam, nhQng dQpc d c ben lien quan chap nhan thudng qua q u i trinh thda hiep Be danh g i l su hop li eua qui trinh quylt dmh ehinh sleh GD cIn luu y d c cau hdi sau: Quylt dinh da dupe ban hanh n h u t h i nao - nd cd dupe thyc hien thdng qua tat e^ eae budc phan tich chfnh sleh GD (phan tieh hien trang, dU thIo, danh gia v l tham van chinh sleh) khdng? Quylt djnh dUdc xuat phIt v l ke thQa nhu the nIo tQ chfnh saeh GD hien tai? Quyet djnh nhat quIn nhU t h i nao vdi d c chfnh sleh eiia ele linh vUC khae? Chinh sleh GD dupc phat bilu ed dim bio danh g i l de khdng? VIn hanh chinh sleh ed hpp li khdng? Thuc hien chinh sach g i l o due BUdc 5: Lap ki hogch thtfc hiin chinh sdch GD Mdt chinh sach GD da dupe quylt djnh ban hanh thi can lap ke hoach de thUe hien, bao gdm thdi gian bilu huy ddng nhln lye va vat lye cung nhutai chinh d l lam rd;ailamgi, nIo va n h u t h i nao cung nhu cle ngudn vat lUe va tai chinh can cung d p theo kich bin da lUa chpn nhuthe nao; cac kien thQc, kl thuat nao ma ngudi thyc hien chinh sleh GD can ed de dao tao/bdi dUdng cho phu hop; cac he thdng quan li hanh chinh can dUdc clu true nhu the nao cho phiJ hpp, die biet de Idi cudn dUdcsUtham dyciia nhdm lien quan, Budc 6: Thtfc hien ke hogch cua chinh sdch GD chi cdng van ddng dupe sy ung hd ve chinh tri, tdc la dim bio dupe nganh/td chQe GD cung nhU ele nhdm quan tam chinh hinh dupc lien minh chinh tri d l eung thuc hien cdng chinh sach GD Vi vay can cd ele hoat ddng tuyen truyen, thuyet phuc de d c nhdm quan tam ehinh khdng chi nhan thdc duoc tam quan ma cdn cam kit va ho tro cac ngudn luc de cung thuc hien chinh sach GD, De lam dUde nhU vay can Idi cudn sU tham du ciia cac nhdm tQ giai doan thiet ke chinh sleh GD [4] D i l u chinh chfnh sach giao due Budc 7; Kiem sodt thtfc hiin vd ddnh gid tdc dpng cua chinh sdch GD Qua trinh thue hien chinh sach GD can duae kiim sodt theo each thQdng xuyen thu thap thdng tin ciia cac ben lien quan, dac biet la nhQng ngUdi 24'KHOA HOC GIAO DUC sQ dyng d c djch vy eua nganh/td chQe GD de kjp th6i dieu chinh hole tdt nhat ngan chin dQdc nhQng sai sol ed the xly q u i trinh thUc hien k l hoach cila ehinh saeh GD MIt khae nglnh/td chQc GD cIn td chdc thuc hien ddnh gid tde dpng cua chlnh sdch GD de dieu chinh hole thay ddi chinh sach Day II kilu danh gia dupe cau true nhIm thu thap d e minh chQng t i p trung vIo chat luong, tinh phiJ hpp cua ehinh sleh GD v l thudng khdng ehl do/danh gia chat iQong ben ma d chat lupng ben ngoli Oe dinh g i l tie ddng chinh sleh GD thinh cdng can thue hien theo 03 giai doan: Bit dau thuc hiln, giQa ki va k i t thuc chfnh sach GD Thdi han de dinh gia t i c ddng cQa ehinh saeh GD cd t h i hang nam hole nhieu hon thudc vao b i n chat eua chfnh sach, nhung nhin chung can thdi gian thQc hien dCi lau d l dem lai cac kit q u i [5], DQdi day la mdt sd cau hdi eIn iQu y qui trinh kiem soat v l danh gia tie ddng cQa chinh sleh GD nhif sau: Nganh/td ehQc GD ed xlc djnh dUdc cle kit qui theo tiln trinh dat tdi muc tieu chung va cu the ciia chfnh sleh GD hay khdng? Nganb/td chdc GD cd do/danh gia dupe cdng dya tren cac minh chQng theo cae chi sd v l quy md, chat lupng bdn v l ben ngoli hay khdng? Nganh/td chUe GD cd k l hoach dinh gia tSc ddng eua ehinh sleh GD phu hpp, thi hay khdng? CIc phUPng phap kiem solt, dinh gia (nhU philu hdi, phdng van nhdm trpng tam.,.) cd duoc sQdyng hieu qui vdi tan suat phii hpp hay khdng? Cac thdng tin v l kit q u i giam sat cd dupe sd dung de phIn hdi kjp thdi cho cle ben lien quan d l d i tien qua trinh thUc hien chinh saeh hay khdng? BUde 8: Dieu chinh vd/hay thiit kimdi chinh saeh GD Thdng tin v l k i t q u i dinh g i l t i c ddng cOa ehinh sleh GD can dupc nglnh/td chQe GD phan tfch de dieu ehinh ehinh sach GD theo hQdng phat huy mat manh, tan dyng eo hdi de khlc phuc cac han ehl va nguyen nhln eiia ehinh saeh GD hien hanh Hon nQa, ehinh tQket q u i danh gia tac ddng chinh saeh GD giup nganh/td chQc GD nhin nhan d c van de khd khan/tdn tai mdi de bit dau mdt chu trinh phIt triln chinh sach GD mdi Tdm lai, chu trinh phIt triln chinh sach GD khdng bao gid k i t thuc va mdt each li tudng thi mdt qui trinh thyc hien holn g i n vdi ele kit qui ehinh sleh da ed thi qua trinh danh gia tac ddng ciia chinh sach lai bat dau va dan den tiem nang cho mdt chu trinh chinh saeh mdi Ketluan Tren day trinh bay va phan tieh chu trinh phIt trien chinh sach GD gdm 08 budc v l thyc hiln can iQu y la phat tnen chinh saeh GD phli dUa tren kiln thQc va kl nang ve; / DU doan phat tnen GD dUa tren dQ li^u, nghien cQu, kinh nghiem va kiln thQc qudc t l , 2/ Phan tich bdi canh kinh t l , chinh tri, dan sd, xa hdi va van hda; 3/ Danh g i l d c nhdm quan t i m , tinh hpp li va vai tro/ tam quan trpng ciia thay doi GD NGHIEN Clhl Li L U A N C Q Hc^ nQa, chfnh sleh GD trQdc dQpe ban hanh can dya tren dQthIo cac kich b i n iQa chpn chfnh sach v l mdi kjch b i n nly eIn dUOc phan tfch, danh gil va tham van vdi cle ben lien quan mdt each kl lUdng Tilp theo, vile thyc hien chfnh sleh GD can dUgc lap k l hoach mem deo, linh hoat phu hop vdi bdi d n h v l dieu kien cy t h i cua nglnh/td chQe GD Trong qua trinh thyc hien can kiem solt theo qua trinh v l phIn hdi thdng tin kjp thdi tdi d c ben lien quan d l dilu chinh va cai tiln Cudi eung, chinh sleh GD mang lai ket q u i can danh g i l tie ddng cua ehinh sleh v l dUa vao k i t q u i danh gia d l dieu ehinh ehinh sach hien hanh hole bat dau mdt chu trinh phIt trien chinh sleh GD mdi TAILI£UTHAMKHAO [1] WPEngine, (2013), Understanding PEST Analysis with definitions and examples [2] Office of the Auditor General, (2003), A Guide To Policy Development, Manitoba [3] Bonehill, ^., (2007), Policy development framework, CAFCASS 14] Nguyen Tiln Hung, Cdc edeh tiep cdn chinh ve Idnh dgo vd qudn ligido due Tap ehi QuIn li Gilo due So 9, thang 02 nam 2010, tr 25-28 [5] Banks, u., (2012), Policy Development Department of Education in Tasmania PROCESS TO DEVELOP EDUCATION POLICY Nguyen Tien Hung The Vietnam Institute of Educational Sciences Email: hunga60@gmail.com Abstract: In terms of development process of education policy, the article presents and analyzes a cycle with development stages of education policy with 08 steps involved in activities of research, analysis, consultation, and information review so as to design, implement, evaluate and adjust education policy Three stages were: to develop education policies; to implement education policy; to adjust education policies Eight steps include: 1/ To analyze th current status of education; 2/To draft options of education policy; 3/To evaluate options of education policy; 4/To consul and decide educational policy; 5/Toplan and implement education policies; 6/To implement plan of education policy; 7/ To control its implementation and evaluate impact of education policy; 8/To adjust and redesign education policy Keywords: Process; education policy; development of education policy S0138-THANG1/2017-25 ... thQc vdi hi^n trang hay die quyen hien tai cQa ho; Khdeh hdng eua GD dd quan trpng nhat la gia dinh, ngudi hpe v l b i n sQ dyng lao ddng thQdng cd quan t i m rat khae ve quy md va chat lupng GD... djnh II "chdng ddi" thi d n hilu rd ho dupe td ehQc tdt nhQthI nao, quyin iQe d i n mQc nao ho cd xa h d i v l hp san sang sQdung quyen luc cua ho nhu t h i nIo deed ddi sleh phii hdp va kjp thdi... can dinh hudng eho cac quyet dinh ciia nganh/td chUc GD duong dIu cd hieu qua vdi cac thach thQc Idn dan len nhu vay Day dupe goi la tiep can Idn dan len de giup ngudi quylt djnh chinh sach tim