NCHIEN c u u T R A O DOI GIAI PHAP NANG CAO CHAT LiSOHG HOAT DONG GIAO DUC Hl/ONG NGHIEP • TS D ^ G THI PHU''''ONG PHI (*) TOM TAT Nghi nghiep cd tdm dnh hudng rdt ldn trong cude sdng eua mdi ngudi Hien[.]
NCHIEN c u u - T R A O DOI G I A I PHAP NANG CAO CHAT LiSOHG HOAT DONG GIAO DUC Hl/ONG NGHIEP • TS D ^ G T H I PHU'ONG PHI (*) TOM TAT Nghi nghiep cd tdm dnh hudng rdt ldn cude sdng eua mdi ngudi Hien vdi tde dp phdt tnin vuat bgc, ddt nudc ta edng tiin bd han, hipn dgi han di ddp ting nhu cdu eude sdng cua ngudi, xd hpi ciing nhu di hda nhgp vdi xu the cita thdi dgi Hiin nhiin, di ddm bdo cdn bdng xd hpi, nhu edu cdng cao thi yiu cdu xd hpi cdng eao ddc biet la linh vuc nghi nghiip Chinh vi vgy, hogt dpng gido due hudng nghiep cd vai trd rdt quan trpng ddi vdi nhd trudng Song, viec nhdn thuc duae tdm quan trpng cua hogt dpng gido due hudng nghiep vdn chua du md nhd trudng eon phdi dua gidi phdp ndng cao chdt luang hogt dpng ndy Tir khda: nghi nghiip, gido dge, hudng nghiep SUMMARY Occupation has enormous influence in people's lives Currently, in the boom pace, the country is increasingly more progressive, more modern to meet the needs of human life, as well as the social integration with the trend of the times Obviously, to ensure social balance, the higher demand is for the more increasing social requirements are particularly in the field of career Therefore, vocational education has a very important role for the schools However, recognizing the importance of vocational education is not enough that the school must also offer solutions to improve the quality of this work Key words: Occupation, education, vocational Cd sd ly lu^n va thyc tien cua hoat sinh phd thong vd cdng vide ndy d$ng giao due hirdng nghiep nhiing nhd tam Iy tu van hudng nghidp (HDGDHN) ddm nhidm Dinh hudng hpe dudng Khdng Tu (551-479TCN) da timg ndi: thudng ddnh cho hpc sinh phd thong vd "Chgn cdng vide md bgn ua thich, dam thieu nidn dudi 25 tudi me, se giup bgn cd dugc budc phat tridn (y Viet Nam, tu thd ky XX, Phong trao xdng dang" Jean Jacques Rousseau Dong kinh nghTa thyc da cd nhung quan (1712-1794) tac phdm "Emile hay niem vd nghe nghidp khd ro "Hpc Id hgc Id vd giao dye" da thd hidn ro quan diem ed nghd, ed nghidp" Trong dan gian tu ngudi song can Idm vide nen phdi lau da truydn tung eau "Nhdt nghd tinh, hpc nghd vd phdi giao dye eho thi he tre nhat than vinh" Chu tich H6 Chi Minh hilu vj tri eac nghi nghiep ddi bdi vilt "Hge sinh phd thong va lao sdng xa hpi Ong da chu truong tre em tu dgng" (1957) da rdt quan tam ddn cong 12-15 tudi phdi hgc nghd mpt each tae gido due hudng nghipp va ddn nghiem chinh nhiing cau hdi Bdc dat ddi vdi cac nha gido due van chua cd ldi giai ddp mpt Phap id mpt nhung qudc gia rdt cdch day du, thda ddng Quydt dinh sd dd cao cong tdc hudng nghidp cho hgc 126-CP ngdy 19/3/1981 eua Chinh phu vl cong tde hudng nghidp trudng phd thong vd viec su dyng hgp Iy hgc sinh thong CO sd vd hgc sinh tmng hge thong tot nghipp trudng la ca sd phap ly quan trpng cho hogt dgng gido dye hudng nghidp cac trudng hgc Viet Nam (Cy thd gido dye thdi dp dung dan, to chuc cho hpc sinh thyc tap lam quen vdi mgt so nghd, tim hidu nang khieu, khuynh hudng nghd nghiep eua tiing HS dd khuyin khich, hudng dan, boi duang khd nang nghe nghidp thieh hgp, dgng vidn hudng dan HS di vdo nghe nghidp, nhung nai dang can Iao dpng tre tuoi, cd van hda ) Co the ndi rang, hogt dpng gido dye hudng nghiep edc trudng phd thdng cd vi tri, vai tro, nhidm vu rat quan trgng, day la mgt nhiing mat gido due khong thd thidu dugc vide ddo tgo hpc sinh thdnh nhirng ngudi phdt trien mgt each toan didn Xet vd mat khoa hge lao dgng, hudng nghiep la su xdc dinh tinh phu hgp cua timg ngudi cu thd trdn co sd xdc dinh sy tuang thich giiia nhiing dgc didm tam sinh Iy eua hg vdi nhung yeu eau eua mpt nghd nao ddi vdi ngudi lao dgng Vd phuang didn kinh td hpc, hudng nghiep dugc hilu la he thdng nhiing bidn phdp dan ddt, td ehuc cho ngudi hgc Iya chgn nghd dd hg di vao lao dgng nghd nghidp nhdm su dyng hgp ly tiem nang lao dpng tre tudi cua ddt nude Hudng nghipp gop phan tieh cyc vao qua trinh phdn ddu nang cao nang suat lao dgng Tren binh didn vT mo toan xa hgi, hudng nghidp gdp phan phan bd hgp ly vd su dung cd hieu qud nguon nhan lyc, von quy eho su phdt tridn kinh td - xa hpi, mang lgi phdn vinh cho dat nude Do vgy, hudng nghipp cd mot y nghTa to ldn, mgt khdi dau quan trpng cho qud trinh phdt tridn iuc lupmg sdn xuat cua moi qudc gia Gido dye hudng nghiep nham giup cho hge sinh trung hge eo sd, trung hge phd thong (THCS, THPT) cd dugc sy hidu bilt ca ban vd cdc ngdnh nghd xa hgi, xu thi phdt trien, nhu eau thi trudng lao dgng, nhiing ydu cau can thiet ve kien thue, ky nang cua timg loai nganh nghe, tir giup cdc em xac dinh, nang lye, sd trudng, nguyen vgng, hodn eanh gia dinh, khd nang ddp ung nhu cau xa hgi Day la ca sd de hgc sinh khdng mo ho, cdm tinh chgn nghe thich hgp tuang lai Thyc te cho thay, khdng it hge sinh, sinh vidn da vdo hpc d cdc trudng trung cap chuydn nghiep, cao dang, dgi hgc mdi nhan rang minh khdng phu hgp vdi nghe da chgn, tu dd dan ddn tinh trgng chan nan, hpe tap khong tidn bg, bd hpc de tidp tyc thi vao eac trudng khdc Sy CO gang qud sue cua mgt bp phan khong nhd nhiing hge sinh nhdm luong ed nguy ea dan ddn sy keo tyt mat bang chat lugng giao due d nhiing bge hge eao, tgo nhung sdn phdm kdm, trinh dg, nang lyc that khong tuong xiing vdi bang cap, vd lau dai se Iam mat can doi CO cdu ddo tao dan ddn mat cdn ddi nguon nhan lyc, ca cau trinh dp lao dgng Mat khdc vide khdng dinh hudng ro rang vd nghe nghiep gay lang phi thdi gian, cdng sue, eua cdi eho bdn than, gia dinh vd xa hpi Thyc trang ve cong tac giao due hirdng nghiep d cac trudng THPT tinh hien Ve dgi ngii giao vien: Qua khdo sdt cho thdy cd 67% gido vidn tham gia gidng dgy gido dye hudng nghidp la gido vien kidm nhidm (giao vidn chu nhidm, giao vidn gidng day cac bg mdn khdc kiem nhiem cong tdc gido > CHI KINH TE - CONG NGHIEI NGHIEN CUU-TR.^O DOI dye hudng nghidp), 33% la gido vidn dgy nghd va ky thuat Nhu vay, dgi ngu giao vidn thyc sy dugc ddo tgo bai bdn, chuydn sau vd cong tdc tu van, hudng nghidp Id chua co, tu d6 hidu qud giao due hudng nghidp hidn d eac trudng THCS, THPT cdn rdt hgn chl Ca sd vat chat: Phuang tidn phye vu cho gido due hudng nghiep edn rat thieu thdn Hgc sinh chua nhan thdc day du myc dich, y nghTa, tam quan trgng cua vide lya chgn nghe nghidp cua cdc em, do chua tich cyc tham gia vao boat dgng giao dye huong nghidp Chuong trinh hgc: Chuang trinh hge cdn ngng vd ly thuyet ma chua dan dat eae em vdo thyc te eu the Nhieu hgc sinh chi ddn vdi cdc budi tu van hudng nghiep dd "didm danh", "cgng diem" ma ehua thgt su hdng thu vdi kidn thuc Thdi gian phan bo hpc bp mdn hudng nghidp cdn nhidu hgn ehd, so tiet hpc bi rut ngan do chua the hidn dugc het chieu sau cua giao dye hudng nghiep Gia dinh va xa hdi: Nhidu bgc cha me thudng "phd thdc" viec hgc cho nha trudng ma khong nghi rang vide quan tam va hudng nghiep cho cai hg cung ehinh la nhiing budc ddm de cdc em vung vang lya chpn nghi nghipp cho minh Da cd khdng it hpc sinh phai loay hoay khong bilt ndn chpn trudng nao, ngdnh ndo dd hgc, trdn ldp CO thac mac khong dam hdi true tidp giao vidn, vd nhd lgi khdng dugc gia dinh tu van, tu dd ddn din vide nhidu hge sinh di sai hudng Giai phap nSng cao chat lirgng hoat dpng hvdng nghipp Qua khdo sat 25 cdn bp quan Iy trudng THPT va 40 can bp, giao vidn lam cong tdc hudng nghipp vdi ngi dung la ldm gi va lam the ndo dd hogt dpng gido dye hudng nghidp dgt duge chdt lugng nhu yeu cau da dd ra, nhilu y kidn thdng nhdt dd xudt cac gidi phdp nhu sau: Nang cao nhgn thuc cua can bp, gido vidn vd y nghia vd tam quan trpng cua cong tdc hudng nghidp Hidn nay, bg phan cdn bp, giao vidn tgi vdn chua quan tam den cong tac hudng nghidp Ban than hpc sinh ciing chua nhgn thiic dugc vide lya chgn nghe dung ddn cd dnh hudng nhu the ndo ddn sy phdt tridn nang lye nghe nghidp tuong lai Mgt sd trudng chua thay hdt dugc tae dpng cua hudng nghidp ddn vide nang cao chat lugng va hidu qua ddo tgo cua minh Mgt hanh dgng dung dan phdi bdt nguon tu nhgn thuc dung, dd ndng cao nhgn thue cua dgi ngii can bg, giao vidn tgi cae trudng THPT ve y nghTa vd tam quan trgng eua eong tac hudng nghiep la mpt gidi phdp hdt sue can thiet, giup hp tich eye va chu dgng hudng nghidp cho hpc sinh Phai cd cdc gido vidn chuydn trach lam cong tdc hudng nghidp Da phan cd the thay, eae gido vien thyc hien cong tdc hudng nghiep diu mang tinh chdt kidm nhidm Gido vien hudng nghiep chi tranh thu nghien edu trude mua tuyen sinh, thudng ngdy khdng cd thdi gian dd nghien ciiu nhu cau xa hgi, tim hilu vd bdn than, kha nang tai chinh cua hgc sinh vd gia dinh Didu ndy da dan den nhung dinh hudng ma ho, sai hudng gay khong ich lo nggi Do d6 can phai ddo tgo mgt dpi ngu nhiing ngudi giao vidn ldm cong tac huang nghidp mgt each bdi bdn, chuydn nghiep, cd thdi gian nghidn cuu sdu vd nhu cau xa hgi Can doi mdi hinh thuc gido dye hudng nghidp nhd trudng hidn N(iHlENCUU-TR.\ODOI Tu nam 2008 Bp GD&DT nit chuong trinh dgy hudng nghidp cho hge sinh tu 27 tidt/nam/ldp xuong edn tidt/nam/ldp Sd tilt gidm ddng nghTa vdi chdt lugng tilt day phai thu hpp lgi, bdt thay CO Trong do, nhu cdu xa hpi ngdy cdng doi hdi cao hon, do phdi cd bidn phdp doi mdi hinh thdc giao dye hudng nghidp, dd moi hpc sinh thii han vd thay dugc tam quan trgng cua hudng nghiep Can tap trung nhung gido vidn cd nang lyc, long nhiet huydt va thu vdi eong tae hudng nghidp Nhd trudng can phoi hgp vdi gia dinh, CO sd nghe, cdc td ehde xa hgi, nghd nghidp, cde co sd kinh doanh, sdn xudt, dieh vy nham tang cudng cdng tae gido dye hudng nghidp eho hge sinh Tgo moi lien he chat che giiia gia dinh, CO sd nghd cac to chiic xa hpi, nghd nghidp, cdc co sd kinh doanh, sdn xuat, dich vu, cd kd hoach ro rang ve ngi dung hgp tdc, thdi gian thyc hidn vd trdch nhidm cua mdi bdn, nham nang cao hieu qud hudng nghiep cho hpc sinh Ngi dung hgp tdc cd the bao gdm: gidi thieu ngdnh nghe ddo tgo, dgy nghd hudng nghidp, sinh hogt ngogi khoa hay tu van n g h i nghiep tai trudng thong Su tham gia eua gia dinh, ca sd nghd, ede td chuc xa hgi, nghd nghiep, cac ca sd kinh doanh, sdn xudt, dich vy vdi cde trudng phd thong la sy bd sung quan trgng d l ndng cao chdt lugng gido due hudng nghidp Khong ehi cd lgi cho trudng phd thong ma cdn la cau ndi tao dd phdt trien vd lau ddi c d n tang cudng ca sd vat chdt, dieu kipn phyc vu cho cong tdc hudng nghiep d cde trudng THPT Thanh lap phong trac nghiem tam ly vd tu van hudng nghidp dd hgc sinh xdc dinh ro dugc nang lyc ban than; trang bi sach bao, bang dTa, gidi thidu Website hudng nghiep Tgo dieu kipn de hpc sinh dugc hgc nghe ma cdc em thu, lya chgn Khong bat bupc hpc sinh hpe nghe khong ydu thich, nhung nha trudng (trung tam) CO to chuc day Chu y hudng nghipp cho hgc sinh theo nhung ngdnh nghd truyen thong cua dia phuang va phu hgp vdi nhu c a u x a hgi Cung cap cho hge sinh nhiing thdng tin mdi, chinh xdc, cy the ve nghd nghiep To chuc cho hgc sinh tham quan cdc trudng dgi hgc, cao dang, ca sd dgy nghd, cac nhd mdy, ca quan, ldng nghd Tgo didu kidn cho cdc em tham gia ngdy hgi hudng nghidp cac dan vi, co quan td chuc To chuc eac hgi thi tim hidu vd nghd nghipp bang eae hinh thuc sinh dgng, hap dan Thudng xuydn thong kd, theo doi nhiing hpc sinh eua trudng da dgt edc nghd nghidp khac To chuc nhung buoi giao luu vd tam guong dgt cua hgc sinh dd cac em co gang phan dau Bdn canh vide ddo tgo gido vien chuydn trach cdng tac hudng nghiep, mdi nhung chuydn gia ed hidu bidt sau sac va ed kinh nghidm vd nghd nghidp cua nhieu nganh khac tham gia hudng nghiep eho hgc sinh Cac gidi phap dd xuat ddu co moi quan he huu ca vdi nhau, ndu dugc trien khai mgt each ddng bg va khoa hgc se gop phan nang cao hidu qua eong tac gido dye hudng nghiep va ddp dng yeu cdu cua thi trudng lao dgng TAP CHI KINH TE - CONG NGHIEP NGHIEN CUU - TRAO DOI Ket luan Giao due huong nghiep mang tinh chkt xa hpi rpng rai, khong chi diln npi bp nha truong ma phai c6 su tham gia cua cpng dong (cac td chiic, doan t h j , gia dinh) Huang nghiep la mpt qua trinh giao due lien tiic tit nhirng nam d i u o truong thong dSn qua trinh dao tao nghS sau Qua trinh giao due hudng n g h i | p bao gfim nhilu noi dung tit viec giao due v l dao diic, tu tuong, ldi sdng, ky nang sdng lien quan din viec giao dye v l lao dpng, thdng tin dinh huong nghe nghidp Vi v§y, de dam bao cdng tac giao due huang nghiep c6 hi$u qua, cac trudng THPT c i n xem xet, thuc hien mpt sd cdng viec nhu sau: Nang cao nhan thiie, nang luc v l giao due huong nghiep cho hpc sinh ddi voi dpi ngii can bd quan ly, giap vien cae trudng THPT Xay dung dpi ngu can bp, giao vien lam cdng tac giao due hudng nghiep cd ch4t luang, chuyen nghiep Da dang hoa cac hinh thiic td chirc giao due hudng nghiep Xay dung bai hpc co ndi dung ve nhirng ITnh vuc nghe nghiep mpt e^ch cu thi Td chirc tpa dam trao ddi vai PHHS ve nghe nghiep cho em, nhung d i l u cin quan tam, nhung dieu nen tranh Tang cudng xa hpi hda giao due cdng tac giao due hudng nghiep cho hpc sinh Tdi Ueu tham khdo [1] Ban Chap hanh Trung uong Dang Cdng san Viet Nam (2009), Nghi quyit TW khda ve gido due - ddo tqo Ha Npi [2] Cao Van Sam (2013), Mgt so giai phdp ndng cao hieu qud huang nghiep casaday nghe, daynghehieuqua.com, 17/4/2013 [3] Dang Danh Anh (2002), Hu&ng nghiep tru&ng thdqg, Tap chi Giao due, sd 42, thang 10/2002 [4] Nguyin Thanh Vinh (2012), Khoa hgc qudn Ii dai cuang, NXB Giao due Ha Ndi N g i y n h a n : 22/3/2014 Ngay duyft d i n g : 10/5/2014 ... dugc tae dpng cua hudng nghidp ddn vide nang cao chat lugng va hidu qua ddo tgo cua minh Mgt hanh dgng dung dan phdi bdt nguon tu nhgn thuc dung, dd ndng cao nhgn thue cua dgi ngii can bg, giao vidn... Cdng san Viet Nam (2009), Nghi quyit TW khda ve gido due - ddo tqo Ha Npi [2] Cao Van Sam (2013), Mgt so giai phdp ndng cao hieu qud huang nghiep casaday nghe, daynghehieuqua.com, 17/4/2013 [3] Dang... nhd lgi khdng dugc gia dinh tu van, tu dd ddn din vide nhidu hge sinh di sai hudng Giai phap nSng cao chat lirgng hoat dpng hvdng nghipp Qua khdo sat 25 cdn bp quan Iy trudng THPT va 40 can bp,