TAICHfNH Thdng8/2016 HOANTHIENCOCHEQUANLYCHINHSACH DOI vdl SINH V IEN CACTRUONG DAI HOC CdNG LAP • • • NCS DAM cAc Tl ̂ N Hgc vien Khoa hgcXd hpi Vien Hdn iam Khoa hgc xd hpi Viet Nam 6 Viit Nam, viec[.]
T A I C H f N H -Thdng8/2016 HOANTHIENCOCHEQUANLYCHINHSACH DOI vdl SINH VIEN CACTRUONG DAI HOC CdNG LAP • • • NCS DAM cAc Tl ^N - Hgc vien Khoa hgcXd hpi - Vien Hdn iam Khoa hgc xd hpi Viet Nam Viit Nam, viec thitc Men cde diinh sdch ho trg sinh vien hgc tap tgi edc ca sd gido due dd trd thdnh chinh sdch nhdt qudn cua Bdng vd Nhd nude Tuy nhiin, qud trinh thUe Men thi cdc ehinh sdch ndy van cdn nhiing vdn ditdn tgi, bdt cap cdn diiu ehlnh dephu hdp vdi thiic tien Bdi vi^ ndy si gdp phan hodn thien cachiqudn lyedccMnh sdch ddi vdi sinh viin Men nay, ddng thdi gdp phdn ddy mgnh viic thue A/en Nghj quyit sd29-NQ/TWngdy 4/11/2013 Hpi nghj Trung uang khda XI vi ddi mdi cdn bdn, todn diin gido due vd ddo tgo • TUkhda: Gido due, dgi hgc cong lap, trg cdp xd hgi, cho vay, hgc bong Chinh sach doi v d i sinh v i e n t a i t r U d n g d a i hoc cong lap hien Trong nhiing nam qua Dang va Nha nudc ludn coi viec dau tu cho giio due Ii qudc sieh va d'au tu cho su phit hien ben viing ciia dat nudc Do vay, viec hd tog cho hgc sinh, sinh vien hgc tap tai cic ca sd giio due da hd thinh chinh sich nhat quin ciia Ding v i Nha nudc Trong dd, chinh sich xa hdi danh cho sinh vien hien dang duge Ding va Chinh phu quan tam dau tu bao gdm nhieu du an va hang muc Cd the ke den 04 chinh sich chinh, gdm: Chinh sdch cho vay tin dung Tin dung ddi vdi sinh vien Ii viec N h i nude thue hien chinh sich cho vay hd trg de trang trai mdt ph'an chi phi hgc tap, sinh boat ciia sinh vien dang theo hgc tai trudng Sau g'an nam thue hien (2007-2015), tdng du ng cua chuong tr'mh tren toan qudc dat gan 25 ngin ty ddng, dip iing kip thdi nhu cau vay vdn cua ddi tugng thu budng theo quy dinh Chuang tr'mh niy da giiip cho hon 3,2 trieu lugt hgc sinh - sinh vien dugc vay vdn trang trai ehi phi hgc tap Tinh den thdi diem hien nay, dang edn 1,1 trieu hd gia d'mh cdn du ng tai Ngan hang Chinh sich Xa bdi Viet Nam vdi 1,3 trieu hgc sinh - sinh vien vay vdn di hgc Ddi tugng duge vay vdn tin dung tai Ngan hing chinh sach Xa hdi bao gdm: Sinh vien md cdi ci cha Ian me hoac ehi md cdi cha hoac me ma ngudi cdn lai khdng cd nang Iao ddng; Sinh vien Ii (con de hoac eon nudi hgp phip) cua ehu hd gia d'mh, thude mdt cic ddi tugng nhu: Hd ngheo theo quy dinh ciia phip luat; hoac hd gia d'mh ed thu nhap b'mh quan d'au ngudi tdi da bing 150% miic thu nhap b'mh quan d'au ngudi ciia hd gia dinh ngheo theo quy dinh cua phip luat; Sinh vien ma gia dinh gap khd khan ve tai chinh tai nan, berth tat, thien tai, hoi hoan, dich berth thdi gian theo hgc cd xac nhan cua Uy ban nhan dan phudng, xa, thi tran nai cu tni Chinh sdch trq cdp xd hdi - Doi tugng dugc trg ca'p xd hgi: Theo quy dinh, ddi tugng duge budng la sinh vien ngudi dan tde it ngudi d vung cao, vung sau va vung cd dieu kien kinh te - xa hdi dac biet khd khin; Sinh vien md cdi ci cha lan me, khdng noi nuong tua Day Ii nhiing ngudi khdng cd ngudi dd d'au chinh thue, khdng ed ngu'dn chu cap thudng xuyen; Sinh vien li ngudi tin tat gap khd khin v'e kinh te, ning Iao ddng suy giim ttr 41% trd len tin tat; Sinh vien cd hoin cinh die biet khd khin ve kinh te, vugt khd hgc tap la nhiing ngudi ma gia dinh thude dien xda ddi giam ngheo v i cd diem hgc tap tir 6,5 trd Ien - Mac huang trg cap xd hgi: Sinh vien li ngudi dan tdc It ngudi d vting eao, vung sau va vting cd di'eu kien kinh te - xa hdi die biet khd khan hudng miic trg cap 140.000 ddng/ngudi/thing Trong dd, sinh vien m'd cdi ci cha lan me, khdng noi nuong tua; Sinh vien la ngudi tan tat gip khd khan v'e kinh te, kha ning Iao ddng suy giam tir 41% trd Ien tan tat; Sinh vien cd hoan cinh die biet khd khan ve kinh te, vugt khd hgc tap hudng miic 87 ^ DliN DAN KHOA HOC trg cap 100.000 ddng/ngudi/thing Trg cap xa hdi dugc cap 12 thing hong nam hgc va cap theo ttmg hgc ky Chinh sdch lien quan den mien, gidm hqc phi Doi tugng khong phdi dong hgc phi: Sinh vien nganh Su pham he chinh quy dang theo hoc tai cac CO sd giio due nghe nghiep va giio due dai hgc cdng lap, theo chi heu dao tao ciia Nha nudc, duge ngan sich nha nude (NSNN) cap bii hgc phi Ngudi theo hgc cac khoi dao tao nghiep vu su pham de dat chuan trinh dao tao theo quy dinh cua Bd Giio due va Dao tao Doi tugng dugc mien hgc phi: Ngudi cd cdng vdi cich mang va than nhan ciia ngudi ed cdng vdi cich mang (Anh himg Luc lugng vii trang nhan dan; Thuong binh, ngudi hudng ehinh sieh nhu thuang binh, Benh binh; Con aia ngudi boat dgng each mang trude 01/01/1945; eon cua ngudi boat ddng each mang tir ngiy 01/01/1945 den ngiy khdi nghia thing Tim nam 1945 ); Sinh vien md cdi ci cha Ian me khdng noi nucmg tua hoic bi tin tat, khuyet tat cd khd khan ve kinh te; Sinh vien he eii tuye'n; Sinh vien hgc tai cie eo sd giio due nghe nghiep va giio due dai hgc Ii ngudi dan tde thie'u sd thude hd ngheo va hd can ngheo; Sinh vien ngudi dan tdc thieu sd rat it ngudi d viing ed dieu kien kinh te-xa hdi khd khin v i die biet khd khan - Doi tugng dugc gidm 50% hgc phi: Sinh vien la cin bd, edng nhan, vien chiic m i cha hoic me bi tai nan Iao ddng hoic mac benh nghe nghiep dugc hudng trg cap thudng xuyen Nhiirng bat cap, ton tai Ngoai nhung mat tich cue, qua hinh thue hien cie chuong tr'inh, cac chinh sich hd trg hgc sinh, sinh vien tren cdn cd nhiing bat cap, cu the: Doi vdi chinh sdch hqc bong khuyen khich hqc tap: Mot la, day la ehinh sach dtra tren su danh gii ket qua hgc tap ciia sinh vien Danh gia thtrc chat, chinh xic, khieh quan ket qua hoc tap va ren luyen ciia sinh vien li dieu kien dau tien bao dam cho su edng ciia chinh sich Trong dieu kien hien nay, nhieu ngudi quan tam den he thdng dinh gia tieh hoc tap eua sinh vien Neu dua ehinh sich hgc bdng theo ket qua ma khdng kiem soit quy trrnh dinh gii chat lugng se khd dat muc tieu de Hai Id, van de dat la da sd nhiing sinh vien cd dieu kien kinh te thudng cd dii dieu kien de hgc tap, nen ket qui hgc tap thudng cao hom nhiing sinh vien cd dieu kien khd khin Hon niia, ngoai thdi gian hgc tap, sinh vien khd khan thudng phai tham gia Iam them nhieu cdng viec de kiem tien trang trii eho cudc sdng va chi phi hoc tap eho nen dieu kien hgc tap va ket qui hoc tap dat dugc khdng the bang nhiing sinh vien cd dieu kien hgc tap Do vay, cic hgc bdng thudng eie sinh vien da cd dii dieu kien hgc tap chiem da sd Ooi vdi chinh sdch trq cdp xd hpi: Hien nay, thue bien chinh sach trg cap xa hdi cho sinh vien, van cdn hien tugng mdt sd co quan quan Iy da khdng tieh baeh giiia hgc bdng khuyen khich hgc tap va trg cap xa hdi Dieu Chinh sdch hqc bong gay nen nhieu trg ngai cho sinh vien qui Doi tugng vd phgm vi dp dung che dp hgc bong trinh lim thu tuc hudng cic ehe ehinh sach ve khuye'n khich hgc tap: Hoc bdng khuyen khich hgc trg cap xa bdi tap ehi dugc xet cap ddi vdi sinh vien he Dai hgc Ooi vdi cdc chinh sdch lien quan den hqc phi: chrnh quy Hgc bdng khuyen khich hgc tap dugc cap tren co sd ket qua hgc tap va ren luyen eua Chrnh sieh mien, giim hgc phi da lam giim bdt sinh vien Hgc bdng khuyen khieh hgc tap dugc phan nio ginh nang cho sinh vien ve van de hgc chia lam loai; Loai khi; Loai gidi va Loai xuat sic phi Chinh sich the bien quyet tam cua toan - Mac hgc bong: Mite hoc bdng theo mdi loai d Ding, toan dan ve cdng cudc xoi ddi, giam ngheo, mdi hgc ky se bang miic thu eiia 01 tin chi hgc phi dua mi'en niii tien kip mien xudi Tuy rihien, chinh nhan vdi tdng sd tin chi hgc phi Ddi vdi sinh vien sich d'au tu bang NSNN eho mien, giam hgc phi da he dai hgc ehinh quy cd sd tin chi hgc phi trung va dang bdc Id mdt sd bat cap sau: b'mh cua mdt sinh vien phii ddng cho hgc ky hien Tha nhat, ddi tugng dugc hudng lgi ich hi chinh li 15 tin chi hoc phi Vi vay, chgn sd lugng 15 sich dugc quy dinh cu the Tuy nhien, tren tin ehi hgc phi lam co sd cho loai hgc bdng khuyen tbtfc te, sinh vien thude nhdm ddi tugng neu hgc khich hgc tap thap nha't (loai khi) vi i p dung tang tai cic ca sd giio due dai hgc ngoai cdng lap lai 33% ddi vdi cie miic hgc bdng eao hem Hgc bdng khdng duge hudng Dieu nay, tao su bat binh khuyen khich hgc tap dugc cap theo timg hgc ky dang sinh vien thugc hd ngheo dang theo hgc va cap 10 thing nam hgc tai cic trudng ngoai cdng lap khdng dugc nhan 88 T A I C H f N H -Thdng8/2016 Thu hai, quy dinh mien, giam hgc phi theo vimg, theo nhdm dan tdc la chua thue su phii hgp vdi thue te Bdi thue te, dii d vimg sau, vimg xa, viing ddng bao dan tdc thieu sd, nhieu gia dinh da cd ddi sdng gia nhung em hg la sinh vien van duge h g cap xa hdi, miln, giim hgc phi Vi vay, nen ed quy dinh cu the dii d vimg sau, vimg xa, ddng bao dan tde thieu sd it ngudi nhtmg phai thugc dien hg ngheo, can ngheo mdi duge hudng lgi hi chfnh sach Sinh vien thugc hd ngheo nhung khdng phii la ngudi dan tdc khdng dugc mien hgc phi hoan toan Day la dieu bat cap hien bdi vi rat nhieu trudng hgp sinh vien ed the bi thdi hgc neu khdng cd dii tien de ddng hgc phi Thu ba, nhieu trugng dai hgc edng lap ehua phan biet rd giiia hgc phi va hgc bdng Do vay, da mien kinh phi dao tao ddi vdi sinh vien thii khoa Hgc phi la khoin phii ddng gdp Hgc bdng la phan kinh phi nhan dugc cd nd Iuc hgc tap, dat thinh tich cao Can phii cd co che kiem soat chat che, loai bd hien tugng Doi vdi chinh sdch tin dung sinh vien Quin ly nha nudc ddi vdi eie ehuang trinh, ehinh sieh tin dung sinh vien, ve nguyen tie, can quan tam tdi cic ndi dung chinh sau: ehinh sich uu dai, ngudn vdn de uu dai, thu h'di vdn vay, xtr ly ng xau phit sinh, chii the diing thue hien cie khoin eho vay Khio sit dinh gia cic chinh sich tin dung sinh vien thdi gian qua, cd the nit mdt sd thich thiie dang gap phii tren thue te nhu sau: Ve kinh phi md sinh vien dugc cho vay: Neu eho vay nhu miie hien li 1,25 hieu ddng/thing/sinh vien (Quyet dinh 07/QD-TTg 05/1/2016), da sd eho rang sd hen chi la khoin "hd trg" han li khoin vay Miic chi tieu eho sinh boat eila sinh vien d phd Idn bao g'dm ei tien trg, hgc phi, sinh boat la khoing trieu ddng/fliing Miic cho vay tren chi hd trg mdt ph'an sinh hoat Tuy nhien, khd khin nhat Ii khdng the nang miic vay len cao ban, thi du de xuat khoang 1,5 trieu ddng/thing/sinh vien, thi ngudn vdn cho vay khdng the dip ting Thil tiic vay von: Hien nay, mdt sd trudng yeu cau sinh vien viet giay cam ket tri ng nham tao mdt CO sd phip Iy cho viec tri ng Tuy nhien, tinh phip ly lai khdng eao vi quan he "tay ba" vay va tri ng Iai khdng thude ve phia nhi trudng ma li gia dinh - chrnh quyen cap xa va Ngan hang Chinh saeh xa hdi Nha trudng chi ddng vai trd li ngudi xic nhan su cd mat cua sinh vien dang theo hgc tai trudng vio thdi diem xie nhan bdi neu sinh vien bd hgc, thdi khdng hgc, nha trudng Iai khdng cd trach nhiem de thdng bio cho Ngan hang Chrnh saeh xa hdi Do vay, quan he "bdn chieu" ciia cic chu the theo Quy trinh tham dinh, phe duyet vdn vay theo hd gia dinh quy dinh tai Nghi dinh 75 can phai dugc hoan thien Ve trd von hay thu Koi von vay: Trach nhiem tri vdn vay thude ve gia dinh sinh vien hay sinh vien van ehua dugc ngudi vay nhan thiic diing Cha me sinh vien thudng quan niem em minh trudng se chiu trieh nhiem tra khoan vay Sinh vien eiing it quan tam viee tri vdn vay sau trudng Trong ehiing ta dang thieu, yeu ve kiem soit thu nhap v i thue thu nhap ca nhan; mgi quy dinh hinh chinh ddi vdi viec hoan tra vdn vay se it hieu luc Sau gan nam thUc hien (2007-2015), cliUCng trinh tin dung cho sinh vien da giup cho hcstx 3,2 trieu lUqt hoc sinh-sinh vien dUtfc vay von trang trdi chi phi hoc tap Tinh den thdi diem hien nay, dang 1,1 trieu ho gia dinh dU ncf tai Ngan hang Chinh sach Xa hoi Viet Nam vdi 1,3 trieu lioc sinh-sinh viSn vay von di hoc Hon niia, viee hoin tri vdn quy dinh 12 thing sau tdt nghiep la mdt nhirng dieu bat thi thi trudng Iao ddng Viet Nam hien that nghiep van dang Ii mdt van de nbiic nhdi ddi vdi nudc ta Vi vay, nhieu sinh vien da ngheo, trudng bdng nhien ng tin dung hgc sinh sinh vien vd hinh chung trd ginh ning eho cic em Chua ke den viec neu cha me sinh vien diing bio Ianh tien vay, mdi nim 10 trieu ddng va ehu ky - nam, thi 40 - 50 trieu ddng vay Neu mdt gia dinh ngheo ed eon hgc eao ding, dai hgc vdi tdng vdn vay len den 80 - 100 trieu ddng thi thich thiic Idn hon rat nhieu Giai phap hoan thien Viee hoin thien ca che quan ly cap bu hgc phi, hoc bdng khuyen khich hgc tap, hd trg chi phi hgc tap, mien giim hgc phi vi tin dung eho sinh vien dat nhu mdt nhu cau thiet yeu nhim hd trg sinh vien tdt nhat, gdp phan hoan thien co ehe quin Iy d'au tu eho giio due hieu qui hon Do vay, tdi day c'an thue hien mdt sd giai phip cu the sau: Mgt Id, Nha nudc can tie'p tuc dau tu hd trg cic CO sd giio due dai hgc thdng qua hd trg d'au tu xay dung co sd, chi thudng xuyen; d'dng thdi, cd chinh sieh hd trg true tiep sinh vien bang nhieu hinh thiic khac 89 DliN DAN KHOA HOC Hai Id, tdng soat cie van ban phap luat, sua dd'i, bd sung de cd mdt ea che cap bii hgc phi, hgc bdng khuyen khich, chi phi ho h g hgc tap va tin dung eho sinh vien rd rang dua hen viec xac dinh cic heu chi cu the, h i n h chdng cheo ve ddi tugng thu hudng chinh sach, dim bao tat ca sinh vien dugc brnh dang hep can cac chinh sach hd h g sinh vien Ba Id, ddi vdi hd trg thdng qua hinh thiic tin dung, c'an dugc dieu chinh ca che dua tren nguyen tac: Tieu chi ddi vdi nhdm ddi tugng cd the dugc hudng tin dung tm dai; mue NSNN ed the hd trg dua tren miie ehi phi sinh hoat toung b'mh aia mdt sinh vien Chuong h'mh, du i n tin dung hien chi i p dung eho nhdm ddi tugng ngheo, can ngheo De dip iing nhu eau thue te, c'an ed ehinh sich md rdng ddi tugng: Nhdm hd gia dinh cd hgc dai hgc, eao dang; Nhdm cd nhu c'au dio tao thac sy, hen sy Bdi, hien nhu c'au hgc sau dai hgc rat Idn nhung von tin dung tru dai chua de cap tdi nhdm Ngoii viee md rdng ve ddi hrgng, eo ehe tin dung can ed su md rdng ve Iai suat, gdm: Iai suat tru dai thap nhu bien eho nhdm ddi tugng ngheo, can ngheo; Iai suat thap hon mtte Iai suat ngan hang thuong mai cho cic nhdm khic; giim lai suat neu trudc thdi ban Chinh sach mien, giam hoc phi da lam giam bdt phan nao ganh nang cho sinh vien ve van de hoc phi Chinh sach the hien quyet tam cua toan Dang, toan dan ve cong cuoc xoa doi, gidm ngheo, dua mien nui tien kjp mien xudi Bon la, trd ngai Idn nhat eua chuang tr'mh, du in tin dung sinh vien li nang thu hdi vdn Trong bdi cinh hien nay, quy dinh sau sinh vien tdt nghiep 12 thing phii tri ng li khd thi Nen chang, thay bang quy dinh tri ng sau ed viec lam Thay ddi dau tu NSNN cho Quy tin dung sinh vien ciing vdi thay ddi each quin ly sinh vien trudng, di lim va kiem soit thu nhap linh boat hem ehlnh sich eho vay se tao thi trudng vdn tin dung hd hg sinh vien hgc tap va tic ddng rat Idn den phit trien kinh te - xa hdi dua mdt lue lugng cd tr'mh cao vao thi trudng Iao ddng Ddng thdi chi dao bd sung, hoin thien ca che, chinh sich de bio dim an toan vdn vay, md rdng, nang cao chat Iugng tin dung, mang lai ni'em tin cho toan xa hdi Ben canh dd, de phit huy ban niia tinh hieu qui cua Chuang trinh tin dung hgc sinh, sinh vien c'an ed su phdi hgp chit che giiia nha trudng, ngan hang, dia phuang va cic td chiic xa hdi ci nudc Mat khac, ciing can thue hien tdt viec cdng khai, dan chu tii eo sd viec thtrc hien chuong 90 trinh tin dung doi vdi hgc sinh, sinh vien nham tag kenh din vdn den diing ddi tugng thu hudng, ban che den miic thap nhat cic tieu cue ed the xay Ngoai ra, tang cudng cdng tic thdng tin, tuyen truyen de cic ddi tugng thu hudng hieu rd ban muc dich, y nghia ciia chuang trinh tin dung cd tinh nhan van, y nghia xa hgi cao ca Ndm Id, dd'i mdi chinh sieh, eo che tai chinh, huy ddng su tham gia ddng gdp ciia toan xa hdi; nang cao hieu qua dau hr de phat hien giio due va dao tao N h i nudc giir vai trd chu dao dau tu phit hien giio due va dao tao, NSNN chi eho giio due va dao tao tdi thieu d miic 20% tdng ehi ngan sich; chii hgng nang eao hieu qua str dung vdn NSNN Day manh xa hdi hda, trudc bet ddi vdi giao due nghe nghiep va giio due dai hgc; khuyen khich lien ket vdi cac co sd dao tao nudc ngoai cd uy tin Cd chinh sich khuyen khieh canh tranh lanh manh hong giio due va dao tao tren ca sd bao dam quyen lgi ciia ngudi hgc, ngudi su dung Iao ddng va ca sd giio due, dao tao Ddi vdi cic nganh dao tao cd kha nang xa hdi hda cao, NSNN chi hd trg cac ddi hrgng chinh sieh, ddng bao dan tde thie'u so va khuyen khich tii ning Tien tdi b'mh ding ve quyen dugc nhan hd h g cua Nha nudc ddi vdi ngudi hgc d trudng edng lap va hudng ngoai cdng lap Tiep tuc hoin thien ehinh sieh hd trg ddi vdi cic ddi tugng chrnh sach, ddng bio dan tde thie'u sd v i ea che tin dung cho hgc sinh, sinh vien cd hoan canh khd khin dugc vay de hgc Khuyen khich h'mh cic quy hgc bdng, khuyen hoc, khuyen tii, giiip hgc sinh, sinh vien ngheo hgc gidi Khuyen khich cie doanh nghiep, ca nhan sii dung Iao ddng tham gia hd trg boat ddng dao tao Xay dung CO che', ehinh sach tai chrnh phii hgp ddi vdi cic loai hinh trudng Cd co che uu dai tin dung cho cic CO sd giio due, dio tao V Tai lieu tham khao: Qudc hpi, Ludt Gido due so 38/2005/QHll; Chfnh phu, Quyet dinh so 07/QD-TTg ngdy 05/01/2016 vedieu chinh mifc cho vay ddi vdl hgc sinh, sinh vien Cdc vdn bdn phdp lugt ve cdc chi'nh sdch: hgc bang, trg cdp xd hpi, mien gidm hgc phf ho trg chi phf hgc tap, tin dung ddi vdi hgc sinh, sinh vien Men hdnh; Nguyen Trgng Ddm, (2015), Hodn thien chfnh sdch an sinh xd hpi phu hgp vdl qud trinh phdt trien kinh te- xd hpi cua ddt nudc, Tgp chf Cpng sdn; Phung Vdn Hien, (2014), Chfnh sdch ho trgsinh vien - nhu'ng vdn dedgt hien nay, Tgp chfLy ludn Chfnh tri; Nguyen Vinh Hien, (2015), Ve cong tdc xd hpi hda gido due nudc ta nhiing ndm gua vd cdc gidi phdp ddng bd cdn thue hien thdi gian tdi Tgp chi Cpng sdn ... khoin vay Miic chi tieu eho sinh boat eila sinh vien d phd Idn bao g''dm ei tien trg, hgc phi, sinh boat la khoing trieu ddng/fliing Miic cho vay tren chi hd trg mdt ph''an sinh hoat Tuy nhien, khd... vay thude ve gia dinh sinh vien hay sinh vien van ehua dugc ngudi vay nhan thiic diing Cha me sinh vien thudng quan niem em minh trudng se chiu trieh nhiem tra khoan vay Sinh vien eiing it quan... ddi vdi nudc ta Vi vay, nhieu sinh vien da ngheo, trudng bdng nhien ng tin dung hgc sinh sinh vien vd hinh chung trd ginh ning eho cic em Chua ke den viec neu cha me sinh vien diing bio Ianh tien