TONG QUAN VE ANH HlTONG CUA TINH MO TRONG GIAO DUC DAI HOC ThS Nguyin Danh Minh Tri Khoa ThU vlfn Thdng tin hoc, Dai hpc KHXH&NV Tp Ho Chi Î inh Tdm tat Giao due ludn gii} mdt vi tn''''rit quan tigng tr[.]
TONG QUAN VE ANH HlTONG CUA TINH MO TRONG GIAO DUC DAI HOC ThS Nguyin Danh Minh Tri Khoa ThU vlfn - Thdng tin hoc, Dai hpc KHXH&NV Tp Ho Chi I^inh Tdm tat: Giao due ludn gii} mdt vi tn'rit quantigngtrong sUphat triin aia moi quoc gia tiin thi gidi Bin canh kha ning cung dp md rdng cho nhieu doi tudng, mgt ndi dung diu yeu aia giao due md chinh la b'nh md CLia thdngtinvi tri thu'c Tfnh md cua thdngtinco nhOhg anh hudng Idn den qui trinh giao due cOng nh chat IUdng dao tao Bii viet trinh biy quan diem ve b'nh md aia tiling tin va cac anh hUdng cua tinh md lin giao due dai tigc Tif khoi: Giao due dai hoc, tfnh md, anh hUdng Abstract: Education always plays a very important position In ihe development of every nation in the worid Beside the ability of (^faring openness to many subjects, a major part of open educadon Is the openness of information and knowledge The openness of information has great impacts on the education process as well as the quality of training The artide presents views on the openness of information and its influence on higher education Key words: Higher education, openness, influence Tfnh md cua tiiong tin ed t h i dUpc hilu nhu If sy cfing khai minh bgch ve thflng tin dutfc cung efp bdi cac t» chffe, eP sd hofc xa hoi Tinh md dfii lap vdi tfnh bf mft, vfin la xu hffdng ttuyen thong vife bao vf cac thong tin mang tinh rieng tff va khd chia se [8] Theo dong dify tii tiiffc eua nhan logi, cd mdt sy tham gia eung cap thong tin md mfit gia tfng eua nhifu tfi chffc tren the gidi da hinh ttianh nen trao Iffu thdng tin md d nhieu ITnh vyc xa hoi Khfi nifm tfnh md cung dffpe ttm thfy nhieu tai lifu vf ITnh vffc truy cap thong tin, dfc biet la ttuy cap md trao doi thfing tin qua diin dan, truy cap cae nguon hpe lieu md ta can thiet vf cfng trd nen quan trpng Tnang mpt xa hot phat triln, khong the thieu mgng Iffdi efe hf thfing trao doi thfing tin md rdng va lien ket VS ttift ly giao dye thi giao due md dffpc thiic dfy bcfi niem tin ring ngUdi hpc cd mong muon tff ID ehffc viee hpe eua minh Cy t h i , hp se xac djnh cac linh vUe va chu de mf hp can hpc, ty chiu trach nhiem ve eae quyet dinh giao dye eho chfnh hp, hp cd dutfc cai nhin tfit hPn ve mfii quan he glQ^ giao due vdi cflng dong Hp ehu ddng vifc thu nhfn cae kinh nghiem giao due ehff khdng phai chi nhffng hilu bift thuan qua saeh vd Vf khfa eanh giao due dai hpe, tfnh md eua thfing tin eang ed vai trd quan trpng qua trinh giang day, nghifn cffu va hpc tfp Tff "md" dupc sff dung giao due md, df cap den y tudng gat bd bdt cfe rao can hgn che ed hpi tham dy cda ngUdi hpe vfo mang lUdi giao due eua eac cd sd Xu hudng mdi cda viec ehia se Trong xa hpi hien dgi, ma tiidng ttn cfng da dang, ed xu hffdng ehuyen sang tinh md Nhu cau trao dfii thdng tin cua eon ngufti mpt gia tang va cap thiet [2] Va dieu se dan den vifc Ifp nen cac cp sd trao ddi thflng tin md va mang ludi chia se thflng tin I^lflt dien hinh d Dat van d@ Tap chi THl/VllN VIET NAM 4(66) 13 day la he thfing ehfnh phu md Xay duhg chfnh phu md la phu hpp vdi xu the dan chu hoa va thOc day sff ty thdng tin Trong mfl hinh chinh phu md, tat ca cac quyet dinh dffpe ehfnh phu dua If rd rang va cflng khai Oe dam bfo quyfn va ldl ich cda tofn xa hdi, mpi van kifn luft phfp cijng nhff ho sP cda chfnh phu se dupe cong khai vf dUa trao doi, lay y kien rpng rai nhan dan Da va dang cd sU tham gia cang nhieu cua eae to ehffc dutfc ehfnh phu ho trp hoge phi Ipi nhuf nfrongviec dau tff cho mang ldd\ giao dye md Viet Nam, Chutfng trinh tai nguyen giao dye md Vift Nam (Vietnam Open Educational Resources - VOER) dutfc hS titf bdi Quy Viet Nam (tiie Viebiam i=oundation) da ddi nham mue tieu xfy duhg kho tai nguyfn giao dye md eua ngudi Vift Kho hpc lieu md VOER cd ndi dung phong phu, da dang d nhieu linh vffc khac cda cude sfing Nhfm muc tifu md rflng ehia se thflng ttn, VOER ho trp viee sff dyng, tai sff dung va fruy nhap mien phf cfe nguon tff lieu md ttong mdi ttifdng giang dgy, hpc tgp, nghien cffu cho tofn xa hdi hffdng tfn ehfnh sadi giao dye d nhieu cap dfl khac Tinh md giao d^c dai hpc 1.1 tOtil nigm dtung vi tinh md De hieu rd ve khai nifm tfnh md, trudc het ehiing ta cfn cd cfi nhin bao quat hPn ve ngff eanh da hinh thfnh nen nd "Md" mang mpt y nghia rpng Idn, dii den nhijhg thff dutfc cho phep sff dung thof I mfi va I't hofc khdng phai chju nhieu sy hgn ehe Tfnh md eua thflng tin eung vfy, nd de cap den kha nang sff dung rpng rai va ft han che cua ttiong tin Khi not den tfnh md cda thfing tin, ngudi ta se thudng lien he den cae yeu tfi tgo nfn hUdng md Cy t h i la sy xuat hien eua efe cdng nghf h5 trp, dae bift la cflng nghe so vf Intemet Cae cflng ey ho trp se giup ngudi md rflng phgm vi diia se thdng tin va gdp phan tdn tao nen tinh md eho thdng tin Vife ehuyin sang hffdng md dang thay dfii bfn chat ty nhien eua thong tin qua vife md rflng phgm vi truy cap Nhuhg ngUcfi tham gia vao qua trinh md rpng ed ttil lam thay doi tiidng tin Tren the gidi da cd nhifu sfng kien hffdng den theo cac hulSng khfe nhau, cd the la cfi thifn ehat ngufin tai nguyen giao dye md Tai Hdi nghj OER lutfng thflng tin tot hdn hoac lam cho nguon ttiong ttif gldi cua UNESCO (UNESCO W/orld OER Congress) ttn bj gifm gia ttj sff dung Tfnh md eua thflng dupc to chffe vao nfm 2012 d Paris, Cpng hoa tin tff se ed anh hudng sau rong tdi rft nhifu Phap, vfn de vf nguon hpe lifu md da dutfe duS linh vyc khac cua cupc song, cd ra, danh dfu mflt tiidi khac Ijch sff phong gifo due Theo hudng md thi nguon thong tin can trfo phat trien tai nguyen giao dye md va keu goi va nen dUdc coi nhff la mflt logi hang hoa chung eac chfnh phu trfn toan the gidi cdng khai giay va eang md rflng pham vi truy cap cang tot Dieu phep tai lifu giao due md dupe tfi trd cho cdng din den viec lan ttuyen cda thdng tin dffpc chiing sff dyng, Cae van de dutfc dft nhff eac manh hdn va huy dpng dffpc nhieu sffc sang tgo, chfnh sach trien khai vf tieu ehuan hoa ngufin tai cung nhu ddng gdp tff nhifu phia ngudi dung nguyfn giao due md, khuyfn khich eae ehfnh phd va eac ed sd giao dye dgi hpc phat friln, sff dung Bfii eanh giao dye dai hpc eung se fnh hUdng va dfm fnh hudng eua tai nguyen giao dye md tdi ti'nh md eua thdng tin Trong mdt moi trudng Tfnh md cung dang gfy anh hudng Idn trang eac tu tudng ve giao due va nghien cffu khoa hpc, trd dinh hffdng m^i cho sfi lupng cfng gia tfng eae nen tang giao dye, thffc hanh vf eae tu lifu hpe tap tff cac cP sd va ca nhfn tren khap the gidi tiia vao de phft trien Rft nhieu tiem nang in gifu cua sU thay dot sang hffdng md se ludn di lifn vdi cac hoat dflng chij chot eua gifo dye nhu vife dgy, hpc, nghien cffu va anh 14 vdi chi phi giao due cao va nhu cau cap thift cfn md rdng mang lud^ giao dye thi vifc sff dyng nhieu nguon thdng tin md ed till se gap nhieu vfn de phffc tgp Vf dy nhff, nfu nhffng ngufin tai nguyfn gifo dye da dUdc ehfnh phu tfi trp d l md rflng den mpi tang Idp nhan dfn, thi eac npi dung nfy cijng phfi la mien phf, ty va sin sang ehia se Tinh md ed the dutfe nhan thffc d nhieu gdc dfi khae tff nhCttig doi tupng khae MSt so quan diem bifin cho rang ti'nh "md" la sy t y do, bao gom tU xem, ty chep, ty chinh sutt Mfit sfi quan diem khae thi eho rfng tt'nh "md" t h i hifn d sy de dang, Idiflng ed hofc ft ed rao cfn viec truy cap den nguon ttiong tin o l md rpng dutfc pham vi chia se, ddng gdp thi khflng t h i thieu cac yeu tfi chu chfit If sy tff eung cap va ttuy cap, khfing c6 mpi rao can ky thuft, phap ly hay tai chfnh Kha nang truy cap md, ty d dfy df cfp den sff minh bgch vife sd hffu va sff dyng nguon thong tin va dfy chi If mpt khfa egnh cua tt'nh md Tfnh md cdn dddc nhgn thffe d khfa canh cua sy ty dong gdp trd lai cho ngufin cung efp Dfy la mpt khfa cgnh anh hUdng khac eda tfnh md, cdn gpi la kha nhng dap iihg trd Igi, hay edn gpi la sy ddng gdp Sau ngUdi dung ed dffpe ngufin thfing tin md, hp se ed quyen dffpc sff dung, thay dfii va cuoi eung la cd quyen phfn phoi tgi ft hoac khdng cd sy han che 1.2 Cac dang tinh md giao due dgi hge Nhff ehung ta da bift, ti'nh md eua thdng tin la mdt khai niem mdi vf ed sff fnh hUdng ldn dfii vdi gifo due dai hpc Npi ham cua ti'nh md van edn rat nhifu vfn dfi can dffa ban lugn Nhiihg khfa eanh quan trpng vf phffc tap cua tfnh md la dfl rfing va sau eua no, da tgo nhifu y nghTa va efp dfi hilu khac ve khai niem "md" giao dye Dieu gian tiep tgo mdt sy thieu rd rang lien quan den eac khfa canh cua tfnh md Do vfy, vifc djnh nghTa tfnh md va giao due md nen dffpc xem xet ttong mm lien he vdi cac mffc dd khac eua ti'nh md va sff truy cfp tdi tti thffe Dh va dang eo nhifu nha tai trp trien khai cfc dy an giao due md d nhieu cd sd dao tgo dgi hpe trfn the gidi Nhifu md hinh da phft huy hieu quf, cd the ke dfn efc sang kien md nhU tfi nguyen giao due md (Open Education Resources - OER), eac khoa hpe tn/e tijyfn md (l^assive Open Online Courses - MOOCs),ttuycap md (Open Access - OA) Nhffng sang kien nfy ed the dffpc xem nhU cac dgng phfi bien ciia ti'nh md vf thffdng dupe dffa tiiao lugn df efp den anh hUdng eua Tap chi THl/ VI|N VIIT NA tinh md Ifn giao dye dai hpc, OER la mpt dang tal nguyen dupe sff dung giao due Nd bao gom tat ea nhOhg loai tai nguyen dutfc sff dyng viec dgy vf hpe mang ttnh ehat sin sang dap ffng mpt each cdi md, mien phf va rfing rai cho ngudi hpc [4] NhtJhg logi tai nguyen cd thi bao gfim: saeh giao khoa, chUdng trinh giang day, tu lifu cua khof hpe, hinh anh, eac doan phim, ffng dung da phUPng tifn, cfc phdng thf nghifm, eac mfi phdng, eae bd sUu tap vf cac cdng cu hpc lieu md Ndi dung chu yfiu cda vifc sff dyng OER vin la tgp trung vao sy cung cfp, phat triln vf bifin thfch nghi eac ngufin hpc lifu md frong tffng bfii eanh triln khai OER dupe phat hanh kem theo mfit gify phep md (chang han nhu Creative Commons) thi nd se dupc coi nhu la md OER ed nhifu dang Idiac nhau, tff cac tai nguyen gifo dye nhd phuc vu cho nhQhg dfii tupng hpc tap ddn If, cho den cac tai nguyen ket hpp, pha trpn cac khoa hpc dfy dd OER la mfit sang kien noi bft ve tinh md phye vu giao due, Sau mpt thdi gian trien khai OER, nhieu nfn giao dye da cd nhCihg bUde tien Idn viec dua tri thffe rong rai den cho xa hp! va thut hien tfit hdn cac myc tieu giao due Mfit sfng kifn khfc cua tt'nh md la cac phan mem ma nguon md (Open Source Software) Y tudng tao cac phfn mfm xuat phat tff nhu eau cung cap, lan tof cac nguon OER Neu khdng cd cfc phutfng tifn h5 ttp, sang kien giao dye md se khflng till dUpc triln khai tot Phan mem ma nguon md la phan mem maytt'nhdffpc phfn phfii cung vdi ma ngufin cda nd (ma lenh dffpc sff dung de tgo phfn mfm dd) Phan mem ma ngufin md eho phfp ngudi ddng ed quyfn sff dyng vf su^ doi phifn ban gfic mf khfing phfi trf phf sff dyng Cung nhff eac phan mem thutfng mgi, phan mem ma nguon md eung ed giay phep, nhffng efe giay phep cua nd chu yeu tap ttung vfo ngUcfi sang tao (nfm giff ban quyen) efp quyen de nghien cffU, thay dfii vf phfn phfii phan mem dd cho bat ky vf vi bft ky muc dfch nao Phfn mfm mf nguon md thUdng dUpe phft triln dya trfn qua trinh lam vifc cdng khai, ket hpp vf cflng tac glu^ eac vien Do vfy ed the ndi, phan mfm ma nguon md If qua tong hpp tff sd 4(66) 15 hffu trf tuf cda cac ca nhfn thdng qua sy chia se va ddng gdp Truy cap md la mpt npi dung kha quan trpng eae sang kifn ve tinh md giao dye Truy cap la mpt thao tfe khflng the thifu frong viee tiep egn cae nguon tai nguyfn Truy cap md la qua tnnh truy cap den eae tai nguyen thong tin da dutfc eung cap cflng khai, san sfng mdt each tu va md rdng cho tat ea eae dfii tutfng ngUffi dung NhQhg ngUdi diJng ed nhuhg quyfn dfii vdi nguon tfi nguyen md nhU la doe, soat tai, chinh sffa, ti'fn hfnh va phan phoi eae tae phim phai sinh Cfc ngufin tai nguyen truy cap md la tai lieu da dutfc sfi hoa, phat hanh trffe tuyen mot each mien phf va cho phep ty ttuy cgp doi vdi mpi ngudi Cac tai nguyen truy cap md trffe tuyen thffdng ft: bi han che ve van de ban quyen tff lieu va viec cap phep, do nd la mpt dang tai lieu bien eho viec ttuy cap md Dutte sff dong y eua tac gia va sff hS trd cua Intemet, eae tai nguyen truy cap md dan lan toa cang rpng Idn tren moi trUdng mgng Qua trinh xuat ban truy cfp md cung phai di cung vSi cac vifc soft, kilm tra mffc dp phu hpp vdl tffng muc tifu ciia sfn phfm tai nguyfn md Cac bai bao truy cap md cQng phai di qua cac quy ttinh bifn tap va thfm dinh nhU binh thffdng va sau se dutfc bien rdng rli Cfe khof hpc trye tuyen md (MOOCs) tf mdt md htnh giao dye kha phfi bifn d nhieu nPi ti^n thfi gidi Dung nhU tfn gpi cua nd, cfc khof hpe md rflng eho bft ky mufin tham gia ma khflng phfi ton chi phf Khof hpc tryt tuyen md thudng khdng ed gidi hgn sfi lUpng tham gia hpe tap tgi mfit thdi dilm Tai nguyfn eua eae khoa hpe trffe tuyen md lufln d dang md va eac hoat dpng hpc tap dffpe dien thflng qua mfii ttffdng Internet va web Tfnh md eac dinh nghTa ve khoa hpe ttffe tuyen md bao gom nhifu khfa egnh khac nhff tfnh md ve khfa cgnh sff dung tai nguyfn eda khoa hpc md, b'nh md ve chi phf hpe tap, tfnh md vf kha nfng cpng tac, ehia se thflng tin cua ngffdi hpc Khi phan logi MOOCs, cd dang dffpe diia dya theo tieu chf so sanh vf djnh dang va cau 16 triie Mpt dgng la cMOOCs cCia nhffng ngUdi kft nfii sfi (eonneetivists MOOCs), mfit dang khac If xMOOCs cda MITx va edX Ngoai cfc dfc diem ehung, hai dang khoa hpe trffe tuyen md cd nhuhg khfc biet ve mo hinh sU phgm va tutfng tae xa hdi qua trinh hpc tfp Rat nhieu dgng phft hanh thdng tin va tti thffc md da dffpe triln khai, ehdng t h i hifn sff quan tfm va cam ket vf tfnh md dang dan gia tfng trang giao due Cd the k l dfy mdt vfi dang nhff viec phat hanh gify phfp md eho cfc tfi nguyen giao dye cua ehfnh phd, vifc phat hanh eac bfi bao md eua cae tap chf va nha xuat ban Cd cfe mffc dp khfe nhfn thffc ve tt'nh md, vf khfi nifm "md" dang dffpe sff dyng mpt each idng leo, ttiudng de cap tdi sff "tff va md rdng" Dieu tao sff nhgp nhfng vf phffc tap viee sff dung khai niem tinh "md" Cac anh hU'dng cua b'nh md len giSo due dai hpc 2.1 Anh hifdng eua tinh md len qua trinh day hgc Tfnh md eua thong tin anh hffdng nhieu den qua trinh day va hoe Trong moi ttUdng sU phgm, ti'nh md ed nhieu khfa egnh tae dpng den tff ngffdi hoc cung nhU chat Iffpng dao tgo TrUde day, cac cd sd gifo dye, dfe biet la giao due dgi hpe da dutfc xay duhg theo mfi hinh truyfn thfing, dd cd viee quy dinh vf gidi hgn eae nguon tai lifu theo eac nguyen tfc nghifm nggt, khd chia sf rflng rai Tfi lieu dan trd nen khan hifm, kha nfng truy egp bj hgn chf tfii da, tri thffc ehi ed the dUdc truyfn dat tren tdp hpc va dutfe luu giff bdi ngffdi sogn no CQng theo each thut efi dien, cac vlfn vf trung tam nghifn cffu, eac eP sd dao tao la nPi nhat ed q u ^ n cung cap ndi dung, tff lifu hpe tgp theo ehufn va chiu traeh nhifm djnh hUdng eae tti thut truyfn dgt den ngffdi hpc Difu ft nhieu tgo sff han ehe dang ke dfn kha nang sang tgo eua ngUcfi hpe eung nhU eac tff lieu gifo dye Dan dan, cac phutfng phap eO va cuhg nhae tdhg dutfc ap dyng gifo dye da dutfe thay the bang cac md hinh mdi lmh hoat hdn va huding tdi kha nfng md rpng Hoc tap theo hffdng md vf ti'nh md dang tao eac dang mdi cua vifc hpe tap e6tt'nhehat xa hfii, ttong khdng ttil tiiifu sy ddng gdp cua ea ngu&i dgy va ngudi hoc [5] Doi vdi dpi ngd gifng dgy, hp sfi dUtfe efp eac giay chuhg nhgn chinh thffc la ngufti cd quyen cung cap, doi mdi not dung thflng tin va tri thdt, hay cdn gpi la chuyfn gia Rat nhifu khoa hpc ttut tuyen md dffdng nhu dang eanh tt^nh vdi cac khoa hpc ttuyfin thong, hp t h i hien the manh eua minh nhieu khfa cgnh md so vdi eac phucftig phap cu Bat k l ed nhieu van df dang thifu, cae khoa hpc md tryt tuyfn vin mflt gia tfng ve sfi lupng va tinh sin sfng eung cfp [9] Trong cfe khoa hpc nay, efe quan diem eua ngffdi day vf ngUdi hpc se dutfc trao doi nhifu hdn vdi Oieu gidp cho ngUdi day se nang eao dUpe kien thffc eung nhU ky nfng ehuyen mon vf gidp ngudi hpe tiep tiiu va sfng tgo tot hdn O l nfng cao ehat lutfng, mfit sfi khoa hoc trye tuyfn md doi hdi nguSi hpe ehuan bj tai^c ndi dung, thgm chf la hoan thfnh trudge nhiem vu hpe tfp cua buoi hpc, di danh phan Idn thdi gian trfn Idp hpe trffe tuyfn eho viec trao dfil vdi gifo vifn eua hp nhfm giai quyet nhffng nfii dung cdn khd hieu Do tfnh chft md ciia khof hpe trffe tuyen, qua trinh trao dfii, thao lugn, ho trp npi dung hpc tfp se dupe cae giao vien chu trpng hdn rat nhifu, difu nfy cQng the hien mpt xu hUdng mdi gifo due hifn dai, ntfi mf qua ttinh day vf hpe tfp trung it hpn vao npi dung va danh nhieu thcfi gian hdn eho eac qua trinh tutfng tae, trao dot hpc tap Mfit yfiu tfi quan ttpng la vfn df efp phep sff dung nguon tai nguyen md Xu hUdng chung van If diia tren quyen dutfc tff chia se, sff dyng va ddng gdp Vife eho phfp efc tfc gif tham gia bifn soan, phat hanh va tiep nhan eae ehinh su^ ndi dung eua tai lifu md se giiip cho nguon hpe lieu md cfng phong phu vf cd chat IUdng tfit hpn Song song vdi viec ddng gdp xfy dyhg nguon hpc lifu md, eac •ji tUdng doi mdi, cai tien ehUPng trinh giang dgy eho phu hpp vdi hoan eanh cung If mdt ndi dung rat quan trpng eua cfc khoa hpc ttUe tuyfin md Nd truyfn cam hffng sfng tao cho rat nhieu ngffdi tham gia vao qua trinh giao dye md, gdp phan lam cho cac khoa hpe tryt tuyen lapchiTHl/VllN VlfTNAM md eang dutfe lan rdng va thu hut hPn \ ^ i trd eua cac nha nghien effu eung rat quan trpng qua ttinh hUdng tdi mfit nen giao dye md Trffde dfy, loi the truyen thong eua hp la nfm giff eae von tri ttiffe, tU lieu dgy hpe va khdng can phai dem chia se rpng rai ngoai cac khoa hpc ma hp phu frach Do vfy, hp se cam thay than trpng hPn dot vdi qua trinh ehuyin sang hudng md Mpt khfa eanh anh hUdng khac eua tfnh md ten qua trinh dgy hpc ehfnh la d tai tifu dutfc sff dyng Ngoai nhQhg ngufin tfi nguyen dutfe cung cap sSn d dgng sd hoa, eac sach giao khoa cung dang dffpc ehuyen sang dgng tai nguyen tryt tuyen Trong mot ngff eanh giao dye, ma gia ef eua sach giao Idioa tang Ifn, thi se ed mdt xu hu^ng chuyin sang cae sach giao khoa so, dieu nfy eung gpi len tiem nang ldn cua OER [2] Sff dung tai nguyfn md trffe tuyen la mflt quyet djnh cd •^ nghTa viec tiet kiem cfc khofn ehi phf giao due va nfng cao hieu qua tiep can nguon thfing tin md Tfnh md vf cfe khoa hoc trUc tuyen md cung dang tao nen mot mo hinh hpc tfp pha trpn, dieu ma chUa tffng cd trang mdt nen giao dye truyen thfing [9] Sd iS gpi la mo hinh hpe tap pha trpn la vi tfnh ehft tfing hpp eiia nhieu hoat dong khac nham tdi ffu hieu qua cua vifc dgy va hpe efc cP sd Tff viee sii dyng eac eong nghf mdi ho trd ehia se tai nguyfn trffe tuyen md eho dfin qua trinh tUPng tae eua viee dgy va hpc Sy gia tang cua dff lieu Idn tiidng qua cae hogt dpng hpc tap va trao doi thflng tin, cac hoat dpng fruy cfp t u lifu vf tUPng tac, tranh lugn vdi nhau, gdp phan tao nen eae kinh nghiem hpc tap hiiXi I'eh cho ef ngudi dgy vf ngUdi hpc Thdng qua eae hoat dpng eung giup cho efe nha giao dye hieu hdn ve each ttiffe thu nhan tri thffe eua ngui^ hpc d i d i f u ehinh, cfi thien eac phutfng phap giang day cang phu hpp vf dgt chat lupng tot hdn 2.2 Anh hifdng cua tinh md len nghien cuii Tfnh md eho phep cac tiiflng ttn da tffng khdng sin sfng cho eong ehiing trd nen sfn sang mdt 4(66) 17 hffu til tue cua eae ca nhfn thdng qua sU ehia se va ddng gdp Truy cap md if mdt npi dung kha quan trpng ttong cac sang kien ve tfnh md tttfng gifo due Truy cfp la mpt thao tae khdng the thieu vifc tiep cfn efc nguon tai nguyfn Truy cap md If quf trinh truy cfp den eac tai nguyfn thong tin da dffpe eung efp cflng khai, san sang mflt each ty va md rflng cho tat ca cae d ^ tUpng ngudi dung Nhffng ngUdi dung nfy cd nhffng quyen dfii v(^ nguon tfi nguyfn md nhU tf dpc, soft lai, ehinh su^, tien hfnh vf phfn phfii cac tae pham phai sinh Cac nguon tai nguyfn truy cap md la tai lifu da dutfe sfi hoa, phat hfnh tryt tuyen mpt each mien phf va eho phep ty truy cap dot vdi mpi ngutfi Cae tai nguyfn truy cfp md trye tuyen thudng ft bi hgn ehe ve vfn df bfn quyfn tU lieu va vife efp phep, dd nd la mdt dang tai lieu phfi bien cho vifc truy efp md Dutfc sU dong y eua tae gia vf sy hfi ttp cda Internet, cac tai nguyfn truy cap md dan tan tof cang rdng Idn tren mdi trUdng mang Qua trinh xuat ban truy cfp md cung phfi di eung vdi cae viec rf soft, kilm tra mffc dfl phu hpp vdi tffng myc tieu cua sfn pham tfi nguyfn md Cae bai bao truy cap md eung phfi di qua efc quy ttinh bien tap va thfm djnh nhU binh thUdng va sau se dUpe phfi bifin rdng rai Cac khoa hpc ttUe tuyen md (MOOCs) la mot mfl hinh giao dye kha bien d nhieu ndi tren the gidi Dung nhU ten gpi eua no, cac khoa hoc md rflng eho bat ky muon tham gia ma khong phai ton chi phf Khoa hoe trffe tuyen md thudng khdng cd gidi hgn so IUdng tham gia hpc tap tai mpt thdi diem Tai nguyfn ciia efe khoa hpc tn/e tuyfin md lufin d dang md vf eae hogt ddng hpc tfp dupe diln thdng qua mdi trudng Internet va web Tfnh md trang eae dinh nghTa vf khoa hoc trut tuyen md bao gom nhieu khfa cgnh khac nhU tinh md ve khfa cgnh sff dyng tai nguyfn cua khoa hpc md,ti'nhmd ve chi phf hpc tap, tfnh md vf khf nang cflng tac, ehia se thfing tin cua ngudi hpe Khi phan logi MOOCs, cd dang dupe diia dffa theo tifu chi so sanh vf dinh dang va cfu 16 trdc Mpt dgng la cMOOCs cda nhQhg ngudi ket nfii sfi (eonneetivists MOOCs), mflt dang Ittiae la xMOOCs cua MITx va edX Ngoai eae dac dilm ehung, hai dang khoa hpc tryt tuyfin md nfy cd nhffng khfc biet ve md hinh sU pham vf tddng tac xa hfii qua trinh hpc tap Rat nhieu dang phft hanh thfing tin vf tri thffe md da dffpe trien khai, ehdng t h i hifn sy quan tfm va cam kft ve tfnh md dang dan gia tfng frong giao dye Cd t h i k l dfy mdt vai dang nhu vifc phat hanh gify phep md cho cac tai nguyfn giao due eua chfnh phCi, vifc phat hanh cae bai bao md cua efc tap chf va nha xuat ban Cd cac mffc dp khae nhan thffe ve tfnh md, va khai nifm "md" dang dffpc sff dyng mflt each Idng tfo, thffdng de cap tdi sy "tu va md rflng" Dieu tgo sff nhgp nhfng va phffc tap vifc sff dyng khai nifm ti'nh "md" Cfc anh hU'dng cua tinh md i f n gifo due dai hpc 2.1 Anh hifdng cua tinh md len qua trinh day hgc Tfnh md eua thong tin anh hffdng nhieu den qua ttinh dgy va hpc Trong moi trffdng sff phgm, tfnh md ed nhieu khfa egnh tae dpng den tff ngudi hpe eung nhu ehat lupng dao tao TrUde dfy, cac cd sd giao dye, dfe bift la giao dye dgi hpc da dutfc xfy dUhg ttieo md hinh tiuyfn thfing, cd viec quy djnh vf gidi hgn eac ngufin tai lieu theo eac nguyen tfe nghifm nggt, khd ehia se rflng rai Tai lieu dfn trd nfn khan hifm, khf nSng fruy cap bj han chfi tfii da, tri thffe chi cd t h i dupc truyen dat tren Idp hpc va dupc Iffu giff bdi ngudi sogn nd CQng theo each ttiffc cfi diln, cfc vifn va trung tam nghifn cuU, efc ed sd dao tao la ndi nhat cd quyfn ojng cap ndi dung, tu lifu hpe tap theo ehuIn va chju frfch nhifm i^nh hudng cac fri thffe truyen dgt dfin ngudi hoe Oieu nfy ft nhieu tgo sff han ehfi dang ke den khf nfng sang tgo cua ngUcfi hpc eung nhU cfc tu lifu giao dye Dfn dan, cfc phutfng phap cQ va cffhg nhfc tijhg dudc ap dung trang gifo due da dude thay the bfng eac mfl hinh mdi linh hogt hdn va hffdng tdi khf nang md rpng Hpc tfp theo hffdng md va ti'nh md dang tgo cac dgng mdi cua viee hpe tap cd tfnh chft xa hpi, khflng t h i thifu sy ddng gdp cda cf ngUdi dgy va ngUdi hpc [5] Dfii vdi dfil ngQ giang day, hp se dUpe cap eac giay chffng nhfn chfnh thffc la ngudi cd quyen cung cfp, ddi mdi ndi dung thong tin va tti tiiffc, hay edn gpi If chuyen gia Rat nhifu khoa hpe trye tuyen md dudng nhu dang eanh tranh vdi eac khoa hpc truyen tiifing, hp the hien the manh eua minh nhieu khfa canh md so vcR cac phUdng phap eu Bft k l cd nhifiu van de dang cdn thifu, eac khoa hpc md trye tuyen van mdt gia tang ve so lutfng vf tinh sin sang cung cap [9] Trong eae khoa hpe nay, cae quan dilm ciia ngUffi day va ngudi hpe se dffpc ttao dfii nhieu hdn vdi Dieu giup cho ngudi dgy se nang cao dUpc kien thiJt ciJng nhu ky nang chuyfn mfin vf giiip ngffffi hpe tifp thu va sang tao tfit hPn O l nang cao ehft IUdng, mot so khoa hpe trUc tuyen md ddi hdi ngudi hoc chuan bj trude npi dung, tham dif la hoanttianhfrUdenhiem vy hpe tap eua buoi hoc, d l danh phan Idn thdi gian tten idp hoc trffe tuyfn cho viee trao dot vdi giao vien cda hp nham giai quyet nhffng npi dung cdn khd hilu Do ti'nh chat md cua khoa hpc tn/c tuyfn, quf trinh trao dfii, thfo lufn, ho trp nfli dung hpc tap se dUcJe eae giao vien ehu frong hdn rat hhieu, dieu cung the hien mot xu hudng mdi giao due hifn dai, nPi ma qua trinh day va hpc tap bung it hdn vao nfli dung va danh nhifu thdi gian hcfti cho cac qua trinh tffdng tae, trao dfii hpc tap Mflt yeu to quan trpng la van df cap phep sff dyng nguon tai nguyen md Xu hUdng ehung van la diia trfn quyfin dutfc tff chia se, sff dyng va ddng gop Viee eho phep cac tac gia tham gia bifn soan, phat hanh va tiep nhan cae ehinh sffa npi dung eua tfi lifu md se giiip cho nguon hpc lifu md cang phong phu va cd chat Iffpng tot hdn Song song vdi viec ddng gop xfy dffng ngufin hoc lieu md, eac y tUdng doi mdi, cat tifn chutfng frinh giang day cho phu hpp vdi hoan eanh eung la mflt ndi dung rft quan ttpng cua eac khoa hpe trffe tuyen md No truyen earn hffng sang tgo cho rft nhifu ngffdi tham gia vao qua frinh giao dye md, gdp phan lam c^o efe khoa hpc trUe tuyfn md cang dutfc lan rflng vf thu hut hdn Vai tro cua eac nha nghifn effu cung rft quan trpng qua trinh hUdng tdi mdt nen giao due md Trffde day, xu the truyen thong eiia hp If nam giff cfc von tri thffc, tu lieu dgy hpc vf khflng cfn phai dem ehia se rpng rai ngoai cac khoa hpc mf hp phu trach Do vfy, hp se cam thfy than hPn dfii vdi qua trinh chuyin sang hudng md Mdt khfa egnh anh hudng khae eiia tinh md Ifn qua trinh day hpc chfnh la d tai lifu dutfc sff dung Ngoai nhffng ngufin tai nguyen dUpc cung cap sin d dang sfi hoa, eac sach giao khoa cung dang dffpe ehuyen sang dang tai nguyen tryt tuyen Trong mflt ngff eanh giao dye, ma gia cf eiia saeh giao khoa tang Ifn, thi se cd mot xu hudng chuyin sang cae sach giao khoa so, dieu eung gdi len tiem nfng ldn eua OER [2] Sff dyng tai nguyfn md trffe tuyen la mot quyet djnh cd y nghTa viec tiet kifm cac khofn ehi phf giao due va nfng cao hieu quf tiep can nguon thflng tin md Tfnh md va cae khoa hoc trUc tuyfin md cung dang tao nfn mpt mfl hinh hpe tap pha trpn, dieu ma chiia tffng cd trang mpt nen giao dye truyen tiiong [9] Sd dT goi la mfl hinh hpc tap pha trpn la vi tinh ehat tfing hpp eiia nhieu hoat dpng khac nham toi Uu hifu qua eua vifc dgy va hpe trang eac eP sd Tff viee sff dung cac cong nghf mdi ho trd chia se tai nguyfn trffe tuyen md eho den qua trinh tUPng tae eua viec day va hpe Sy gia tang eua dff lifu Idn thflng qua eac hoat dpng hpc tap va trao doi thdng tin, cac hogt ddng truy cap tu tifu vf tUPng tae, tranh luan vol nhau, gdp phfn tao nfn cac kinh nghifm hpc tap hOli fch eho ea ngUdi day va ngudi hpc, Thflng qua cac hoat ddng ciing giup eho eac nha giao dye hilu hdn ve each thffc thu nhfn tri thffc cua ngUdi hpc de dieu chinh, cai thien cac phutfng phap gifng dgy eang phu hpp va dat chft Iffpng tfit hdn 2.2 Anh hudng eda tinh md lin nghiin e&u Tfnh md cho phep cae thfing tin da tCmg khong sin sang cho cong ehiing trd nen sin sang mpt Tap chi THU VlfN VIET NAM 4(66) 17 efeh ty theo thdi gian thyt Bat cff chi can ed ket noi vdi Internet cung ed khf nang tff truy cap tdi cae bfi bfo, hpc lieu tuhg ed gia rat dft [6] Trang nhffng thfp kv' qua, da cd mot xu hffdng nfng eao gia tri eua cac tap chi, dieu eho thfy mflt thut te rang nhieu eP sd dfo tao da khdng dil kha nang chi tra eho cfe ehi phf d l tti ngufin tai nguyen ddng va mflt difu tat yeu la ho sf bj hgn ehe sy ttuy cgp Tfnh md va qua frinh truy cap md vao eae tgp chf, eae ngufin hpc lieu md dh trd giai phap eho van de han che tfi nguyfn [3] Nhieu cd sd dao tgo trfn khfp thfi gidi dang dan nhgn thffe dupe ro hPn tSm quan trpng vf cfe lpi fch Idn mf eae xuft ban md mang lai Rat nhifu cP sd da Ifm cho cac bfi bfo, cong trinh nghifn cffu eua hp ed t h i fruy cap t y va d l dfng trfn mdi frUdng tn/e tuyfin Theo thdi gian, eac kho iiiu frff dff lifu va tai nguyfn md sfi ngfy cfng Idn hcfti Ngufin dff lieu sfi hof khong io dd sfi trd thfnh eac ngufin tfi lifu tiid mdi phye vu eho qua trinh nghien cffu tiep theo [3] Cae efing nghf h6 trp nhu IUU trfy dam mfy, chia sf ngang hfng ciing vdi tfnh sin sfng trfn pham vi rdng ciia cac dff lifu md, thdng tin md vf cae xuft bfn phfm ttuy cfp md da giup gifi quyfit eac vfn df thfch tiiffc cda efe eP quan luu trff nhd, ngheo tfi nguyfn Nd eung cap sff truy cfp rdng ldn hdn tdi thfing tin d l ho tn^f eac qua trinh nghien effu dgt hifu qua eao hc^ Mpt Icfi fch d l nhan thay cua ti'nh md Ifn cfc tac pham nghien ciili ta sy md rpng eua eac tiich dan cQng nhu lifn kft tfi lifu Quf ttinh md rong ket noi lam eho efe xuft ban md ed y nghTa hdn dfii vdi cae nha nghien cffU Nd gidp thfm nhieu trfch dan vf trUc quan hdn cho cac cfing trinh nghifn cffu eiia hp Du la sfn phfm nghien cffu cd thflng qua cac tap ehf truy cap md hay la tae gif ty Iffu trff, vifc sff dung hinh thffc xuft bfn md da tao nen nhieu y nghTa hPn eho cae tac pham nghien cffu Mot lpi thfi khae la cac cong trinh nghifn euU dUdc xuft ban ty cho tiuy cfp md thi eiJng cd xu hUdng nhfn dupe nhieu trfch dan hdn 18 Trong eae hoat dpng dien d khoa hpc, b'nh md ho ttd viec tfch hpp cac ndi dung nghifn effu dffpc d l dfng va thuan tdi hPn Dieu nfy cho phep tan dung hifu qua hdn thcfi gian hpe tfp cua ngUdi hpc Hp cd the sip xfip vf ttm hilu eae npi dung mdi trUdc Ifn ldp, danh nhieu thdi gian hdn cho vifc nghidn cffu Cac giao vien cung khfing cdn phai tap trung vao viee giang bai, ma thay vfo dd If eae tutfng tac hpc tap, ho trp ngUdi hpe tiep thu cae kifn thffc mdi, gifi dap thic mac 2.3 Anh hU'dng eua tinh md lin sach giio due dai hge chinh Tinh md cung eo anh hudng idn Ifn cac chfnh saeh giao dye dai hpe, gdp phan viec djnh hudng qua frinh giao dye phu hdp va hieu quf hPn Vdi vifc friln khai cac thff nghiem nhanh, ft hoge khdng tfin nhifu c^i phi, mffc dfi nii ro thap, cac nha eung cfp djch vy md df gdp mpt vai trd quan trong eac chien type, chfnh sach ddi mdi giao due theo hffdng md Mpt ket qua dang k l cda tfnh md la giiip cho ngudi hpe luei chpn dupc cP sd dfo tao phu hpp va tfit hdn, h5 trd cho cac cP sd dfo tao chpn dUpc nhQhg dfii tutfng ngudi hpc phd hpp hpn eho cfe khof hpe Da ed nhieu cd sd dao tao dai hpc khfp ndi tren the gidi ap dung cac ^ tudng gifo due md hieu qua nhu cac Khof hpc Md (Open Courseware - OCW) cda Vien Cfing nghf Massachusetis (MIT) CLia Hoa Ky- Nfm 2005, Vift Nam tid tiianh vifn t^i'nh thffe eua phong trao khoa hpc md/ hpe lieu md (OCW/OER) toan cfu vf 3h hp dyng OCW cua MIT bfng viec thift Ifp mfy ehu dia phUdng nhu mdt bfn tff nguon tai nguyen cua MIT OCW, d l cho phep eae giao vifn vf hpc wfn truy cap eac tai nguyen md [1] Nhieu sang kifin cho ttuy cap md dfin cfe nguon tai nguyen giao due cho phep sfi Iffpng Idn cac tff lifu hpc tap sin sang ttye tuyen vf dfn dan dUpe bfi sung hofn thifn hPn Cung vdi sff phat trien khong ngffng eda nguon tai nguyfn gifo due md trffe tuyfin, cfc t h i hifn ciia tinh md dgt nhifu thach thffc va cd hfli eho cac cd sd dao tao Nd thfli thue, khfeh If hp khflng nguhg efi thien, dfii mdi chifin lupc giao dye ciia minh nham hudng tdi myc tifu giao due hien dai cao hcfti, thht lupng hPn Nhuhg khia canh phat trien nhanh chdng vf mdl mf b'nh md hu^ hen nhieu difu bft ngd va mdt tffdng lai khd dff doan Khdng t h i ed mflt chiln lutfe nao If hoan hao cho mpi eP sd giao due CQng khflng cd chien lutfe nao la cfi tfinh vf nhft eo the giai quyet moi ttnh hufing va thach thffc Tuy nhifn, mpt yeu tfi chac c^an la cfc ep sd se tti quan dilm tt'nh md nhu mdt trpng tam ciia sy dfii mdi, hp phai la ngudi ehii dpng difu tift cfe thay doi theo hudng md eho phu hpp hPn vdi dieu kifn cua hp va oia ngudi hpe Nhuhg ed sd gifo dye nao khong thfch nghi dffpc vdi boi cfnh dang thay doi ed nhieu khf nang se gfp rui ro Idn, cang thing ve tai chfnh hofc thfm ehf bj ddng effa SU linh hoat vf phat trien nhanh chdng cda cae mfi hinh giao due theo hudng md ddi hoi efe ed sd dao tao can soft lai eae ehfnh saeh giao due hifn hanh, khuyen khfch hPn nQS no IUc tff cac dfii ngCi tham gia Cae ed sd dao tao cfn xem xet anh hudng cua ttnh md Ifn i^fe thift kf chffdng trinh gifng day tifn tue, tgo eae moi trUdng dgy va hpc ed hieu qua, phat ttien eac tU lieu hoc tap cd chat tudng, khdng nguhg tao cac tu lifu mdi ttifeh hpp hPn vife sff dung efe ngufin tU lifu dh ed Mpi viee lam dfu hudng den mye tieu cai thien chat tupng day va hpc theo hudng md va cd chat ludng Tudng tae If mfit yfiu tfi tfii can thiet qua frinh hpc tap theo hffdng md Cac eP sd gifo dye dgi hpe nfn ehufrpngden viec doi mdi, utt tien eho cac hogt dpng hpe tgp cflng tfe Cfe tu lifu hpc tfp eung sf dupc phat trien va hoan thifn hpn frong suot qua trinh hpe thdng qua cac vifc sff dyng, thay dfii vf ddng gdp ciia ea gifng vifn vf ngffcfi hpc CQng can ehu trpng dfin vifc ghi nhgn cac no Iffe ea nhfn 6i khuyfin khfeh sffe sfng tao va dfii mdl qua ttinh giao due Cae ed sd cQng cd t h i khuyfin khfch qua frinh lam mdi bfng viee du^ eac chfnh saeh thudng, khuyfin khfeh, de bat hoac bo nhiem cae nhfn vien vao cac vj trf mdi Song song dd, nfn ed cae quy djnh dfii vdi vifc md rpng pham vi anh hffdng cua cae Tap chi T H U VIEN VIET NA cflng trinh nghien cffu, cu t h i hcfti la md rpng eac tac phfm dudc xuft ban eho truy efp md Viee sf ed anh hUdng dfin qua trinh nghien cffu cda dfii ngu tham gia gifng dgy va hpc vifn, dft hp vfo ngff canh nghifn ciiU sang tgo, dfii mdl va thff nghiem lien tuc CP sd giao dye cfn rf soat lai cac ehfnh sach dl tifn vdi eae quyfn, ban quyen sd hCiU trf tue va cfn nhfc cfc quyfn cda cac ben tham gia Mflt ittiia canh quan frpng khac If eae eP sd dfo tgo nen thudng xuyfn xem xet, rf soft Iai cac kfi hogch trien khai cfing nghf eua cP sd \fifc xem xet nfy nham du^ nhQhg thay doi cong nghe nhanh chdng va can thiet viec ttiln tttiai eae khoa hpc md frffe tuyen, ngudn hoe iieu md vf xuat bfn truy efp md CP sd dao tgo can ed hg tang cfing nghf thfing tin vf truyen thfing tfit d l vife truy cgp eac tU lifu md dupe d l dfng D l eong, can eo sU no lyc tff nhifu phfa, tff ban Ifnh dgo cho den tat ca cac vien va cam kft eCia tat ef cfe ben tham gia dong gdp Kf^t iuf n Tfnh md la mflt khfa eanh quan trpng cd anh hudng ldn den sff phat trien ciia mflt nen giao dye hifn dai Tfnh md da tgo dflng tut c^o sff dot mdi, md rdng pham vi, dfii tupng giao due va ehfnh sach phat triln eda eac eP sd dfo ^ o Xu hudng cai tien vf nfng cao chat tutfng day hpe theo hudng md khong the tach rdi vdi vife khuyfn khfch qua ttinh hpe tap suot ddi Phat trien mdt nfn giao due md chat lupng se tao thuan 1^ cho qua trinh ty hpc, linh hoat va mem deo, ghi nhfn efc n3 tyc ca nhan, sang tao, tff cho mpi dfii tupng thfing qua moi trffdng Internet Tinh md dang lam thay doi ban chat tff nhien eua giao dye, tgo nfn cac cd hpi va thach thffc mdi cho cf dfli ngu giao dye va cd sd giao dye CP sd giao dye cfn nfm bft dffpc eac ed hoi doi miS, xfy dffng cac djch vy giao due md phu hpp vdi ngff canh, cfi thifn sy ti'ch hpp eda giao due vao cuflc sfing hang ngfy Tfnh md da tnS mflt gia trj cfit toi vf quan trpng djnh hudng phat triln mflt nen giao due chat IUdng cao theo hudng hifn dai 4(66) Xem tiep trang 44 19 ... gdc dfi khae tff nhCttig doi tupng khae MSt so quan diem bifin cho rang ti''nh "md" la sy t y do, bao gom tU xem, ty chep, ty chinh sutt Mfit sfi quan diem khae thi eho rfng tt''nh "md" t h i hifn... khfa eanh quan trpng vf phffc tap cua tfnh md la dfl rfing va sau eua no, da tgo nhifu y nghTa va efp dfi hilu khac ve khai niem "md" giao dye Dieu gian tiep tgo mdt sy thieu rd rang lien quan den... khoa hpc md tryt tuyfn vin mflt gia tfng ve sfi lupng va tinh sin sfng eung cfp [9] Trong cfe khoa hpc nay, efe quan diem eua ngffdi day vf ngUdi hpc se dutfc trao doi nhifu hdn vdi Oieu gidp cho