Những rào cản đối với phụ nữ khi tham gia ứng cử đại biểu hội đồng nhân dân

Ngh j on ciiu G i a d.inh v a G i o i So - 1 Nhiifng rao can doi vdfi phu nir tham gia irng cuf fiai bieu Hgi flong nhan dan Pham Thu Hien Hoc vien Chinh trj - Hanh chinh Quoc gia Ho Chi Minh T o m t a t : l3Uu trf'n nhiing p h a t hien tai hai cuoc khao sat thuoc ])U an Nfing cao n a n g lUc IToi dong n h a n d a n cac cap tinh Ninli T h u a n Oxfam Anh thUc hien hoi t h a n g n a m 2009 va t h a n g n a m 2010, biii viet p h a n tich nhOng rao can dd'i vdi phu niJ t r o n g cjua t r i n h t h a m gia iing cii Hoi dong n h a n dan cac cap, cu t h e la rao can ve n h a n thiic; rao can ve n a n g lUc; rao can ve each thiic, thii tuc bau cii va rao can ve van hoa Tren cd ad d6, nghien ciiu (!ua i-a nliiing giai p h a p can thiep n h a m t a n g citdng sit t h a m gia ciia pliu nCr ho.nt ctong cua Hoi ctdng n h a n dan Txi k h o a : I'hu nii; Binh dang gidi; Hoi dong n h a n dan; Tieu c h u a n d n g cii Hoi dong n h a n dan Bai viet phan ti'ch nhung rao can ddi \'6'i phu nCr qua liinh tham gia ling cu Hoi dong nhan diin (HDND) Diiy lir mot phim ket qua cua nghien cuu "Phim li'ch gioi ti'ong boat dong ctia Hoi dong nhiin diin" thuoc Dir cin Nang cao nang luc Hoi dong nhiin dan cac ciip tinh Ninh Thuan ctia Oxl'am ;\nh Ket qua nghien ciru diroc xiiy dung tren ca so cac phat hien cua hai cuoc khao sat hoi thang niim 2009 \a thang nam 2010 Muc lieu cua nghien cuu ki phiin ti'eh khung phap ly \c hoat dong cua HDND tir goc gioi, phan h'ch cac riio can vo hinh \a hull hinh doi vol phu mi tren duotm lien den \'ii tham uia vko cac hoat dons ciia HDND Ngoiii Nghien ciiru Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen , so'3, tr 3-13 viec tdng quan tai lieu, nghien ciru da tien hiinh phdng viin siiu vii thao luan nhdm ddi vdi 73 dai bicii HDND cap (bao gdm ca nam vii nu) thudc don vi viing du an (linh Ninh Thuan, phd Phan Rang-Thap Cham, phudng Phii Hit va xa Thanh Hai, huyen Bac Ai, xa Phudc Tiin, xa Phudc Tien) vii md rdng nghien ctru tai cac huyen, xa ngoiii vdng du an (huyen Ninh Phudc vii xa An Hai, huyen Thuan Nam vii xa Phudc Diem) Kei qua nghien ci'ru cho thiiy su kei hop ciia nhieu rao can da khien phu mi gap nhieu thach thiic ti'en dudng "tien tdi" HDND - ca quan quyen luc Idn nhai d dia phuang Dd lii rao can vi nhan thuc (ciich hieii chua dung ve ca ciiu gidi tinh dai bieu HDND, quan niem ve tieu chuiin ddi vdi cac ling cii vien); riio can ve nilng lire (thieu ngudn can bo nir, thieu sir tu tin ung cii); riio can ve each thiic, thii tuc biiu cii (sap xep lien danh, bd tri dia ban iing cii) vii riio can ve van hda (dinh kien gidi cua cii tri, thieu su ling ho ciia gia dinh) Diiy chinh lii ca sd de Du cin dua nhiing giai phap can thiep nham timg cudng su tham gia ciia phu nu hoat ddng cua HDND, nhiii lii bdi canh cudc bau cu dai bieu Qudc hdi khda XIII vii biiu cii dai bieu HDND nhiem ky 2011-2016 sftp didn vao thang nam 2011 Quan niem ve cd cau nuf va tieu chuan ve ufng cur vien dai bieu HDND Cdch liieii cliiCa dung v('" ty le eo' can dgi hieu HDND theo gidi tinh Id mdt trd nggi ddi vdi sif tham gia eiia phu nil Luat biiu cii HDND (2003) cd quy dinh ve viec bao dam sd Itrgng thfch dcing dai bieu HDND lii nCr Viec quy dinh ve "sd lugng thich dang" viia dap ling yeu ciiu bao dam sir dai dien ciia nii, ddng thdi bao dam tinh linh hoat bdi canh cu the ciia cac dia phuang, vl miic binh ding "idi, trinh nilng luc ciia phu nCr hi khac giiia cac viing, mien va ^iua cac nhdm phu nil Do vay, tru'dc mdi cudc biiu cii diu cd dinh hudncr de bao dam ve thiinh phiin ca cil'u theo gidi tinh, tudi, dim tdc, tdn giao, ngudi dia phuang Theo cac dai bieii dugc phdng viin, ty le mi thudng dugc ca cau hi 20-25%'" va day la ca sd de gidi thieu phu nii Irons qua trinh hiep thuong P h a m T h u Hien Trao ddi vc ca cau ty le nu, mdt so nii dai bieu cho riing ty le la tha'p, nhieu dai bieu lai hie'u day la "ty le ciing", nhai la cd nhdm dai bieu nii cap xa cho rang ty le nii khdng the qua muc quy dinh nity Rd rang day la each hieu chua dung vi ca cau nu, ca cau dugc dua nham thiic diiy su tham gia ciia phu nii va tang ty le nu dai bieu HDND Cach hieu chua day dii cd the han che nhiing nd luc tim kiem va dao tao ngudn can bd la nii Mat khac, cac cudc phdng van va thao luan, nhdm nghien ci'ru nhan tha'y, ca cd each hieu diing la "ty le tdi thieu", thi dudng nhu ngudi tra ldi cd tarn ly la dat dugc ty le tdi thieu dd da la rai tdt va nhu the la da "hoan nhiem vu" Cac dai bieu nir ciing bay td lo ngai rang vice co cau dai bieu theo nganh cd the anh hudng den ty le nii khdng the cd nhieu dai bieu nfr mot nganh Chang han, nganh giao due va y te cd dong nu nganh cdng thiRJng thi ft nu' Day la mot nhung khd khan ddi v6'\ dai bieu nii "Vice ganh nhieu cacau"; nii, tie, dan tgc, ngoiii Dang cho mdt ung cir vien hi mot khd khan va thiet thdi cho nCr \'ii thuc te da d'lin Ngugc lai, cd y kien cho rang khdng nen diit ca cau Van de ca cau vii nang luc cua cac dai bieu HDND, diic biet la dai bieu nii, dai bieu tre vii dai bieu ngudi dan tdc, da dugc dc ciip den cac nghien ciiu, khao sat ve hoat ddng cua HDND Mgt sd dai bieu bay td sir khdng ddng y ve co' ciiii lo ngai anh hudng den chai lugng hoat ddng ciia HDND Chia se vdi suy nghi ciia cae dai bieu nay, nhdm nghien ciiu cho riing, xet lu gde gidi, viec co cau ty le nfr tham gia HDND van la dugc xem lii bien phap tam thdi ciin thiei de thiic day sir tham gia ciia phu nir \'ao co' quan quyen lire nha nudc d dia phuong bdi canh nhirng dinh kien vc gidi \'an cdn tdn tai sau sac xa hoi Bien phap lain thdi hoan toiin phu hgp vdi Dieu 5, Luat Binh dang gidi, nham bao dam binh dang thuc chai trirdng hgp cd su chenh lech Idn giua nam va nii ve vi trf, \'ai trd, dieu kien va ca hdi phat huy nang luc va thu hudng qua ciia su phat trien ma viee ap dung eac quy dinh nhu khdng liim giam sir chenh lech nity Viin de la d chd hieu \'e ty le nhu the nao cho dung va lam the nao de thao gd va giai quyei mau thuan giu'a ca ciiu va nang lire dai bieu hay Nghien ciiru Gia dinh va Gi6i Quyen 21, so'3, tr 3-13 chat lugng hoat ddng ciia HDND Di6u ddi hdi sir nd luc ciia cac cap lanh dao d dia phuang cdng tac quy hoach va dao tao can bd nhu xay dung chien lugc Id trinh, giai phap cu the de nang cao chai lugng ddi ngii can bd, dd cd can bd nii Van de ca che dinh mi'rc (quota) ddi vdi nii nghi si cung dugc dat ddi vdi nhidu nudc tren the gidi, dd cd ca cac nudc phat trie'n Day la mdt ba chien lugc dugc ggi la "hanh tiinh nhanh" nhilm tang ty le nii tham gia chfnh tri va dai dien Qud'c hdi (Inter-Parliamentary Union and UN Division for the Advancement of Women, 2006) Cac nghien cii'u, bao cao cac td chiic qud'c tethuc hien cung da chi riing, nhd viec ap dung luat/ca che dinh miic sd lugng nu nghi sT d nhieu nudc da tang len dang ke nhu'ng nam gan day va chai lugng tham gia cung da cd nhung Ciii thien dang ke (http:// www.idea.int/gender/) Kinh nghiem ciia mdt sd nudc cho tha'y cac nu' nghi si da cdng viec dua quan diem gidi \'ao cac hoat ddng ciia qudc hdi/nghi vien (http:// wwvv.iknowpoliitcs.org/en/node/5332) Quan idem eliiCa dung ve tieu chudn dd'i vdi dng cic vien dgi bieu HDND gdy nhieu bid Igi han cho phu ml Cd the tha'y su khac biet giua quy dinh cua Luitt va quan niem cua diti bieu va ngudi dan dugc phdng van ve tieu chuan ddi \'d'i ung cti vien dai bieu HDND Hiiu hei cac diii bieu dugc phdng van cho riing iing cir vien phiii la can bd lanh diio cac td chiic, ca quan hay ban nganh, citn bd cd chiic vu '-' (mac dii khdng quy dinh bdi Luat Biiu cii diii bieu HDND) Dieu xuiit phat tii hai ly do: (!) Theo quan niem cua ngu'di dan, diii bieu HDND phai la ngudi lanh dao, quan ly thi mdi giai quyei dugc cac va'n di ma dan dat ra; (ii) Can bd liinh dao, quan ly thudng la nhung ngudi cd trinh hieu biet va cd kha nang hoan tdt cdng viec ciia diti bieu dan cii Su ngiim hieu tren day lii kha phd bie'n va dieu dd da hiin che ca hdi thiim gia iing cii cua phu mi ty le nii giQ nhu'ng vi trf lanh diAo, quiin ly ciia Ciic CO quiin nha nudc, cac td chirc chfnh tri - xa hdi vii cac td chiic ciia cdng ddng rai tha'p so vdi nam Han nua, can hieu rang diii bieu HDND khdng nhai thiei phai la ngtrdi giai quyei true tie'p nhung \'ii'n de sinh Hg cd nhiem vu phan anh trung thuc y kie'n, nguyen vgng cua cir tri, bao Pham Thu Hien Quy djnh ciia Luat va quan niem ciia nguiri dan ve tieu ciiuan dai bieu HDND Luat Bau cCrdai bieu HDND quy dinh ve Quan niem ciia ngUcJi dan va cac dai tieu chuan dai bieu HDND: bieu ve tieu chuan dai bieu HDND: (i) Trung vdi To quo'c Viet Nam "Nguoi tham gia tmg cu truoc het phai la XHCN; (ii) Co pham chat dao diic tot, nhung ngugi tham gia cgng tac xa hoi tai guong miu chap hanh phap luat bao ve thon, xa mdi c6 the dai dien cho dan loi ich cua Nha nuoc, quyen va loi ich hgp dugc Hg phai la nhung dang vien Trong phap cua cong dan; (iii) Co trinh va dang vien la nur a thon, xa rai hiem" nang li/c thuc hien nhiem vu dai bieu (Thao luan nhom ngugi dan) HDND, CO kha nang tuyen truyen, van "Ne'u ung cii vien chi la nhung can bb dong gia dinh va nhan dan thtrc hien chinh hay nguoi dan binh thugng thi ty le triing sach, phap luat; am hieu tinh hinh l