Tăng trưởng kinh tế gắn với xoá đói, giảm nghèo ở việt nam trong thời kỳ đổi mới

9{ghien ciiu - Trao ioi 50 - Khoa h o c Chfnh tri TANG TRUONG KINH TE GAN V6I XOA DOI, GIAM NGHEO VIET NAM TRONG THCII KY DOI M | Chu Van Cap C dng eude ddi mdi Dang ta khdi xUdng vd lanh dao tU n a m 1986 den da mang lai nhflng thay dd'i sau sdc, todn dien ddi sdng kinh te', chinh tri, van hda, xa hdi nUde ta, dd ed t h d n h tiiu v i t a n g trUdng kinh te va xda ddi, giam ngheo Tuy nhien, chat lugng t a n g trudng kinh te cdn t h a p va cudc chien chd'ng ddi ngheo, b a n che' gia t a n g b a t binh dang van cdn day cam go Bdi viet ndy tap trung lam rd mdi quan he gifla tang trfldng kinh te vdi xda ddi, giam ngheo va viee giai quyet mdi quan he d nflde ta thdi ky dd'i mdi Quan n i e m v e t a n g triidng kinh te va x o a doi, g i a m n g h e o - Quan niem ve tdng triidfng kinh te '-' GS, TS Kinh te Hoc vien Chinh tri Hanh chinh quo'c gia Ho Chi Minh Tang trfldng kinh te dflge hie'u la sii gia tang quy md vd san Iflgng eua nen kinh te qud'c dan, la t a n g tdc GDP hdng nam Tang trfldng kinh te gdn lien vdi sfl chuye'n dich eo cau kinh te: eo cau ngdnh kinh te, eo cau thdnh phan kinh te vd CO cau vung kinh te - di theo no Id CO cau lao ddng, co cau vdn dau tU, co cau san pham, co cau xuat nhap kha'u Trong dd, eo cau nganh kinh te la phd quat ddi vdi mgi qud'c gia Tang trudng kinh te xet d yeu td dau vao tac ddng eua yeu td': sd' lugng vdn, sd' lugng lao ddng va nang sua't cac yeu to td'ng hgp (TFP), ma cac yeu td cO ban phuong phap tinh cac nhan td tdng hgp la sii ddng gdp eua vdn dau tu, lao ddng vd tien bd khoa hgc - edng nghe Hai yeu to dau (vdn va lao ddng) la tang trUdng ve so' lugng (tang trUdng theo chieu rdng), yeu to' thfl (tien bo khoa hgc - edng nghe) la t a n g trudng ve chat lugng (phdt trien theo chieu sdu) (\[ghien ciiu - Trao ioi Cac chi tieu phan anh sU tang trUdng kinh te la: - Tdng sdn pham qud'c gia vd td'ng san pham qudc dan; - GDP hoac GNP binh quan dau ngudi; - Chi sd'phdt trie'n eon ngUdi (Human Development Index - HDI) Tang trudng ben vflng la phai chu trgng den chat Iflgng tang trfldng kinh te Tang trudng ben vflng bao gdm tang trudng kinh te cd chat lugng, dam bao cdng bdng xa hdi va cai thien mdi trUdng sdng Dd cung la nhdm tru cdt cua ke hoach phdt trien kinh te - xa hdi eua dat nude - Quan niem ve doi ngheo vd xda doi, gidm ngheo Ddi ngheo la mdt hien tugng kinh te - xa hdi, anh hudng triic tiep den cudc sdng va sii phdt trie'n todn xa hdi Ddi ngheo tdn tai d tat ca cdc nude, ke ca nhflng nude kinh te phdt trien, ddi ngheo la van de cd tinh qud'c gia va toan cau Theo quan niem eiia Lien hiep qudc, ngheo ed hai dang: Ngheo tuyet doi, la tinh trang mdt bd phan dan eU khdng ed kha nang thda man cdc nhu cau tdi thieu de tri eude sdng ve an (thieu an nhUng khdng dflt bfla), mac, d, ve sinh, y te, giao due Ngheo tUang doi, la tinh trang cua mdt bg phdn dan cfl ed mfle sdng dudi mfle trung binh eiia cdng ddng tai dia phflong Hdi nghi v i chd'ng ddi, giam ngheo Uy ban Kinh te' - Xa hdi khu vUc chau A - Thai Binh Duong (ESCAP) td chfle tai Bang Cdc, Thdi Lan (thang 9/1993) da dua dinh nghla ve ddi ngheo: "Ngheo la tinh trang mdt bd phan dan eU khdng '" Dan theo Nguyen Thi Hang, Vdn de xoa doi, gidm ngheo a nong tlion nUac ta hien nay, Nxb CTQG, HN 1997, tr.22-23 51 - Khoa hoc Chinh tri dugc hudng va thda man nhu cau co ban cua ngUdi ma nhflng nhu cau dflge xa hdi thfla nhan theo trinh phdt trien kinh te - xa hdi vd phong tuc tap quan eua dia phflong"'^' Hdi nghi Thugng dinh the gidi ve phat trien xa hdi td chfle tai Copenhagben, Dan Mach (nam 1995) da dfla dinh nghla ddi ngheo nhu sau: ngudi ngheo Id tat ea nhflng ngfldi cd thu nhap thap hon lUSD/ngdy, la so tien dflge coi nhu du de mua nhflng san pha'm tat yeu de tdn tai Cd the xda ddi dflge, nhung khdng the xda dugc ngheo md ehi cd the giam ngheo Giam ngheo la mdt pham tru lieh sfl, bdi vi ngheo van tdn tai xa hdi, sU khac biet ve nang lUc, the chat, ve ngudn gdc thu nhap chinh dang, dia vi xa hdi gifla cdc cd nhan Vi the, ehi cd the tflng bfldc giam ngbdo, chfl chUa the tien tdi xda ngheo Chi xa hdi loai ngUdi dat tdi trinh xa hdi CSCN nhu C.Mde vd Ph.Angghen dii bdo, hien tugng ngheo khdng cdn thi se khdng cdn viec giam ngheo Giam ngheo d Viet Nam theo tinh than: "eung cap cho ngUdi ngheo cai can cau de' hg edu ea de hg an, chU khdng phai la eho hg eon cd de bg an" Moi quan he gi^a tang trifdng kinh te' vdi x o a doi, giam n g h e o Trong lieh sfl phdt trien xa hdi the' gidi, da cd nhiiu quan diem khac vi mdi quan he gifla tang trUdng kinh te', edng bdng xa hdi vd gidm ngheo Ly thuyet "ChU U ngUgc" cua cdc nha kinh te' Simon Kuznets, A.Lewis cho rang: giai doan dau cua sU tang trudng kinh te, bat edng xa hdi ed tang len, nhung den giai doan phdt trien eao thi nd se lam eho sii bat cdng giam di NhUng ngudi theo ly thuyet khuyen cdo: xa hdi mudn phat trien thi phai 52 - Khoa h o c Chfnh tri tang trudng kinh te trUdc, phai chap nhan bat binh dang; kinh te' tang trudng mdi ed dieu kien ve ngudn lUe de xda ddi, giam ngheo va thiic hien cdng bdng xa hdi Thiic te p h a t trien the' gidi da phu nhan ly thuyet Trong tien trinh phat trien, tang trudng kinh te' vd xda ddi, giam ngheo ed mdi quan he bien chflng Tang trfldng kinh te tao t i i n d i , dieu kien (vat chat) de giam ngheo Ngflgc lai, gidm ngheo Id nhan td' dam bao eho tang trfldng kinh te mang tinh ben vflng Tuy nhien, tang trudng kinh te nhanh lam eho sU phan hda giau ngheo dien manh hon, ddn den gidm ngheo khd khan hon Mat khac, ngheo ddi di liin vdi lac hau, cham phat trien Id trd ngai dd'i vdi tang trUdng kinh te Mdi quan he gifla tang trfldng kinh te va ddi ngheo vfla cd tinh ddng thuan, vfla cd mdu thudn De tang tinh ddng thuan gifla tang trudng kinh te' va giam ngheo, ddi hdi phai cd sii can thiep eua nha nude Nhieu nhd khoa hgc eho rdng, phai xay dung lai ly thuyet p h a t trie'n va md hinh phdt trie'n eua cac qudc gia, eho tang trudng kinh te khdng mau thudn ma gdn vdi giam ddi ngheo, thiic hien tien bd, cdng bang xa hdi Dien hinh la tai Hgi nghi Thugng dinh the' gidi v i phat trie'n xa hdi, hgp tai Copenhagben, Dan Mach (thang 3/1995), nguyen thu cua cac nUde da dUa muc tieu phat trie'n khdng chi la t a n g trUdng kinh te don thuan ma phai p h a t trie'n xa hdi, phdt trien ngudi sii can dd'i hai hda gifla ddi sdng vat chat va p h a t trii'n eon ngfldi, vfla an toan, vfla ben vflng Hdi nghi eung da Iflu y eae qud'c gia tren the gidi tap trung giai quye't van de Idn ehie'n Iflge phdt trie'n cua qudc gia minh: Md rdng viec lam, giam ngheo va hda n h a p xa hdi dd'i vdi • "7^hien ciiu - Trao ioi nhflng ngfldi yeu the', d i tdn thflong Mdt ly thuyet p h a t t r i e n mdi da hinh t h a n h (phat trien ben vflng), dd la phat trie'n kinh te phai gan lien vdi giai quye't viee lam cho ngfldi lao ddng, thuc hien xda ddi, giam ngheo va bao ve moi trudng sdng Viec xac lap mdi quan he giUa tang trudng kinh te' vdi thiie hien edng bang xa hdi vd xda ddi, giam ngheo tren the gidi da hinh t h a n h cdc md hinh phat trien khde nhau: - Tang trudng kinh te vdi bat ky gia nao; - Nhdn m a n h edng bdng xa hgi, xda ddi, giam ngheo, tU dd cdc nguon liic phdt trien dugc phan bo theo Id'i eao bdng, binh quan; - Thue hien t a n g trUdng kinh te gdn ddng thdi vdi giai quye't cdc van de xa hdi, dd cd van de xda ddi, giam ngheo; - Nhan m a n h p h a t trien cd mue tieu nhdm dat tdi sii t a n g trudng kinh te nhanh Dd'i vdi cac nude dang phat trien nhu Viet Nam, dieu kien quan trgng va quye't dinh de' giai quye't t h a n h edng van de giam ngheo la phai dam bao tang trudng kinh te cao, ben vflng Cung vdi tdc t a n g trfldng kinh te eao, b i n vflng phai dam bao phan phdi edng bdng Sii chenh lech qud dang ve thu nhap lam cho ngudi ngheo trd nen ngheo hon, ngheo tuong dd'i cdng hoc Id rd hon Sii bat binh dang qud Idn se la liie can ddi vdi sii phdt trien kinh te - xa hdi Dai hdi lan thfl VIII cua Dang da nhdn manh: "Tang trfldng kinh te phai gdn liin vdi tien bd vd cdng bdng xa hgi tflng bfldc va sudt qua trinh phdt trie'n Cdng bdng xa hgi phai the' hien d ca khau phan phdi hgp ly tfl lieu san xuat lan khau phan phdi ket "J^hien diu - Trao ioi qua san xuat, d viec tao diiu kien eho mgi ngfldi deu ed co hdi phdt trien vd sfl dung td't nang luc eua minh"'^* Dai hdi lan thfl X cua Dang da dfla quan diem: "Thflc hien tien bd va cdng bdng xa hdi tflng bfldc va tflng ehinh sdch phat trien, thflc hien td't cac ehinh sdch xa hdi tren co sd phat trien kinh te'"'^' Nhfl vay, viec giai quyet cac van de xa hdi (viee lam, xda ddi, giam ngheo, thu nhap, edng bdng xa hdi ) nhdm phdt trien xa hdi khdng the tdch rdi vdi sU phdt trie'n kinh te, khdng the vugt ngodi kha nang eua nen kinh te eho phep, song khdng phai cfl ed tang trfldng kinh te Id giai quyet dflge cac van d i xa hdi Bdi, phdt trien khdng ehi la tang trfldng krhh te md cdn Id phdt trien xa hdi cdng bdng vd tien bd Tang trfldng kinh te tfl nd khdng giai quye't dflge td't ca cac van d i xa hgi va khdng tfl nd ddn den tien bd xa hgi, ma phai cd sfl diiu tiet eua xa hdi thdng qua Nhd nUdc de phan phdi va phan phdi lai ket qua sdn xuat theo hudng dam bdo edng bdng xa hdi Vi the, khdng the dgi kinh te phdt trien eao mdi giai quyet cac van d i xa hoi, md phdi gdn phdt trien kinh te vdi giai quyet eae van de xa hdi tU dau, tflng budc va tflng ehinh sdch phat trien Thi^c hi^n moi q u a n he gliJa tang trifdfng k i n h te' vdfl x o a doi, giam n g h e o thdi ky doi mdi '" DCSVN, Vdn liien Dai hoi dai bieu todn quoc lan thd VIII, Nxb CTQG, HN 1996, tr.113 '^' DCSVN, Vdn kien Dai hoi dai bieu todn qudc Idn tlid X, Nxb CTQG, HN 2006, tr.lOl '" Theo DCSVN, Vdn kien Dai hoi dai bieu todn qudc Idn thd X, Nxb CTQG, HN 2006, tr.l56 '•" ThcJi b^o Kinh te Viet Nam, Kinh te 20082009, Viet Nam vd the giai, tr.67 53 - Khoa h o c Chinh tri Trong thdi ky dd'i mdi, tang trudng kinh te' gdn vdi xda ddi, giam ngheo, gdp phan thue hien tien bd, cdng bdng xa hdi la mdt ehu truong Idn cua Dang, Nha nude ta vd duge xdc dinh Id mdt van di ed tinh chien lugc lau dai, la mue tieu xuyen sudt qua trinh phat trie'n kinh te' - xa hdi Gan 25 nam qua, n h a t la tU nam 1991 den nay, nude ta da dat dugc nhieu thdnh tiiu viec gidi quyet mdi quan he giUa tdng triidng kinh te vdi xdi ddi, gidm ngheo The hien ndi bat: - Tdng trudng kinh te vd tgo viec ldm cho ngudi lao dgng TU ddi mdi den nay, tang trUdng kinh te Id yeu td rat quan trgng, anh hudng rat Idn den tang cau vi lao ddng Cung vdi tang trUdng kinh te', ngudi lao ddng cd nhiiu eo hdi tao viec lam, tim kie'm viec lam, sd' lugng ngudi dang lam viee n i n kinh te qudc dan da tang tu 29,412 trieu nam 1990 len 45,037 trieu nam 2008 Trong nam (20012005) da tao viee lam cho 7,5 trieu lao ddng, cdc phdn kinh te ngoai nhd nude thu hut gan 91% luc lugng lao ddng xa hdi vd tao 90% viec lam mdi Xuat khau chuyen gia vd lao dgng gap 2,3 lan so vdi nam trUdc"' Viee giai quyet duge viec lam va tao viec lam mdi da tdc ddng ldm giam ty le that nghiep d khu viic thdnh thi va ty le thieu viee ldm d ndng thdn: ty le that nghiep cua lao ddng tudi khu viie thdnh thi nam 1998 la 6,90%, nam 2000: 6,30%, nam 2005: 5,31% vd nam 2008 la 4,65%; ty le thieu viec d ndng thdn nam 1998 len den 29%; sau dd giam dan vd tfl nam 2006 gidm xud'ng cdn 20%'^' - Thu nhap vd chat Idgng cugc song cua ddn cU dugc cdi thien ddng ke C\[£hien ciiu - Trao id'i 54 - Khoa hoc Chinh tri Tfl t h a n h qua t a n g trfldng va phat trien kinh te cua nflde ta, thu n h a p cua ngudi dan dfloc nang cao va dd, chat Iflgng cugc sdng dflge cai thien Do too tang GDP cao, lien tuc dn dinh nhieu n a m va tdng san pham nflde tang ga'p nhieu Idn so vdi nam 1986, chdng han: n a m 2007 theo gia hien h a n h tdng GDP dat 1.143 ty ddng, tuong dflong vdi 71,3 ty USD (tflc la ga'p lan so vdi n a m 1986), nen GDP/ngUdi/nam da tang len dang ke Cu the: nam 1995 la 289 USD/ngfldi/nam, nam 2005 la 639 USD/ngUdi/nam, nam 2007: 835 USD/ngUdi/nam va nam 2008 dat 1.024 USD/ngUdi/nam(» Thu nhap binh quan dau ngUdi khdng ngflng dflOc cai thien {xem Bdng 1) Tang trfldng kinh te' n h a n h da dem Bdng P h a t trien ngfldi la mdt tieu chuan quan trgng h a n g dau phat trien xa hgi Vao t h a p nien 80 cua the ky XX, Chuong trinh phat trien Lien hiep qud'c (UNDP) da dfla khai niem "Phdt trien ngUdi" va dfla chi sd p h a t t r i e n ngfldi (HDI) Chi so' dugc xay dflng t r e n tieu chl: Sfle khde, tri thflc va thu nhap Ke tfl Viet Nam cd m a t Bao cao thudng nien cua UNDP, thfl bac HDI cua Viet Nam dan dugc n a n g cao qua trinh ddi mdi {xem Bdng 2) Chi so' HDI tang len la sii phan a n h mgt each tdng hgp ket qua gan tang trfldng kinh te vdi giam ngheo va bat binh ddng nen kinh te' thi trudng dinh hfldng XHCN cua Viet Nam Trong qua trinh ddi mdi, Viet Nam 1: T h u n h a p b i n h q u a n d a u ngu'o'i t h a n g 1995 1996 Ban VI tinh: 1000 1999 2002 + Ca n\idc 206,1 226,7 295,0 356,1 484,4 636,0 - Thanh thi 452,8 509,4 516,7 622,1 815,4 1.058,0 - Nong thon + Chenh lech thi/ nong thon (lan) 172,5 187,9 225,0 275,1 387,1 506,0 2,62 2,71 2,30 2,26 2,16 2,09 Nam dong 2004 2006 Nguon: Thdi bao Kinh te Viet Nam, Kinh te 2008-2009, Viet Nam vd the giai, tr.76 lai nhieu lgi ich cho ngfldi dan (trong dd cd ngfldi ngheo) va dd la diem quan trgng t h a n h tich giai quye't mdi quan he gifla tang trfldng kinh te' va xda ddi, giam ngheo d nflde ta gan 25 nam qua - Cdi thien chi so phdt trien nguai (HDI), ty le ngheo gidm nhanh '1' Thdi bao Kinh te Viet Nam, Kinh te 20082009, Viet Nam ud the giai, tr.68 da dat dflge nhieu t h a n h tflu khdng the phu nhan, dac biet la tang trfldng kinh te va xda doi, giam ngheo + Trong nhflng n a m 1990, tdc dp tang trfldng GDP dat binh quan 7,2*/,^,,, Theo da ciia t a n g trUdng kinh te (theo ket qua dieu tra va each tinh cua Ngan hang the gidi) nudc ta da giam tfl 51% dan cfl sdng dfldi mfle ngheo khd vao cac n a m 1992-1993 xud'ng cdn 37% vao cac nam 1997-1998, rieng ndng thdn, giam • C^lghien ciiu - Trao id} 55 - Khoa h o c Chinh tri Bdng 2: Toe dp t a n g GDP va chi so' HDI qua cac nam ciia Viet Nam Nam Toe dp t a n g GDP (%) 1990 1995 2000 2004 2005 2006 2007 5,09 9,54 6,80 7,79 8,44 8,23 8,48 Thu; b $ c HDI Chi so HDI 0,608 0,539 0,671 0,691 0,704 Thii b|ic so s a n h vdi cac ntifdc tham gia xe'p hang 74/130 nflde 120/174 nflde 108/174 nflde 112/177 nflde 108/177 nflde 109/177 nude'"' 105/177 nude Nguon: Thoi bao Kinh te Viet Nam, Kinh te 2008-2009 Viet Nam vd the giai tr.69 tfl 57% xud'ng cdn 45% Theo each tinh cua Tdng cue Thd'ng ke, ty le ngheo d nude ta ed xu hudng giam lien tue tfl 28,8% vao ndm 1992 xud'ng eon 22,87% nam 1994, 17,75% vao nam 1997 va 15,75% vao nam 1998 Theo danh gia eiia Lien hiep qud'c, "Viet Nam giam dflge mdt nfla ty le ddi ngheo thap nien vfla qua la dieu gan nhfl chfla ed nflde nao dat dflge"''* + Giai doan 2001-2005, tdc tang GDP dat mfle binh quan 7,20%, ty le ngheo theo chuan qud'c gia dp dung cho giai doan 2001-2005 da giam tfl 17,5% nam 2001 xud'ng cdn 7% vao nam 2005 -I- Trong cac nam 2006-2008, GDP tang 8,23% (ndm 2006); 8,48% (nam 2007) va 6,23% (nam 2008) thi ty le ngheo theo tieu chuan qud'c gia mdi ap '" Dan theo Bao Nhan dan, 16/12/1999 •''Bao cao phat trien ciia UNDP cong bo' hang nam thi nSm 2006 mroc ta co den 15% tre em khong tiep can duoc mrac sach va 35% tre em khong tiep can dieu kien ve sinh phu hop dung eho giai doan 2006-2010 da giam tfl 15,47% vao cudi nam 2006 xud'ng 14,75% vao nam 2007 va 13,50% vao nam 2008 Cd the nhan xet rang, Viet Nam da rat edng xet ve mfle giam ty le ngheo tflong dflong vdi mdi phan tram tang trfldng kinh te Thanh cdng viee giai quye't mdi quan he gifla tdng trfldng kinh te vdi xda ddi, giam ngheo d nflde ta la do: Dang ta da de chu trflong, dfldng Id'i phat trien kinh te - xa hgi dung ddn, hgp long dan; Nha nflde ta da ban hanh va thflc thi cd hieu qua he thd'ng ehinh sach VI md (chinh sach kinh te va chinh sach xa hdi) dd'i vdi tang trfldng kinh te va xda ddi, giam ngheo, huy ddng dflge cac ngudn Ifle tfl Nha nflde, nhan dan va cdng ddng qud'c te cho tang trfldng kinh te va giai quye't cac van de xa hgi bflc xuc, dd cd xda ddi, giam ngheo Ben canh nhflng tflu dat dflge, van de giai quyet mdi quan he gifla tang trfldng kinh te vdi xda ddi, giam ngheo cung cdn ed nhiing han che, bdt cap vd nhieu van de dat can tiep tuc giai quyet Dd la: 56 - Khoa h o c Chinh tri - Chdt lugng tdng trUdng kinh te thieu ben vdng Phdn tich sfl ddng gdp eua yeu td vdo t a n g trudng cho tha'y: yeu td sd lugng vdn da ddng gdp tdi 57,5%, yeu td sd lugng lao ddng gdp 20%, edng hai yeu to da ddng gdp tdi 77,5%, cdn yeu to thfl - n a n g sua't cdc n h a n to tdng hgp (TFP) chi ddng gdp 22,5% Nhu vay, tang trUdng eua Viet Nam vdn la sd' lugng, theo chieu rdng, chat lugng tang trudng t h a p Nguyen n h d n la do: Hieu qua dau tU t h a p va ed xu hUdng giam dan, n a n g sua't lao ddng xa hdi thap va sfle canh t r a n h cua nen kinh te thap kem - Su chenh lech ve thu nhap vd phdn hoa giau ngheo co xu liddng gia tdng Mfle chenh lech giau ngheo theo thu nhap cd xu hfldng t a n g len va vdi tdc cdng n h a n h hon He sd' chenh lech thu nhap gifla nhdm hd giau va nhdm hd ngheo tinh ehung ea nflde deu tang qua cdc nam Nam 1995 la 6,99 lan, nam 1999 la 7,65 lan, n a m 2002: 8,1 lan Phan hda gidu ngheo ndi chung cd xu hfldng gia tang: Nam 1992-1993 Id 4,43 lan, nhflng n a m 2001-2002 tang len 8,14 lan va nhflng n a m 2005-2006 Id 8,38 lan'i' Viet Nam cung dang dflng trfldc thach thflc Idn Id giam ngheo chfla vflng chdc, nguy co tdi ngheo cao, ty le tdi ngheo Idn (7-10% tong so hd mdi thodt ngheo)'^', tdc giam ngheo ed xu hfldng cham lai, xud't hien mdt sd' dd'i tflgng ngheo mdi d nhflng vung dang dd thi hda va nhdm lao ddng nhap cfl vao dd thi Tfl nhflng van de dat nhfl neu d ""•''^' http://www.tapchicongsan.org.vn, so 23 (167), 2008 ?{ghien ciiu - Trao ioi tren, thdi gian tdi, de tiep tue giai quyet mdi quan he gifla t a n g trfldng kinh te' vdi xda ddi, giam ngheo, theo chung tdi cdn huCdng vdo thyCc hien: - Phdt trien ben vdng P h d t trien ben vflng dang la xu the phat trie'n cua the gidi ngdy va eung thdeh thflc cho mgi qud'c gia xu the toan cau hda va hdi nhap kinh te qud'c te' Phdt trien ben vflng la mdt qua trinh p h a t trien toan dien: kinh te, xa hdi, van hda, gido due, khoa hge edng nghe vd sfl phat trien ngfldi Ndi den p h a t trie'n ben vflng, ngfldi ta thfldng tap trung vao ndi dung, dugc ggi la "3 tru cdt", dd Id kinh te', xa hgi vd mdi trUdng Muc tieu tdng quat cua sii phat trie'n ben vflng ma Viet Nam da xdc dinh la dat dflge sfl day du ve vat chat, sii giau cd v i tinh t h a n vaT van hda, sii binh dang eua cac edng dan va ddng thuan eua xa hgi, sU hai hda mat la phdt trien kinh te, phdt trien xd hgi vd bdo ve moi trUdng - Tiep tuc thuc hien chien lugc todn dien ve tdng triidng vd xoa doi, gidm ngheo Dai hdi lan thfl IX cua Dang de va dflge Thu tfldng Chinh phu phe duyet n a m 2002 Diem co ban vd nd'i b a t Chien Iflgc todn dien ve t a n g trfldng vd xoa ddi, gidm ngheo la d chd Dang va Nha nflde ta da gdn chat muc tieu xda doi, giam ngheo vdi ehie'n Iflgc phat trie'n, coi xda ddi, giam ngheo la mdt bd phan cau thdnh eua chien Iflgc phdt trien, la mue tieu xuyen sudt qua trinh phdt trie'n kinh te - xa hgi eua dat nUdc Xda doi, giam ngheo vfla la mue tieu, vfla la dieu kien va thflde eua sfl phdt trie'n ben vflng, la yeu to eo ban dam bao cong bdng xa hdi.D ... GDP/ngUdi /nam da tang len dang ke Cu the: nam 1995 la 289 USD/ngfldi /nam, nam 2005 la 639 USD/ngUdi /nam, nam 2007: 835 USD/ngUdi /nam va nam 2008 dat 1.024 USD/ngUdi /nam( » Thu nhap binh quan dau ngUdi... ngudi dang lam viee n i n kinh te qudc dan da tang tu 29,412 trieu nam 1990 len 45,037 trieu nam 2008 Trong nam (20012005) da tao viee lam cho 7,5 trieu lao ddng, cdc phdn kinh te ngoai nhd nude... tudi khu viie thdnh thi nam 1998 la 6,90%, nam 2000: 6,30%, nam 2005: 5,31% vd nam 2008 la 4,65%; ty le thieu viec d ndng thdn nam 1998 len den 29%; sau dd giam dan vd tfl nam 2006 gidm xud'ng cdn