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^rao Ddi ngt)iep tiu Xa hoi hoc s6'4 (112), 2010 83 MOT SO VAN DE XAY D U N G XA HOI HOC LANH DAO, QUAN LY TRONG DIEU KIEN M I LE NGOC HUNG* NGUY16N NGOC ANH" Ldi Tda s c a n : Tap chi Xa hpi hpc xin trdn trpng gidi thieu bdi viet ciia cdc tdc gid Le Ngpc Hiing vd Nguyen Ngpc Anh ve y tudng xay ditng chuyen ngdnh "xd hpi hpc lanh dgo, qudn If a Viet Nam Trong bdi co trinh bdy mot so'khdi niem co ngudn go'c td tieng Anh vd co chu thich thuat ngd tieng Anh kem theo Mac dii co nhiing y kie'n khdc ve viec dich nhiing thudt ngd ndy sang tieng Viet, song chung toi in nguyen vdn cdch diing tii cua cdc tdc gia Bdi viet cung cdp nhiiu thong tin vi ly luan co gid tri vd CO nhieu y tudng ddng suy nghi them, song quan diem cHa cdc tdc gid khong nhdt thiet phdn anh quan diem cua Tgp chi Xd hpi hpc Xin trdn trpng gidi thieu bdi viet ciing bgn dpc D a t v a n d e Nhieu sinh vien gdm ca ngfldi nghien cflu va giang day chuyen n g a n h xa hpi hpc eho r a n g t r e n the gidi k h d n g ed "Xa hpi hoc q u a n ly" va cung khdng cd "Xa hpi hpc lanh dao" Mot so' ngfldi cdn cho r a n g khdng c l n den ea h a i bp mdn khoa hoc nay, cung nhfl k h d n g can ca mdn "Lanh dao hpc" hay "Khoa hpc ve l a n h dao", bdi vi eho rang cac khoa hoc ve q u a n ly da nghien cflu ca l a n h dao va eac v a n de xa hpi cua quan ly rdi Nhflng trfldc yeu cau thflc tien phai nghien cflu cac va'n de l a n h dao, q u a n ly tfl goc dp xa hpi hpc de xay dflng, p h a t trien bp mdn khoa hpc n e n c l n p h a i tim hieu ky hdn khdng ehi va'n de "cd h a y khdng" bp mon nhfl vay m a la xac dinh do'i tfldng va cae each tiep can nghien cflu eua nd Chi can t r a cflu tfl dien xa hpi hpc hoae vao I n t e r n e t la cd the tim tha'y ten mot eud'n saeh cua Mike Reed la "Xa hpi hpc ve q u a n ly" {The Sociology of Management) n h a x u a t b a n Prentice-Hall, London eho m I t ban dpc vao n a m 1989 Tim hieu ky hdn se t h a y se t h a y k h d n g it sach n h a p mon xa hpi hpc va tfl dien xa hpi hpc deu cd b a n den "lanh dao", "quan ly" Dieu dd cd nghia la xa hpi hpc r a t q u a n t a m nghien cflu l a n h dao, q u a n ly Dac biet cd the p h a t hien tha'y: so' cac n h a xa hpi hpc kinh dien, Max Weber la ngfldi da cd ddng gdp r a t Idn cho sfl hinh t h a n h chuyen nganh xa hpi hpc ve lanh dao, quan ly vao dau the ky XX GS.TS, Vien Xd hpi hpc - Hpc vien Chinh tri - Hdnh chinh qudc gia Ho Chi Minh Th.S, Vien Xd hpi hpc - Hpc vien Chinh tri • Hdnh chinh qudc gia Hd Chi Minh 84 Mot sd'va'n di xay dUng xd hpi hpc lanh dao Cong lao dd the hien ro qua viec ong phan tich mot each he tho'ng, khoa hpc cac khai niem cd ban nhfl "quyen Ifle" (Pdwer), "quyen uy" (Authority), "cac ca'u true cua quyen Iflc" (Structures of power), "nhiem sd" (Bureaucracy), "td chflc nhiem sd" (Bureaucratic organization) va nhieu khai niem khac lam cd sd ly luan cho linh vflc nghien cflu xa hpi hpc ve lanh dao, quan ly Weber da ddng gdp eho xa hpi hoc quan ly khai niem "quan ly nhiem sd"' ong ban ve cac dac diem cfla nhiem sd (Bureaucracy) nhfl ca'u true quyen uy, phan edng lao ddng, hd sd hda cac vi tri, vai trd, chflc nang, nhiem vu va thu tuc lam viec, che tuyen chpn, bd' tri thfldng phat dfla vao trinh dp chuyen mdn ky thuat, quan he chflc nang, edng viee tach khdi quan he tinh cam Weber la ngfldi d l u tien xa hpi hpc da phat hien sfl kien cd tinh cha't each mang eua eua viee tach sd hflu khdi quan ly xa hpi ndng nghiep d chau Au the ky XVIII - XIX, lam cd sd cho sfl xua't hien khai niem "each mang quan ly" sau Dfla vao khai niem quyen uy va sfl hdp thflc, Weber da phan tich ba loai lanh dao^: mot la lanh dao sieu nhien (Charismatic leadership) dfla vao thfl quyen uy sieu nhien, hai la lanh dao truyen thdng (Traditionalist authority) dfla vao quyen uy truyen tho'ng, phong tuc, tap quan va ba la lanh dao phdp ly dfla vao quyen uy phap ly (Legal authority) Cach phan loai lanh dao eua Weber da trd nen tang cho cac nghien cflu ve eac kieu, loai, phong each lanh dao sau O Viet Nam, xa hpi hpc bat d l u phat trien mot each chinh thflc khoang thdi gian ba thap ky qua, den da ed mot eud'n "Giao trinh xa hpi hpc quan ly"^ tap the tac gia Vien Xa hpi hoc, Hpc vien Chinh tri - Hanh chinh quc'c gia Hd Chi Minh bien soan de dao tao hpc vien cac Idp cao cap ly luan, cfl nhan chinh tri cua Hpc vien va mot eud'n giao trinh "Xa hpi hpc quan ly""* danh eho sinh vien khoa Xa hpi hpc cua Dai hpc Khoa hpc Xa hpi va Nhan van, Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha Noi Ddng thdi kie'n thflc xa hpi hpc ve lanh dao, quan ly da dfldc idng ghep vao cac chfldng trinh giad due, dao tao khac eho cac ddi tfldng ngfldi hoc khac Tren thflc te, viec ap dung cac tri thflc khoa hpc nhfl tam ly hpc, kinh te hpc, ehinh tri hpc va ca quan ly hpc, hanh chinh hpc vao cae linh vUe lanh dao, quan ly cung chfla du, nha't la khdng it tac gia cho r i n g lanh dao, quan ly mot cdng ddng xa hpi vi du nhfl mot thon, mot xa, phfldng, mot quan, huyen, hay mot tinh, phd' eung tUdng tu nhfl lanh dao, quan ly mot nha may, xi nghiep, cdng ty, hay mot cd quan, td chflc khdng id Biet bao nhieu la van de khd khan, phflc tap nhfl nhiem mdi trfldng, mat ve sinh thflc pham, ach tic giao thong, thieu trat tfl xa hdi eung cac loai te nan xa hpi dang ddi hdi phai cd each tiep can mdi tfl gde dp xa hpi hpc dd'i vdi lanh dao, quan ly tdng the xa hpi, toan the xa hoi ' Gerth and Mills From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology Oxford University Press NY 1958 Tr 196 - Theo N Abercrombie, S Hill, B.S.Turner Dictionary of Sociology Penguin Reference Penguin Books London 2000 Tr 197-198 ^ Nguyin Dinh Tan (chu bien) Xd hoi hgc qudn ly Hoc vien Chinh tri quo'c gia Ho Chi Minh H i Npi 2000 349 trang * Vu Hao Quang, Xd hoi hgc qudn ly Nxb Dai hoc Quoc gia Hk Noi 2002 Le Ngpc Hiing - Nguyin Ngpc Anh 85 Tinh hinh ly luan va thflc tiln nhfl vfla neu dang dat va'n de ca'p thiet la xay dflng va phat trien bp mdn khoa hpc "Xa hpi hpc (ve) lanh dao, quan ly" bao gdm ea "Xa hpi hpc quan ly" va "Xa hpi hpc lanh dao" tren ca hai phfldng dien: mot la lam ro dd'i tUdng nghien cflu va hai la lam ro each tiep can ly thuyet cua nd Doi tfldng n g h i e n ciifu c u a xa hoi h o c l a n h d a o , q u a n ly Cd the xem xet mot so' dinh nghia ve dd'i tfldng cua xa hpi hpc quan ly nhfl sau Quan niem thfl nha't cho r i n g dd'i tfldng nghien cflu eua xa hpi hpc quan ly la eac quy luat, cle dac diem, tinh cha't, cae nguyen ly va eac ed che cua viec xay dflng, dinh hfldng, dieu ehinh hanh vi, hoat ddng cua eon ngfldi xa hpi Cd the coi day la quan niem tdng quat ra't rong ed tinh chat tdng - tich hdp each tiep can nghien cflu xa hpi hoc ve quan ly Tfl day sinh van de la cln xac dinh ro dac trflng xa hpi hpc dd'i tfldng nghien cflu eua bp mdn neu khdng nd se bi trdn lan cac khoa hpc khac, bdi vi, vi du, cac khoa hpc quan ly hay tam ly hpc quan ly cung ed the dfldc dinh nghia la ed dd'i tfldng nghien cflu nhfl vay Quan niem thfl hai eho rang: xa hpi hpc quan ly la mot chuyen nganh cua xa hpi hpc nghien cflu each thflc pho'i hdp hoat ddng cua eac vien, cac bp phan eua mot td chflc, cac quy luat, cac phfldng phap tac ddng hudng dich vao cae cau true xa hpi va qua trinh xa hpi, cac quan he xa hpi mot td chflc hoae mot xa hpi nao dd nhlm dat mue tieu xac dinh Trong quan niem nay, quan ly dfldc xem xet chu yeu vdi tfl each la mot loai hoat dong hfldng dich nhlm mue tieu xac dinh chfl khdng phai la hien tfldng xa hpi nha't dinh Van de la khdng phai hien tfldng xa hpi nao ciing cln lanh dao, quan ly vdi tfl each nhfl la phfldng tien de dat mue dich chung Trong nhieu trfldng hdp, lanh dao va quan ly la mot loai hien tfldng xa hpi, sfl kien xa hpi cung chiu sfl tac ddng va chi phdi bdi cac hien tfldng khac, sfl kien khac eua xa hpi Ndi each khac la "lanh dao, quan ly" eua mot Hnh vflc ciing hi lanh dao, quan ly eua mot linh vflc khac tdng the ddi sd'ng xa hpi Xem xet ky ed the tha'y: ca hai quan niem vfla neu deu khdng ndi den "lanh dao" va chu yeu dfla vao each tiep can hoat ddng de nghien cflu ve quan ly vdi tfl each la qua trinh hoat ddng, qua trinh tie ddng tfl chu the den nhflng khach the va dd'i tfldng nha't dinh pham vi mot td chflc hay mot ed quan nha't dinh Ddng thdi ca hai quan niem nhfl vay deu khdng phan anh rd dac trflng xa hpi hpc each dinh nghia ddi tfldng va xac dinh phfldng phap nghien cflu Quan niem tfldng tfl nhfl vay thfldng de gap cae a'n pham cua cac bp mon khac nhfl tam ly hpc ve quan ly, quan ly hoc, quan tri kinh doanh, quan ly kinh te Do vay, sinh yeu cau la phai xac dinh dfldc ddi tfldng nghien cflu cho lam ro dfldc vi tri tfldng do'i dpc lap cua xa hpi hpc lanh dao, quan ly md'i quan he vdi cac khoa hpc khac, nhat la tam ly hpc ve lanh dao, quan ly ndi rieng va quan ly hoc, lanh dao hpc ndi chung Trfldc cac yeu clu nhfl vay, cd the xua't phat tfl each tiep can "quan he luan" de neu dinh nghia nhfl sau: Xd hoi hgc lanh dgo, qudn ly la chuyen ngdnh xd hdi hgc tap trung nghien cdu quy luat, ddc diem vd tinh chdt cua sii ndy sinh, van ddng, bien ddi md'i quan he gida lanh dgo, qudn ly vdi xd hdi vd vdi ngiidi 86 Mot so'vdn de xay ditng xd hpi hpc lanh dgo Dinh nghia la sfl cu the hda mot each nha't quan quan niem ve xa hdi hpc vdi ddi tfldng dfldc xac dinh la quy luat cua mdi quan he gifla ngfldi va xa hpi^ Ddi tfldng nghien cflu cua xa hpi hpc lanh dao, quan ly cd hai mat: mot la mdi quan he cua lanh dao, quan ly vdi xa hpi va hai la mdi quan he cua lanh dao, quan ly vdi ngfldi Cac cau hdi nghien cflu cd ban d day la: lanh dao, quan ly xua't hien va bien ddi nhfl the nao xa hpi? Lanh dao, quan ly cd vi tri, vai trd nhfl the nao ddi song xa hpi cua ngfldi? Sfl bien doi xa hpi va sfl phat trien eon ngfldi eo tac ddng nhfl the nao dd'i vdi lanh dao, quan ly? Theo each xac dinh dd'i tfldng nghien cflu nhfl vay, "lanh dao", "quan ly" dfldc hieu khdng chi la nhflng hien tfldng xa hpi ma la nhflng loai quan he gifla ngUdi va xa hpi bieu hien dUdi hinh thflc cd the quan sat dfldc mdi quan he gifla cac ca nhan, gifla ea nhan vdi nhdm va quan he gifla cac nhdm, cac td chflc, cae edng ddng Lanh dao la mot bp phan cua mdi quan he^ va chi mot bp phan quan he dd mdi ed the phan biet "ngfldi lanh dao" va ngfldi "hi lanh dao", xet cac bp phan khac eua md'i quan he gifla ngfldi va xa hpi, ngfldi lanh dao cd the trd ngfldi hi lanh dao va ngfldi hi lanh dao cd the trd ngUdi lanh dao Ve vai trd eua lanh dao, quan ly, ed the tha'y lanh dao cd tac dong tich efle eho sU phat trien linh vUc nhflng van cd the trd tieu efle, can trd sfl phat trien cac linh vflc khac eua ddi sd'ng xa hpi Noi each khac: ngfldi lanh dao rat gidi mot linh vflc van ed the la ngfldi lanh dao rat kem cac linh vflc khac, nha't la ngfldi dd cd' tinh tim each lanh dao du thfl' Cach dinh nghia neu tren cho tha'y xa hpi hpc lanh dao, quan ly khdng phai la "lanh dao hpc" chuyen nghien cflu ve ban cha't eua lanh dao va cung khdng phai la "quan ly hoc" chuyen nghien cflu ve ban cha't eua quan ly va cung khong phai la tam ly hoc chuyen nghien cflu khia canh tam ly eua hanh vi, hoat ddng eua ngfldi lanh dao, ngfldi quan ly va hanh vi, hoat ddng cua ngfldi bi lanh dao, ngfldi hi quan ly nhdm, td chflc hay xa hpi Xa hpi hpc luon xem xet "lanh dao, quan ly" mdi quan he vdi tdng the xa hpi Nhd xac dinh ro ddi tfldng nghien cflu la quy luat, dac diem va tinh cha't eua mdi quan he "song trung" gifla mot ben la "lanh dao, quan ly" va mot ben la "xa hpi, ngfldi" nen chuyen nganh cd vi tri dpc lap tUdng ddi de hdp tac, lien nganh vdi cac bp mdn khoa hpc khac nhU tam ly hpc, lanh dao hpc, quan ly hpc, kinh te hoc, chinh tri hpc, nhan hpc va nhieu khoa hpc khac Dae biet, vdi tU each la chuyen nganh, bp mon hoan toan cd the van dung cac ly thuyet, k h i i niem va phUdng phap tiep can xa hpi hpc vao nghien cflu ddi tfldng eua minh ' Pham Ta't Dong - Le Ngoc Hung (dong chu bien) Xd hoi hgc Nxb Dai hoc Quoc gia H^ Npi 2008 * Bryan S Turner The Cambridge Dictionary of Sociology Cambridge Universily Press Ixjndon 2006 Tr 331 ' Br>-an S Turner The Cambridge Dictionary of Sociology Cambridge University Press London 2006 Tr 332 Le Ngpc Hiing - Nguyin Ngpc Anh 87 Bo'n e a c h t i e p c a n xa hoi hoc ve q u a n ly Dudng nhfl de gdp phln khlc phuc tinh trang thieu v i n g bp mdn xa hpi hoe quan ly nen Mike Reed da viet ea eud'n sach eung ten, dd dng da he tho'ng hda dfldc ba each tiep can cd ban xa hpi hpc ve quan ly va de xua't each tiep can thfl tfl cua rieng dng, cu the nhfl sau^: Thfl nha't, theo each tiep can ky thuat, quan ly dfldc hieu la cdng cu dfldc thiet ke mot each hdp ly de thflc hien nhflng mue tieu chu yeu cd gia tri vat chat, tflc la quin ly la phfldng tien de dat dfldc hieu qua kinh te - ky thuat cua mot td chflc chfl khong phai la muc dich Cach tiep can dfla tren md hinh ly thuyet he thdng, dd quan ly la cd che bao dam cho td chflc thich flng vdi moi trfldng hoat ddng cua td chflc Chien Ifldc chinh sach d day la phai tang cfldng tinh hieu qua cua ca'u trflc td chflc blng each chad doan chinh xac va chfla tri kip thdi cae roi loan chflc nang eua td chflc Thfl hai la each tiep can chinh tri: theo dd quan ly dfldc hieu la mot qua trinh xa hpi dfldc khdi dong n h l m dieu tiet sfl mau thuan cua cac nhdm ldi ich Cach tiep can chinh tri dfla tren md hinh ly thuyet hanh dong vdi cae khai niem ed ban nhfl hanh ddng xa hpi, tfldng t i e xa hpi, he thdng kiem soat, quy tac, thu tue, ky thuat xfl ly, bien phap dieu tiet, ldi ich, mau thuan, xung dot, quyen Iflc, quyen uy Theo each tiep can ehinh tri, chien Ifldc ehinh saeh de giai quyet mau thuan la eai tien cac ky nang dd'i thoai dam phan cua cac ben tham gia Thfl ba la each tiep can phe phan vdi quan niem rang quan ly la cd che kiem soat, dac trflng eho phfldng thflc san xuat tfl ban chu nghia n h l m tdi da hda va chiem doat ldi nhuan Xua't phat tfl yeu c l u canh tranh kinh te, quan ly phai dam bao kiem soat dfldc qua trinh san xuat va quan he san xuat de tao cang nhieu gia tri thang dfl cang td't, ddng thdi van dam bid dfldc sfl phu thuoc vdi mflc chdng do'i hi giam bdt to'i thieu cua lao ddng vao qua trinh san xuat Cach tiep can phe phan dfla vao md hinh ly thuyet mac xit vdi nhflng khai niem dac trflng nhfl gia tri thang dfl, ldi nhuan, phu thude, chi huy, to chflc, kiem soat, san xuat, tfl ban, tich luy tfl ban, lao ddng, qua trinh lao ddng va nhieu khai niem khac Theo each tiep can phe phan, chien Ifldc ehinh sach de quan ly nhflng va'n de sinh la giai phdng cae ben tham gia thoat khdi nhflng quan niem sai lech ve hien thflc xa hpi Reed cho r i n g ca ba each tiep can neu tren deu tha't bai viee eung ca'p mot khung ly thuyet tho'ng nha't cho nghien cflu xa hpi hpc ve quan ly Va'n de dat la can phai xay dflng mot khung phan tich ed kha nang ket hdp dfldc ca yeu to' hanh vi quan ly, cau true td chflc va mdi trfldng thiet che ve quan ly, eung nhfl eo kha nang tdng hdp dfldc cac the manh va k h l c phuc dfldc cae thieu sdt eua ba each tiep can De dap flng nhflng yeu clu Reed de xua't each tiep can thfl tfl, each tiep can thflc tiln xa hpi ' Phdn viet niy dUa v&o Mike Reed The Sociology of Management Prentice - Hall London 1989 Tr - 27 88 Mot sdvdn di xay ditng xd hpi hpc lanh dew Theo each tiep can thfl tfl nay, quan ly khdng phai hoae la ca'u true td chflc, hoae la qua trinh chinh tri - xa hpi hay la cd che kiem soat ma la thflc tiln xa hpi (Social practice) Theo Reed, thflc tiln xa hpi dUdc tao bdi nam yeu to' tfldng tac vdi la: (i) cae hanh dong cua cac ben tham gia, (ii) cac khai niem dfldc chia se de nhan biet cae muc tieu va cac va'n de cua cac ben tham gia mdi tfldng tac xa hpi, (iii) eac muc tieu dfldc chia se va eac va'n de ma thflc tiln dd hfldng vao giai quye't, (iv) cac phfldng tien hay cac ngudn Iflc vat cha't va bieu tfldng de hanh ddng, (v) cac dieu kien tinh hudng cua thflc tiln xa hpi Tuy nhien, xem xet ky Ifldng, Reed eho ring: khdng phai thflc tiln xa hpi nao eung la quan ly ma ehi thflc tien xa hpi hang hai mdi la quan ly Thflc tien xa hpi hang nha't n h l m vao bien ddi cle dieu kien mdi trfldng ma dd dien ddi sd'ng eua eon ngfldi bieu hien d viec san xua't hang hda, dich vu va tfl tfldng ve cac yeu to' dd Thflc tiln xa hpi hang hai dfldc dinh hfldng vao viec tao sfl hpi nhap va sfl phdi hdp tdng the cua cac thflc tien xa hpi hang nha't thdng qua viec thiet ke, thflc hien va kiem tra eac ed che phap ly, ehinh tri va hanh ehinh Vdi quan niem quan ly la thflc tiln xa hdi, each tiep can thflc tien da tho'ng nha't dfldc ca ba ehieu canh cd ban eua quan ly la ehieu canh ky thuat, ehieu canh qua trinh hoat ddng va ehieu canh cd che kiem soat; ddng thdi khlc phuc dfldc quan niem coi quan ly ehi la phfldng tien hay edng cu theo dudi muc tieu kinh te - ky thuat, muc tieu chinh tri hay muc tieu tfl tfldng Vdi tfl each la thflc tien xa hpi, quan ly ed nhiem vu pho'i hdp va kiem soat cac thflc tien san xuat khac nham dat dfldc cac mue tieu cua hp Cach tiep can thflc tien xa hpi ed kha nang tho'ng nhat cac md hinh ly thuyet hanh vi, td chflc va thiet che bang each xem xet quan ly tren eac cap dp tfl hanh vi den td chflc va thiet che de dam bao phdi hdp cac chien Ifldc chinh saeh mot each phu hdp vdi tflng ca'p dp cua quan ly Mike Reed, tie gia eua each tiep can thflc tiln xa hpi eung nhan tha'y ro nhieu dieu can phai tiep tue nghien cflu de phat trien xa hpi hpc ve quan ly® Vi du, cln phai tim hieu ro sfl p h l t trien lich sfl eua cac hinh thflc kiem soat td chflc va anh hfldng cua cac hinh thflc dd ddi vdi hoat ddng quan ly, sfl flng phd eua td chflc ddi vdi cae ed che kiem soat, vi tri va vai trd eua nhdm quan ly ca'u true giai tang xa hpi va qua trinh tai ca'u true quan ly xa hpi Tuy nhien, each tiep can thfl tfl - each tiep can thflc tien xa hpi cung khdng tranh khdi mot thieu sdt ed ban la khdng ndi gi den "lanh dao" Do vay, vdi tinh than nghien cflu tdng - tich hdp de phat trien xa hpi hpc lanh dao, quan ly, mot mat, c l n phai van dung ca bdn each tiep can ma mdi mot each tiep can ed mot loai dd'i tfldng, mot md hinh giai thich va mot chien ludc flng phd phfl hdp Ddng thdi, mat khac, c l n phai tim hieu ky Ifldng de ed the chuyen dieh theo kieu "tinh tien" cae va'n de xa hpi hpc quan ly, nhfl Reed da phan tich, nhflng va'n de xa hpi hpc lanh dao Mot thieu sdt nfla cua each tiep ' Mike Reed The Sociology of Management Prentice-Hall London 1989 Tr 14 U Ngpc Hiing - Nguyin Ngpc Anh 89 can thUe t i l n xa hdi la chfla lam ro t h u a t ngfl "xa hdi" dfldc hieu thed nghia nhfl the nao, bdi vi ra't cd the thflc t i l n xa hpi dfldc phan biet vdi cac thflc t i l n khac nhu thUe t i l n chinh tri, thflc t i l n kinh te, thflc t i l n van hda va ca thUe tien lanh dao, thUe t i l n quan ly Ly t h u y e t xa hoi hoc t r o n g n g h i e n cijfu l a n h d a o , q u a n ly Cac ly thuyet xa hpi hpc ndi tieng nhU thuyet chflc nang, thuyet mau thuIn, thuyet tfldng tac'° da dfldc ap dung ra't cdng nghien cflu ve kinh te, lao ddng" va cac linh vflc khac eua ddi sd'ng xa hpi, vay hoan toan ed the ap dung cac ly thuyet de nghien cflu va phat trien chuyen nganh xa hpi hoc ve lanh dao, quan ly Thuyet chflc nang thfldng nha'n manh md'i quan he hdp tac dfldi hinh thflc lam viec theo nhdm eua md'i quan he lanh dao, quan ly va nhan vien Theo hfldng nghien cflu nay, nhflng ngfldi ap dung ly thuyet quan ly khoa hoc cua Taylor cd the nha'n manh vai trd eua ngfldi lanh dao, quan ly viee ddi mdi tfl tfldng lao ddng, tfl lao dong va phan edng lao ddng mot each khoa hpc dd'i vdi cong nhan Nhflng ngfldi ap dung ly thuyet quan he eon ngfldi cd the nha'n manh viee coi trpng pham gia eon ngfldi va tao dieu kien, cd hpi cho cong nhan phat huy vai trd cua hp Nhieu nha nghien cflu cho rang each lanh dao, quan ly cua Nhat Ban dfldc nhieu ngfldi ca ngdi noi theo da phan anh ro md hinh chflc nang luan ve lanh dao, quan ly Bdi vi b dd md'i quan he hai hda, gan bd mat thiet gifla lanh dao, quan ly va nhan vien luon dfldc de cao va phat huy b l n g nhieu bien phap khac de dam bao cho lao dong cd nang suat, cha't Ifldng va hieu qua cao Khac vdi thuyet chflc nang, thuyet mau thuan nhan manh tac ddng cua he thdng phan chia giai cap va vi the xa hpi dd'i vdi md'i quan he gifla lanh dao, quan ly va nhan vien Cac nha nghien cflu xua't phat tfl chu thuyet da chi ro r i n g mac du cd nhieu cai thien each td chflc lao ddng, nhflng cdng nhan van tiep tuc hi han che viec hfldng thu cac qua lao ddng eua hp Bdi vi, md'i quan he vdi lanh dao, quIn ly, cdng nhan van tiep tuc cd vi the tha'p kem hdn dd lanh dao, quan ly tiep tue ed vi the cao hdn va quyen uy manh me hdn Vi vay, thflc cha't, lanh dao, quan ly sinh tfl chinh md'i quan he mau t h u a n lao ddng nhflng lai cd nhiem vu kiem soat sfl mau thuan td chflc Lanh dao, quan ly eung luon chfla dflng he cac gia tri mau thuan nhfl vfla muo'n cung cd', tri vi the, quyen uy eua minh vfla muo'n thu hut sfl tham gia sau rong eua nhan vien vao qua trinh quyet dinh Tfldng tfl nhfl vay, cdng nhan, nhan vien vfla muo'n tang Ifldng lai vfla mudn it phai lam viee de tham gia vao cac hoat ddng phi san xua't '" Ve cac ly thuyet xa hoi hoc, doc them Le Ngoc Hung Lich sit & ly thuyet xd hoi hoc Nxb Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi 2009 " William Kornblum Sociology in a Changing World Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc New York 1988 Tr 425 - 428 90 Mot sdvdn di xay diing xd hpi hpc lanh dgo Mot nhflng ly thuyet ra't gin vdi chu thuyet mau t h u I n la thuyet phe phan vdi nhiem vu kep la vfla phe phan nhflng mau thuIn, sai trai xa hpi ma cu the la td chflc lai vfla tu phe phan nhflng mau thuIn, sai trai each danh gia, nhin nhan mau thuln Thuyet mau thuIn cd the giai thich dfldc nhieu dieu lien quan tdi sfl phan flng ciia cdng nhan dfldi cac hinh thflc khac nhfl bd viee, chuyen viec lam, bai edng, dinh cdng, nhflng nd ra't khd cd the lam ro t i e ddng cua mau thuan giai ca'p tai ndi lam viec Trong ra't nhieu trudng hdp, ngUdi bi lanh dao, quan ly khong cho rang ldi ich cua hp dd'i lap, dd'i khang vdi ldi ich cua lanh dao, quan ly Tren thUe te, mot td chflc kinh te khd cd the tdn tai de san xua't kinh doanh cd hieu qua vdi moi quan he cua nhflng ldi ich dd'i lap, dd'i khang Do vay, co the ap dung thuyet tfldng tac de giai thich r i n g md'i quan he gifla lanh dao, quan ly va nhan vien la md'i quan he nghe nghiep, chuyen nghiep d thai dp va hanh vi cua ca nhan, nhdm va td chflc hi quy dinh bdi he thdng eac gia tri, chuan mflc ed tinh chuyen nghiep Chuyen nghiep la loai nghe nghiep dac trflng bdi he thdng tri thflc va ky thuat tfl phat trien dfldc chuyen giao bdi qua trinh giao due ehinh thflc va cac thu tue kiem dinh chinh thfle'^ Dieu ed nghia la xa hpi hien dai, chuyen nghiep hda khdng ehi do'i vdi eac nghe nghiep ngfldi lao ddng thflc hien ma chuyen nghiep hda lanh dao, quIn ly theo hfldng hien dai Md'i quan he gifla lanh dao, quan ly vdi nhan vien, ddng nghiep va xa hpi cung nhfl hanh vi, hoat ddng cua ngfldi lanh dao, quan ly bi quy dinh bdi he thong eac chuan mflc dao dfle chuyen nghiep, hien dai Dac trflng cua each tiep can ly thuyet nghien cflu xa hpi hpc lanh dao, quan ly la luon xem xet lanh dao, quan ly pham vi tdng the xa hpi Neu cae khoa hpc ve quan ly va cac khoa hpc ve lanh dao hien dang chu yeu xem xet lanh dao, quan ly pham vi mot td chflc kinh te hay td chflc hanh chinh thi xa hpi hpc xem xet lanh dao, quan ly pham vi tdng the xa hdi, toan the xa hpi Quan niem cu ve lanh dao, quan ly cd the coi "xa hpi" la mot td chflc khdng id tflc la chi khac ve quy md, dung Ifldng Quan niem mdi eua xa hpi hpc lanh dao, quan ly nhfl trinh bay d day luon coi xa hpi la mot he thdng, mot chinh the toan ven ma lanh dao, quan ly toan the xa hpi (societal leadership, societal management) la ra't khac vdi lanh dao, quan ly xa hpi (social leadership, social management) Xa hpi hpc lanh dao, quan ly tap trung nghien cflu lanh dao, quan ly tdng the xa hpi, toan the xa hpi de bfl d i p cho nhflng thieu hut cd tinh he tho'ng cua cae nghien cflu khoa hpc ve lanh dao, quan ly pham vi mot bp phan rieng le eua xa hpi nhfl bp phan kinh te, bp phan hanh ehinh, bp phan giao due hay cae bp phan khac Cach tiep can "tdng - tich hdp" nhfl vay khong phai la each tiep can quy nap hay lam phep cdng cae tri thflc eua tflng bp mdn rieng le nhfl quIn ly kinh te, quan ly giao due, quan ly van hda va nhieu linh vflc khac "quan ly tdng the xa hpi" Noi each khac, hien da ed nhieu bp mon khoa hpc nghien cflu cac linh vflc William Kornblum Sociology in a Changing World Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc New York 1988 Tr 425-428 Le Ngpc Hiing - Nguyin Ngpc Anh 91 lanh dao, quan ly hieu theo nghia hep Da den Iflc can phai tap trung xay dflng va phat trien bd mdn khoa hpc nghien cflu lanh dao, quan ly theo nghia rong, dd la "Xa hpi hpc lanh dao, quan ly" tdng the xa hpi, toan the xa hpi tren cac ca'p dp tfl vi md den vi md Tdm lai, mac du tren the gidi chfla cd nhieu nghien cflu vdi ten gpi la "Xa hpi hoc lanh dao, quan ly", nhflng cac cd sd ly luan va thflc tien da trd nen chin mudi cho sfl ddi chuyen nganh khoa hpc Tren thflc te d Viet Nam, nhu cau xay dflng linh vflc khoa hpc dang trd nen cap bach, nhat la cac kien thflc va ky nang lanh dao, quan ly mot td chflc, mot doanh nghiep dang td ba't Iflc, tha't bai lanh dao, quan ly sfl phat trien eua ea mot eong ddng xa hpi hay toan the xa hpi nhfl mot td dan phd', mot phfldng, xa, mpt quan, huyen, mot tinh, phd' hay mot cong ddng xa hpi Cac each tiep can nang ve hanh vi, hoat ddng cua ca nhan hay lech ve to chflc linh vflc ky thuat, kinh te, ehinh tri, hanh ehinh hay van hda deu khdng phu hdp de xac dinh ddi tfldng cua xa hpi hpc lanh dao, quan ly Ma cln phai ed each tiep can he tho'ng, "tdng - tich hdp" de ed the phat hien cae dac trflng hdp trdi cua xa hpi vdi tfl each la mot tdng the, toan the ddi hdi phai c6 each lanh dao, quan ly vdi nhflng dac trflng hdp trdi tfldng flng Viec coi md'i quan he gifla "lanh dao, quan ly" vdi "eon ngfldi" va "lanh dao, quan ly" vdi "xa hpi" la dd'i tfldng nghien cflu cua xa hpi hpc cd the gdi nhieu hfldng ap dung va phat trien cae nghien cflu ly thuyet, thflc nghiem, flng dung, trien khai cua linh vflc khoa hoc chuyen nganh cdn rat mdi d Viet Nam ... trinh xa hpi, cac quan he xa hpi mot td chflc hoae mot xa hpi nao dd nhlm dat mue tieu xac dinh Trong quan niem nay, quan ly dfldc xem xet chu yeu vdi tfl each la mot loai hoat dong hfldng dich... xa hpi nao ciing cln lanh dao, quan ly vdi tfl each nhfl la phfldng tien de dat mue dich chung Trong nhieu trfldng hdp, lanh dao va quan ly la mot loai hien tfldng xa hpi, sfl kien xa hpi cung... dinh cdng, nhflng nd ra't khd cd the lam ro t i e ddng cua mau thuan giai ca'p tai ndi lam viec Trong ra't nhieu trudng hdp, ngUdi bi lanh dao, quan ly khong cho rang ldi ich cua hp dd'i lap,
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