Ghi nhớ mục tiêu trong môi trường kích thích đa cấp so sánh giữa những trẻ em bình thường và khuyết tật

GHI N H MUC TIEU TRONG MOI TRUCJNG KICH THICH DA CAP: SO SANH GIU'A NHITNG TRE EM BINH THU'CJNG VA KHUYET TAT PAUL N WILSON va cdng su * Ngudi djch: Luu Ly Cd hai nhdm tre em, mgt nhdm gdm nhung dfla tre binh thudng va nhdm la nhiing trd bi khuylt tat ea thd cflng tiln hanh kham pha mgt md hinh ba bae tuong xung chfla sau vat muc tieu khac nhau, mdi tang chfla hai vat Trong cude kiem tra tiep theo, ngudi ta lay di nhung vat muc tieu va ngudi tham gia duge dl nghi nhan dinh phuong hudng vi tri cfla cac vat da dat trudc dd trdn mdi tang (IJ mdi phan cua eude kiem tra, nhung nhan dinh duge yeu eau thuc hien ddi vdi nhiing mue tieu trude dd cflng mgt ting va nhimg muc tieu d tdng cao hon va thap hon Diem sd ldi tuong ddi eho thay mdt khuynh hudng d ca hai nhdm la nhiing muc tieu d vi tri eao hon so vdi vi tri kiem tra thudng bi danh gia la thap ban vi tri thuc su cua nd, nhiing muc tieu thap hon vi tri kiem tra lai duge cho la cao hon vi tri thuc sir cua nd Nhirng sai lam thuan tfly cho thay mgt su bat can xflng ca hai nhdm vdi nhiing sai lam chinh xae ddi vdi nhung danh gia hudng tdi nhiing tang thap ban hon tang eao ban Ta se ban den tinh xdc thuc cfla nhiing ket qua cho thay ngudn gdc cua su bat can xflng Hieu dugc nhan thflc khdng gian se rat hiiu Ich vide giup chflng ta phan biet hai khung tham ehieu khdng gian: thfl nhat la eac khung tham chieu mdi trudng, la nhiing khung ma dd nhimg thdng tin ve khdng gian duge ehuyen boa ddi vdi nhiing vat the phia ben ngoai ngudi quan sat, nhu nhiing phuang hudng trgng tam, hay ddi vdi nhiing mdc danh dau Thfl hai la cae khung tham ehieu tu tam duge dflng de thiet lap vi tri cua ngudi quan sat, nhu he toa ea the Ta ed mdt vl du tdt chflng minh rang thdng tin khdng gian tu tam la dua tren mgt he toa duge thiet lap quanh ba true ea the ca ban: dau/chan, trudc/sau va trai/phai Vi du nhu, Bryant va Franklin (1992) da ta bang ldi nhung khung canh ma dd cae vat the duge mieu ta a eae vi tri nhu phia trudc, sau, trai, phai, phia tren va dudi cfla ngudi dgc Khi duge dd nghi nhd lai ten cua nhirng vat the cd moi lien he khac vdi ea the tudng tugng, ngudi ta xfl ly nhanh hen vdi nhihig vat the nam dgc theo true dau/chan, cham hon vdi true trudc, sau va cham nhdt la vdi true trai/phai Tac gia cho rang tinh uu viet cua true dau/chan la mdi tuong quan cua nd vdi sir bat can xflng he true trgng lire the gidi hidn thue; phia trudc/sau chiem vi tri thfl hai bdi vi nd cd lien quan vdi true khdng can xflng cfla ca thi cd xu hudng tien vd phia trudc; true trai/phai ed vi tri thdp nhdt bdi vi nd can xung vdi the gidi ben ngoai eung nhu ca thd That thu vi la nghien eun ddu tien eua minh, Bryant va eae ddng sir phat hien thdy rdng khoang thdi gian ed phan ung nhd lai ddi vdi nhiing vat the nam d phia dudi * TS.; Khoa Tdm ly, Dai hpc Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK Cdc cpng sy: Id Nigel Foreman, Dai hoc Leicester, UK; Danae Stanton, Dai hpc Middlesex, UK; Hester Duffy, Dai hpc Nottingham, UK 4g NghiSn ciiu Con ngudi sd4 (49) 2010 Ghi nhd mue tieu ca thd tudng tugng nhanh hem so vdi nhd lai nhimg vat d cao ban Mdt xu hudng tuong tu, mac dfl nhd va khdng dang ke ldm, eiing duge de cap den nhiing nghien eiiu khae Sir phat hien su bdt can xflng theo chieu dgc dae biet thfl vi vi chfl yeu nhung nghien ciiu tim hilu khdng gian tap trung nhieu vao ehieu nam ngang va It de y den chieu dgc Mgt bdng chflng khac chflng minh cho sir bat can xflng theo chieu dgc cd the nit tfl gia thuylt khung khdng gian cfla Franklin va Tversky (1990) rang, true ddu/ehan chilm uu thd vi nd cd mdi tuong quan vdi su bat can xung true trgng lire the gidi hien thuc: vi anh hudng cfla trgng luc, hau bet eae vat the va sir kieu deu dugc nhan thuc nhirng khu vuc thap hon cfla ca vflng dudi dau va ngoai bien Mac dfl khdng rdng rai nhung cd mdt bang ehung khac cho thay rang qua trinh ehuyen hoa thdng tin ve khdng gian theo ehieu doe ed the khdng can xflng Vi du, Prinz (1984) luu y rang su bat can xflng theo chieu dgc vflng thi trudng xuat hien vdi nhieu nhiem vu, vdi khoang thdi gian phan flng va ehinh xae ndi chung cao ban yeu td kich thich xuat hien vflng thi trudng thap hon Rubin, Nakayama va Shaley (1996) phat hidn thay rang su phan khuc hinh anh hinh anh va nen ed hieu qua hon ydu td kich thich xuat hien nhiing gdc phan tu thap hon cfla thi trudng; va su xao nhang chfl ydu ed lien quan den ydu td kich thich nam d dudi vflng kinh tuyen nam ngang Ciing nhu vay, Genzano, Nocera va Ferlazzo (2001) thay rang viec ghi nhd tdt ban ddi vdi vi tri cua nhiing vat the mau chflng xuat hien d vflng thi tnrdng thap ban vflng thi trudng cao Trong mgt nghien cuu gan day tren mdi trudng ao thiet lap bang may tinh, Wilson, Foreman, Stanton va Duffy (2004) tim bang chflng true tiep chung minh su bat can xflng theo chieu dgc vide nhan thflc khdng gian Sau xem xet md hinh kich thich ba bae tuong xflng, nhiing ngudi tham gia la ngudi ldn td ehinh xae hon chi theo tri nhd nhiing vat the d nhimg tang thap ban so vdi nhftng tang eao hon Cac mdi trudng ao cd kha nang la nhirng edng cu hiiu ich de nghien cuu vide nhan thfle khdng gian ea nhimg ngudi ldn binh thudng vdi nhiing tre em hi khuyet tat Trong nhung nghien cflu ve nhan thflc khdng gian sfl dung eae phuang tien khae hay dua vao thuc te, rat nhieu nghien cuu ve mdi trudng ao chi kham pha mat phang theo phuang nam ngang nhiing mdi trudng mdt bac Mdt ngoai le khae la Richardson, Montello va Hegarty (1999) thay rang, nhimg nhan xet vd phuang nam ngang td yeu kem ban chi nhiing vat the dung de kiem nghiem mdi trudng ao nam d tang thap va cao hon tang kiem nghiem; su nhan xet kem chinh xae ban d nhiing tdng cao hon so vdi nhimg tang thap ban cho thay sir mat phuang hudng luan chuyin ldn ban d cau thang ndi tang kiem nghiem vdi tang cao hon Tuy nhien, sir bat can xflng theo chieu dgc xuat hidn mdi trudng ao Wilson va cae ddng sir dh cho thdy mdt khuynh hudng di xudng ed the phan anh mgt qua trinh nhan thfle hon la mdt sir tai tao theo thfl tuc Trong thi nghiem hien tai, ngudi ta da nghien cun sau ban vd sir bdt can bdng theo chieu dgc Mgt md hinh md phdng nghien cflu cfla Wilson va eae ddng sir (2004) da tiln hanh ddi vdi nhiing trd em binh thudng va bi khuylt tat dl xae dinh xem lieu sir bdt can xung cd xuat hien d giai doan tudi tha va lieu nd ed bi anh hudng bdi nhiing ban chd van dgng hay khdng Gia thuyet eua ehung tdi d day la: trudc hit, nlu nhu sir bdt can xflng la bam sinh hoac xuat hien edn rat nhd thi nhiing kit qua cua nhiing tre em binh thudng se phai tuong tu nhu ddi vdi ngudi ldn Thu hai, nlu nhan thuc theo NghiSn ciiU Con ngudi so (49) 2010 AFJ PaulN Wilson chilu dgc la bdt can xung thi su ban che van ddng edn nhd, dac biet la thieu chuyen ddng tu gifta eae tang, ed the anh hudng den su phat triln cfla nd, nhu nhung gi ed thd xay vdi nhung khia canh khae eua lihan thuc khdng gian (Foreman, Oreneas, Nicholas, Morton, & Gell, 1989) PHirONGPHAF Nhirng ngiroi tham gia Theo thilt kl cfla tbi nghiem, nhung tre em tham gia duge dua vao mdt hai nhdm dua tren tiln sfl tinh trang di chuyin (di tat van ddng) cua chflng Mgt nhdm bao gdm 12 em hi khuyet tat vdi lua tudi trung binh la tudi thang (tfl 5-10 tudi), cd 10 em trai, eac em din tfl trudng Ash Field d Leicester, UK, mgt tnrdng danh eho tre em bi khuylt tat Tinh trang khuylt tat cfla ehiing nhu sau: hai em la nan nhan eua tai nan thuong tat, mgt em bi di tat hdm sinh d xuong sdng va hai ehi dudi, mgt em bi di tat ve da va nhiing em edn lai bi te liet nao Tdt ca hien ddu bi ban ehd van dgng va 10 em bi nhu vay tfl sinh ra, hai em khdng bi tat bam sinh thi eiing hi tai nan 5-6 tudi Sau em phai dung xe ddy va nhflng em edn lai ed the di lai vdi su trg giflp eua khung di bd hay trg giflp khac Tdt ca ddu cd thd sfl dung ban phim may tinh va eon ehugt, va tdt ca ddu cd tri tud d mflc binh thudng theo nhu danh gia eua giao vien Nhdm thu hai bao gdm 19 tre em binh thudng vdi tudi tnmg binh la nam thang (tu din 13 tudi); 12 sd dd la em trai va chflng den tfl ba trudng chinh d Leicester, UK Thiet hi may moc Hai mdi trudng dugc tao lap nhd Bg dung cu Thue tai Ao va hien thi d may tinh ea nhan cd bd vi xfl ly Pentium III vdi man hinh 21 inch Ddi vdi tat ca eae em tham gia, rihirng chuyen ddng mdi trudng ao dugc thuc hien thdng qua viec nhan phim di chuyen tren ban phim: phim len xudng danh eho ehuyen dgng tien len hay lui lai, phim trai phai the hien sir luan phien trai phai Mdi trudng thue luyen tap bao gdm mgt mat phang md ndi ndi vdi mat dat bang mgt thang may d mgt ben va ben la mgt nhip eau thang Mat dat, eau thang, thang may ben ngoai va mat phang cflng dugc td mau nau va duge dat tren man hinh nen tron mau luc Mgt vat muc tieu thuc nghiem duge dat d ngoai trung tam d moi mue cho ngudi ta khdng nhin thay chflng d nhiing mfle khae Mdi tnrdng thue nghiem chinh bao gdm mat ben eua mgt md hinh ba tang ma eac phdng thang hang theo ehieu dgc Trong thang y eua phan mem nay, cae phdng ed ehieu rdng 100 don vi, sau 78 don vi va eao 36 don vi Neu cho rang eao trung binh tam nhin cfla mgt ngudi la 170em thi 12 don vi tuong ung vdi gan Im Do vay, eae phdng se ed sd dd khoang 8,3 x 6,5 x 3m; thang quy ddi met dugc sfl dung d phia dudi de dua sir hinh dung true giac San va tran cfla mdi phdng deu cd ket cau rieng, hoa tiet trang tri nhieu mau sac vdi nhiing mau sac chu dao khac de phan biet eae phdng: phdng thdp nhdt chfl dao la mau luc, phdng d^giiia la mau hong va phdng eao nhdt la mau lam (15 gifta nhiing bflc tudng dai hon d mdi tang ed hinh thang may md, kieh thudc 1.2 x 1.6m, ndi ea ba tdng vdi Chuyen ddng gifta eae tdng ed thd dugc thuc hien nhd su dimg thang may bao gdm mdt mat phdng chuydn dgng theo chidu dgc dugc dilu khiln bdng hai nut ed ghi nhan la mgt mui ten ehi len hoac xudng Kich boat mgt hai nut bdng each sfl dung trd chudt dang d ben thang may se dilu khiln viec chuydn ddng gifta eac tdng Thang may md nen nhin 48 NghiSn cdu Con ngudi sd4 (49) 2010 Ghi nhd mue tieu phdng nhung ngudi tham gia ed thi nhin thdy chuydn ddng gifta cae phdng cfla minh Tren tudng cua mdi tdng, canh thang may cd mgt nflt ggi, boat ddng nhd chudt, dimg dd dua thang may ddn tdng thich hgp Ddi dien thang may, dua lung vao tudng la cau thang ndi eae phdng (mgt cau thang ndi tu san din hdn eung cd d ting cao nhdt nhdm tao dien mao tuang tu eho cac phdng) Chuyin ddng gifta eac ting cflng cd thd dugc thuc hien thdng qua eae eau thang nay: leo len cau thang cung tu ddng chuyen ddi quang canh len hay xudng eho phfl hgp vdi ehieu eao cfla timg bude Cd hai vat mue tieu dugc dat mdi phdng, vi tri dat duge dilu chinh ve eao cho nhung gde thang dflng d tnmg tam mdi vat deu gan bang ude lugng len hay xudng gifla eac tang; nhiing vat the dd la mgt khdi cau cd dudng kinh 0.68m, ed mau xanh luc va xanh lam, va tu chuyen dgng lien tuc theo quy dao cfla nd; mdt chile thuyin choi kich thudc 0.15 x 0.70 x 0.36m, ed tieng cdi tau bao hieu kieh boat bdng chudt; mgt robot mau lam ed kleh thudc 0.25 x 0.2 x 0.68m lien tuc di chuyen theo vdng trdn tai mgt diem; mgt d td chai mau dd cd kieh thudc 0.8 X 0.44 x 0.35m, cd tieng cdi xe kich boat bang chudt; mdt bdng hoa mau vdi cudng va la mau xanh, ed kich thudc 0.38 x 0.22 x 0.7m; va mgt tau boa chai, chfl yeu mau xam va xanh den, ed kieh thudc 0.71 x 0.2 x 0.37m, ed tieng cdi tau kich hoat bang chudt Tat ea eac vat deu duge dat ngoai khu vue trung tam, mgt d phia ben trai va mdt d ben phai cua dudng trung tuyen (dudng thang tudng tugng tfl ehinh gifla thang may den bflc tudng ddi ; ^ ^'' didn.) Cac phan nhdm eho thay sir bat can Ar-^^l bang gifta vi tri cae vat: ddi vdi mot nfla B D X nhung ngudi tham gia, cac vat the d mdi D / \ tang dugc dat d vi tri ddi dien va ddi vdi vat the su dung cho nhiing ngudi tham \ ^ gia cdn lai, qua su bat can xflng, vi tri cfla D rc^=^^ D \ chflng duge thay ddi gifta cac tang vdi D / X Do vay, vi tri cae vat d mdi tang khdng ed nhiing khac biet ed he thdng Trong giai doan kiem tra, tat ca cac vat F the va chd dflng eua ehung ddu duge di \ / X ehuyen di Sau vi tri dung tTnh dugc thiet V I>' lap, hai vi tri d mdi tang, d cimg vi Hinh Mo td (tuang doi) VE tdng duge sir tri tuong flng, ma dung ddi dien vdi dmg phdn ehinh eua thi nghiem, eho thdy cau thang thi each 4m so vdi tudng ben cdc vi tri vi du eua doi tugng (A-F), dia diem thi tay trai, Im tfl tudng phia sau lung; 4m tfl nghiem (duge ddnh ddu bdng ede ddu ggeh cheo), tudng ben phai va 5m vdi tudng ddi dien vi tri eua edu thang sdt tudng, vdphde thd< ^iia Cae phim di chuyen dugc sfl dung dl chi: mgt true gdn tudng an nflt ben phai va trai se tao chuyin dgng quay trdn, phim len va xudng cho phep nghieng len va xudng (khdng thd di chuyen tinh tien) Cae gde nghieng va quay (d mdt mfle do) duge thd hien qua mgt bang nam d ben eanh man hinh Mgt ddng hd tinh gid cdm tay duge sfl dung khoang thdi gian can de quyet dinh NghiSn cdu Con ngudi sd4 (49) 2010 49 PaulN Wilson Thu tuc Nhftng ngudi tham gia ngdi each man hinh may tinh 0.5m Mdi trudng ao luyen tap hien len trude mdi trudng ao thi nghiem chinh; nhung ngudi tham gia dugc khuyen khich thuc hien ca hai mflc cua mdi trudng ao luyen tap mdt each tu va sfl dung ea cdu thang va thang may Hg dugc yeu cau ghi lai vi tri cfla nhiing vat kiem nghiem luyen tap va duge dl nghi chi nhflng vat the ma hg da timg nhin thay, nhung d nhiing vi tri ma tai dd chflng khdng true tiep hidn len Nhiing danh gia dugc chua lai bang ldi ndi Khdng ed gidi ban thdi gian giai doan luyen tap nay, va nhflng ngudi tham gia dugc dl nghi tilp tuc thuc hidn eho den hg cam thay tu tin su dung chudt dl lam thi nghiem Cudi giai doan khdng trd nao cho biet, hoac theo nhu quan sat thdy ring cd khd khan viec thuc hien Trong phdn chinh eua thi nghiem, tat ca eac em tham gia tbi nghiem ddu bat dau dflng d vi tri nhu nhau, d giua cfla ba phdng dugc minh boa d hinh 1, trude cau thang may va ddi mat vdi tnmg tam cfla phdng Ngudi ta khuyen khieh eae em tim hieu mdi trudng ao mdt each tu va di chuyen gifta eae tang; va eae em thue hien nhu vay, hai vat the se xuat hien d mdi phdng va ngudi ta bao eae em rang mdt sd vat the sd dd se cd phan flng lai neu nhu dugc kieh boat bang eon chudt Cae em eung duge thdng bao rdng khdng cd gidi ban thdi gian tien hanh kham pha nhung eac em nen den mdi phdng It nhat hai lan Cac em eung duge thdng bao rang mue dieh eua viec kham pha la de ghi nhd vi tri eua sau vat the do, va rang, sau dd eac em se lam mgt bai kiem tra tuong tu nhu mdi trudng ao luyen tap Cae em duge khuyen khieh sfl dung ca thang may va cau thang gifla cae tang Khi mgt em cho biet em da quen vdi vi tri cfla tat ca eae vat thi bai kiem tra se bat dau Tat ca eae em deu dugc kiem tra d mdi vi tri kiem tra mdi trudng do, va tfl mdi vi tri eac em duge de nghi chi vi tri trudc day eua tat ca cae vat kiem tra Su chuyen ddi quang canh d mdi vflng kiem tra dugc thuc hien tflc thi.Trudc kiem tra, tai mdi vi tri, khung canh kiem nghiem dugc minh boa tren man hinh may tinh, va nhiing ngudi giam sat ndi vdi bgn tre rang ehung dang nhin vao nhimg can phdng nhu nhiing can phdng ma chflng da tflng kham pha, nhung nhiing vat da hi chuyen di Nhftng ngudi edn bd sung bing ldi ndi eho hinh anh tren man hinh bang each mieu ta vi tri mdi; vi du nhu, "Em hien dang d trudc mat thang may, d tang gifta va ddi mat vdi cau thang" Cac em ciing duge thdng bao rang chflng khdng the di chuyen tien len hay lui xudng nhu mdi trudng ao luyen tap, nhung chflng cd the quay vdng quanh bang each sfl dung nhung phim tuong tu nhu trude day, va ehung cd the chi len va xudng bang each dflng nhiing phim trude day dflng de di chuyen tien len Ifli xudng Nhiing chue nang mdi cua nhiing phim len va xudng dugc nhiing ngudi giam sat thi nghiem minh hoa bang each hudng din cho bgn trd sfl dung tieu diem nam d gifla man hinh de chi vao nhiing vi tri trude day cfla eac vat ma chflng da nhin thdy, va giai thieh rang lam nhu vay ddi chflng se phai chi len qua trdn va xudng qua san nha Sau vi tri kiem tra dugc thd hien theo trat tu di xudng theo khdng gian ddi vdi mgt nua nhiing ngudi tham gia thi nghiem va ddi vdi nfla cdn lai thi chflng di theo trat tu di len Vide kilm tra vi tri eua eae vat trude day tai mdi vi tri kiem tra dugc thuc hien khdng theo mgt trat tu nao va khae biet ddi vdi moi ngudi tham gia Thdi gian dd dua mdi nhan dinh dugc tinh tfl ngudi hudng din ndi ldi eudi KQ NghiSn cdu Con ngudi sd4 (49) 2010 Ghi nha mue tieu eung ddn ngudi tham gia cho bidt ring hg da hoan nhan dinh cfla minh Ddi vdi moi nhan dinh, nhirng phin nghieng va quay vdng ddi vdi mdi veeta dugc tinh toan ridng re KET QUA Ty sd alpha p0.05) Ddi vdi mdi nhdm didm sd, nhiing khac biet cd the xay gifta eac nhdm duge phan tieh sfl dung kiem tra kieu Mann Whitney U ddi vdi nhirng dft lieu d mdi tang cfla timg ea nhan eiing nhu vdi nhiing dft lieu tinh trung binh ddi vdi mgi tang; khdng cd sir khac bidt nao xay gifla eac nhdm d bat ky mdt tang nao thi ta se su dung kieu kiem tra xep loai Friedman (N=31, d^4) de xae dinh lieu cd su khac biet nao gifla tinh trang cua cae tang the hien sd lieu cfla ca hai nhdm ket hgp; ed sir khae biet dang kd phan tieh thi diem sd cua nhiing nhan dinh ve tang eao hon va thap ban duge so Nghien cdu Con ngirdi so (49) 2010 51 PaulN Wilson sanh bang kieu kiem tra xep loai ky hieu Wilcoxon vdi dilm sd tnmg binh eua mdi ngudi tham gia ve mdt hay hai tang ldn tren dugc so sanh vdi dilm sd tnmg binh cfla mdt bay hai tang len tren Khi nhung phan tich kieu Mann-Whitney U chi cd sir khae biet gifta eac nhdm hay d mgt tang hoac nhieu ban, thi kiem tra xlp loai kieu Friedman va Wilcoxon dugc su dung de kiem tra nhung dft lieu cfla hai nhdm tach biet Thdi gian trung binh de dfla dugc nhan • M binh mirimg dinh cua hai nhdm dugc minh hga d hinh DTri khuy^ 1^1 Nhiing khac bidt gifta hai nhdm xuat hien nhirng nhan dinh d nhdm mgt tang len phia trdn, Mann-Whitney U (19,12) = 59, p < 0.05 va khae biet gifta tat ca nhiing chi sd tnmg binh eua mdi nhdm la gan nhu dang kl, Mann-Whitney U (19,12) = 66, p = 2-down 1-down Same 1-up 2-up 0.052, cho thay rang, nhdm tre binh thudng Hinh Thdi gian trung binh (tinh bang ed khoang thdi gian phan flng nhanh hon hien nhimg phdn dodn ve gidy) de thue (M=ll.l giay) so vdi nhdm bi khuyet tat hu&ng a tre khuyet tat vd tre hinh thudng (M=14.6 giay); vay, nhiing dft lieu giua Cdc sai so the hien mire sai so thong eac tang cua ca hai nhdm duge phan tich • thuomg tren vd dudi mire trung binh rieng re de xae dinh ed phan tieh nao eho thay sir khae biet dang ke gifta eac tang hay khdng (ps>0.1) yiu k Nhiing ldi quay vdng tuong ddi tnmg binh dugc the hien d hinh Nhiing ldi am ehi nhiing ldi dugc thuc hien ve phia ben trai cua mue tidu, nhirng ldi duong ehi ldi vd ben phai Phan tich nhiing dft Ueu phat hien thay su khae biet gifta eae nhdm nhiing nhan dinh ve hai tang ve phia dudi, Mann-Whitney U (19,12)= 65, p0.05) Nhiing dft lieu cfla ca hai nhdm dugc phan tich ridng re de UTrg binh thufrng xem heu phan tich cd phat hien thdy mdt su p T t i Khuyet t$t khae biet dang ke gifta cac tang hay khdng 40(ps>0.1) Nhiing phan tieh bd sung dugc tidn 20i ^i ,h^ ^,|, ^1 hanh de xae dinh lieu ed bang chflng nao T cho thay ed sir dich chuyen theo chidu ngang cimg mgt tang hay khdng Trong nhdm - -«) nhflng em khuylt tat, sd 12 em tham HBO Z-tkwwi l-down Same 1-up 2Hjp gia gay ldi ve phia ben phai va nhdm binh thudng tren 19 gay ra* loi ve Hinh Nhitng sai so trung binh cua ldi ben phai; phan tich xae suat nhi thflc vl quay vdng tucmg doi (tinh bdng do) d tre nhftng ldi cho thay khdng cd sir khae khuyit tdt vd tre binh thuomg, Nhimg diim s6 dm bieu thi nhimg sai so dugc thuc hien biet hai nhdm (ps>0.1) vi ben trdi mue tieu; diem so duomg biiu Nhiing loi nghieng tuong doi tinh trung thi nhiing sai so duge th\re hien vi phia binh dugc minh boa d hinh Khdng cd khae ben phdi mue tieu Cdc sai s6 thi biet gifta eae nhdm (ps>0.05) Nhung ed khae hien mue sai so thong thudng tren vd dudi miec trung binh biet dang ke ndi chung gifta eae ting, he sd 52 NghiSn cdu Con ngudi sd4 (49) 2010 Ghi nhd mue tieu Friedman x2 = 100.9, pwn-iKtoym Same rfi 1-up 2-up : ; , Hinh NhOng sai s6 trung binh cua loi nghieng tuang doi (tinh bdng do) a tre khuyit tat vd tre hinh thuang Diim s6 dm biiu thi nhimg sai so ben dudi vi tri muc tieu; diim sd duomg bieu thi nhimg sai so be.n tren vi tri muc tieu Cdc sai so thi hien mice sai so thong thudng tren vd duoi mirc trung binh Nhiing loi quay hoan toan tinh trung binh duge minh hoa d hinh Khdng ed khae biet gifta eac nhdm (ps>0.05), cung nhu khdng ed khae biet dang k l gifta eac tdng(p>0.1) 80-1 80 I Trd btnh thLf&ng HTrd blnhthifd-ng D TrS khuy4t tot QTrS khuylt tSl 60- "A A 20 2-down 1-down Same 1-up JI 2-up Hinh Nhimg sai so trung binh eiia loi quay vong tuy^t doi (tinh bdng dg) a tre khuyet tat vd tre binh thuong *° [Iii 2-dowii 1-down ft^ Same 1-up 2-up Hinh Nhimg sai so trung binh cua lOi nghieng tuyet doi (tinh bdng do) a tre khuyet tdt vd tre binh thudng Nhiing ldi nghieng hoan toan dugc minh boa hinh Khdng ed khae biet gifta eae nhdm (ps>0.05) Nhung ed khae biet dang ke ndi ehung gifta eae tang, hd sd Friedman x2 = 35.1, p