CHAT LUONG CUOc SONG CUA NGUOl DAN CHAU A THEO NHO GIAO: QUAN NIEM VE HANH PHUC {Phdn mot) DOH CHULL SHIN* Ngu-tri djch: Nguyin Khanh Huffng ''Con ngudi mini cdu hgnh phiic bdng nhieu cdch vd phucmg tien khdc nen co cdch song vd cdc hinh thuc qudn ly khdc nhau" Aristotle ''Muon nhdn tic md khong muon hoc se ddn din su ngu ngoc Muon hieu biet md khong muon hgc se ddn din su phung phi tri 6c Muon trung thdnh mci khong muon hgc se ddn din su khiem nha Muon tao bao md khong muon hoc se ddn den su bdt tudn lenh Muon kien quyet md khong muon hoc se ddn den cu xie thdi qud " Khdng TUTrong hang nghin nam, cac nha triet hoc da lap luan rang nguai sinh de dugc hanh phuc va muu cau hanh phuc la muc tieu ca ban nhat cuoc song ngudi (Hudson 1996; Kingv^ell 2000; Lane 2000; Tefler 1980) Vi du, Aristotle da xac dinh hanh phuc la dieu mong muon nhat cuon sach "Dao due" cua ong, va ong da viet hem cuon sach tim hieu ban chat hanh phuc cua nguoi (Nussbaum 2004; Vanier 2002) Nha triet hoc vi Igi Jeremy Bentham nam 1996 da cho rang muc dich quan nhit cua chinh phu la dam bao mang lai hanh phuc Ion nhat cho nhieu ngudi nhat Trong Tuyen ngon Doc lap, Thomas Jefferson da tuyen bo tat ca moi ngudi deu co quydn "khong thd nhuong lai" viec muu cau hanh phuc Cac nha triet hpc va nhidu nha tu tuong cho rang hanh phuc tao nen chat lugng song cao nhat Tuy nhien, hanh phuc la mot dd tai dac biet kho phan tich va nam bat Mac du moi nguai ddu qua quydt cho ring hanh phuc la dieu hp mong muon song phan lan lai bat ddng ve dinh nghia hanh phuc la gi va lam the nao de co hanh phuc Hanh phuc co gidng su thai hay cam giac hai long hay thoa man? No co phai sir thich thu hay sir diy du? Hanh phuc co bit ngudn tfl sir giau co, danh vong hay quyen lire? Nhung yeu to mang lai hanh phuc va ngudn gde cua hanh phuc khac giua cac khu virc va nhom tudi? Day la cau hoi thuc td mang tinh tridt hpc tu lau ma nguai vin tranh luan hien Nghien cflu the hien mot no lire mang tinh he thdng nhim giai dap mot sd cau hoi bdi canh a chau A theo Nho giao Nghien cihi tru'O'c day Trong ba thap ky qua, nhung nghien cflu thuc chung yeu ciu tu danh gia ve hanh phuc da tang, thd hien qua viec bien soan Ca sa du lieu ve Hanh phuc cua the giai (http://wvywl eur.nl/fsw/happiness; Veenhoven 1984), xuat ban Tap chi Nghien cflu ' TS.; Khoa Khoa hoc Chinh tri, Dai hoc Missouri, Colombia, My Nghlin cdu Con ngudt s66 (45) 2009 Doh Chull Shin Hanh phuc nam 2000, va cac cuoc hoi thao qudc te vd khai niem hanh phuc cua toan dan'(http://bhutanstudies.org.bt/publications/gnh/gnh.htm') My va a cac nuac phat tridn khac a phuang Tay, nhidu nha hpc gia da xem xet mdi quan he gifla cac yeu to dac trung khac vd thdng ke hpc dan sd, xa hoi hoc, tam ly hpc va each cu xu cua da s6 nguai dan va danh gia cua hp vd hanh phuc Cdc cong trmh nghien cflu cua ho da mang lai nhihig thong tin quy gia ve mflc dp va tuong quan hanh phuc da dugc da so nguoi dan phuang Tay thfla nhan Nhung cai ma cdc cong trinh nghien cflu chua lam dugc la phat tridn mot phuang huang nghien cflu co he thong xem da sd ngudi dan a phuong Ddng hidu mot each cu the hanh phuc la gi va danh gia tinh trang hanh phuc cua hp C> Dong A, phSn lan cac nghien cim thuc td cho ddn tap trung vao so sanh muc va sir chia se hanh phuc giua cac nhom dan so khac hay nguon goc cua hanh phuc voi nhimg gi dugc ghi nhan a phuang Tay Cu thd la, cac nghien cuu da xac dinh nhung nhom ngudi co the co hanh phuc nhieu nhat va nhiing nhom co the co hanh phuc it nhdt cung nhu cac ydu td nhidu kha nang nhSt va it kha nang nhat mang lai hanh phuc Tuy nhien, cac nghien cuu da khong xac dinh dugc xem nguai Dong A hieu hanh phuc khac hay gidng va cd dat dugc hanh phuc nhu the nao Bai viet tim each lap dSy ch6 bang each so sanh cac khai niem va nhung niem hanh phuc cua ngudi dan a cac xa hpi theo Nho giao khu vuc Bai vidt dugc chia chin phSn PhSn thu nhat giai thich khai niem hanh phuc bang each xem xet lai each ngudi dan thuang dimg tu de danh gia chat lugng cuoc sdng cua hg Phin thu hai dua ba su mo ta ca ban hanh phuc dugc biet den tai lieu triet hgc va de xuat pham vi phan tich cac khai niem va nhiing niem hanh phuc cua da so ngudi dan a khu vuc chau A theo Nho giao Phan thfl ba thao luan cac bien so quan trpng phan tich va mo ta cac bien so dugc xac dinh nhu the nao Phan thfl tu so sanh cac muc dp hanh phuc bay xa hgi Nho giao, xa hgi hanh phuc nhat va xa hgi it hanh phuc nhat so cac xa hgi Phan thu nam so sanh cac muc dp hanh phuc trung binh giua cac nhom ngudi cua moi xa hgi va xac dinh cac nhom nguai it co kha nang va nhieu kha nang nhat c6 hanh phuc Trong hai phan tiep theo, chung toi xem xet cac khai niem khac ve hanh phuc dua tren viec dat dugc sir vui thich, cong va thoa man, va so sanh cot loi cua cac yeu to mang lai hanh phuc Chung toi cung xac dinh cac khai niem bien va it bien nhit toan khu vuc chau A theo Nho giao va timg xa hgi khu vuc PhSn thfl tam xem xet lieu viec co thu nhap cao va cac nguon lire khac hay su danh gia tuang ddi chu quan ve cac nguon luc anh huang nhieu hom den viec nguoi dan khu vuc co hanh phuc hay khong Phan cuoi tom tat nhimg phat hien quan trgng va so sanh chung vdi nhiing phat hien da dugc ghi nhan a cac khu vuc khac Khai niem hanh phuc Tu nhung nguoi theo chu nghia khoai lac cho tdi cac nha khoa hgc xa hgi duong ' Thuat ngiJ "hanh phiic cua tota dan" dugc Vua Jigme Singye Wangchuck cua Butan, dii nuac theo chg quan chu \k dao Phat voi khoang 800.000 dan a phia Dong d3y Hymalaya, dua nim 1972 ThuSt ngCr mdi day da trd de tii ngiy cang dugc gidi hgc gia qudc tS vi cie nhi hoach djnh chinh sach quan tam (Thai bao Niu Yo6c 2005) NghlSn ciiu Con ngudi s6 (45) 2009 Cha't luang cuoc sdng dai van co sir nham lin ve dinh nghia hanh phuc chinh xac la gi Ngay ca viec sfl dung tieng Anh hien , "hanh phuc" mang nhieu y nghia va vi vay tao nen mot cai bay ve ngu nghia (Margolis 1975) De lam ro y nghia cua khai niem va tao ca sa cho viec su dung dung khai niem nghien cuu hgc thuat, can phai nghien cflu cac tai lieu thuc te va triet hgc ve hanh phuc dua tren khai niem va phan biet ba each sfl dung chinh thuat ngu "hanh phuc" (Thomas 1968) Cach sfl dung thu nhat thuat ngu la de chi mot cam xuc, thuang mot thdi gian ngan Khi Homer va Herodotus so sanh hanh phuc ngang vdi su sung suong ve the xac va Bradbum (1969) va Campbell (1981) nghi ve hanh phuc nhu mot trang thai tam ly de xuc dgng, hg muon noi tdi cac tam trang vui ve va phan chan thai gian ngan (ve co ban khac vdi y nghia cot loi cua su thoa man) Nhiing cam xuc hanh phuc thuang dugc ggi la trang thai phdn pho: sung suong va khong kho so Xem xet tren khia canh nay, hanh phuc la mot khai niem cua chu nghia khoai lac Cach sfl dimg thfl hai la y nghia ma mot ngudi "hanh phuc vdi" hay "hanh phuc ve" dieu gi, c6 nghla la ngudi "thoa man vdi" hay "hai long ve" dieu do, va khong am chi nguoi co bat ky mot cam xuc dac biet nao Ndi den hanh phuc theo each la noi nhieu hon den mot ldi danh gia ve cam xuc; tfl dugc su dung de mo ta khia canh day du cua cuoc song chfl khong phai su khoai lac cuoc song nguoi Cach su dung thu ba la "hanh phuc" thuang dugc dung de mo ta chat lugng cuoc sdng cua nguoi hem la mo ta mot khia canh dac biet cua cuoc song each su dung thfl hai (Beneditt, 1994; Cameron, 1975; Lu 2001; Summer 1996) Trong trudng hgp nay, mot ngudi noi hanh phuc, mudn noi co mot cuoc song hanh phuc, mot cuoc sdng ma tdt ca cac muc tieu cua mang lai sir thoa man (Simpson 1975) Khi d6 dua danh gia tdng thd ve khai niem hanh phuc, xem xet cac khia canh khac vd didu kien va tinh hinh tai chinh cua cung nhu cam thSy nhu thd nao vd nhirng didu kien Vdi ly tren, nha triet hpc Austin (1968) ket luan rang, cam giac hanh phuc cua ngudi la su danh gia cao nhat ve cuoc song Khong gidng hai quan didm diu tien vd hanh phuc, tap trung vao su vui ve hay day du, quan niem thu ba vd hanh phuc bao gdm toan bg cac nhu cau cua ngudi, nhimg mong mudn, mdi quan tam, thi hidu va nhu cSu, va tim each xac dinh xem heu chung co tao mot tdng thd hai hoa hay khong Fletcher mo ta rSng tdng thd nhu mot "su pha trpn tinh td giiia tri 6c va cam xuc Cho rSng tri 6c khong co cam xuc la su ngheo nan va cam xuc ma khong co tri 6c la sir thidu thdn, hp ket hgp hai td "hanh phuc" Khong gidng su sung suong, hanh phuc khong thudng xuyen xuit hien va cung khong theo tam trang nhdt thdi Cam giac vui sudng va dau khd co thd cung xuit hien mot cuoc sdng harih phuc va mot cuoc sdng bit hanh Su khac biet giua cam giac hanh phuc va hanh phuc cin dugc xem xet viec mo ta hanh phuc co he thdng (McCall 1973) Su khac biet quan trpng va viec coi hanh phuc nhu mot cong cu danh gia chit lugng cuoc sdng cua ngudi dan qua danh gia rieng cua hg da it dugc coi trgng nghien cuu thuc te ve chit lugng cuoc sdng (Andrews va Withey 1976; Campbell et al 1976) Mac du co nhirng bing chung nhit quan va quan trgng trai ngugc vdi nhan dinh cua hg, nhidu hgc gia ndi tidng da xac djnh hanh phuc chi la nhirng tam trang vui ve va Nghien ciiu Con ngudi s6 6(45)^009 Doh Chull Shin phin chin thdi gian ngin Vi du, Bradbum (1969, 63-68) da coi hanh phuc la san phim ciia cam xuc tich cue va sir ving mat cua cam xuc tieu cue, mac du cdc s6 li^u ong dua chi giai dap mot phin nho nhung bidn tiu cua hanh phuc Andrews va Withey (1976) da coi hanh phuc la sir xuit hien nhidu hon cac cam xuc tich cue so vdi cac cam xiic tieu cue Nhiing kdt qua nghien cuu cho thiy ro hanh phiic khong nen dugc so sanh vdi mot cam xuc don le Thay vao do, hanh phuc nen dugc nhin nhan nhu mot sir danh gia tdng thd vd toan bg cuoc sdng cua mot ca nhan theo cac tieu chuan rieng cua ca nhan Mo ta hanh phuc Neu hanh phuc suy cho cung la chit lugng cuoc song thi cau hoi co ban la hanh phuc bao gom nhirng gi? Cac nha tridt hpc va khoa hgc xa hpi da xem xet nhieu digu cuoc song nhu danh vpng, due hanh, sir sung tuc ve vat chat, su vui sudng va dat viec tim kiem cac yeu to cau hanh phuc (Fumham va Cheng 2000; Veenhoven 2000) Co nhimg ngudi ung hp va phan doi nhiing yeu to cuoc tim kiem cac yeu to tao nen hanh phuc thuc sir Von Wright (1963, 92-94) dua ba mo ta ndi tieng vd cuoc song hanh phiic Ong gpi mo ta dau tien la "Nhiing y tudng cua ngudi theo chu nghia khoai lac" Ong mo ta hanh phuc la co mot so thu mang lai su sung sudng Vi du, mot ngudi co the sung sudng tu viec thudng thuc nhung bflc tranh dep Doi vdi ngudi nay, hanh phuc la c6 mot cuoc song vdi nhiing thu mang lai su sung sudng Y tudng noi tieng cua Lockean cho rang tai san la nen tang va phucmg tien de co hanh phuc la quan niem ve hanh phuc theo chu nghia khoai lac (Scharr 1970) Theo Von Wright, mo ta thu hai ve cuoc song hanh phuc dugc tim thay cac bai viet cua cac nha triet hpc vi Igi, nhirng ngudi coi hanh phuc co dugc tu su thoa man cae mong muon Theo quan diem nay, hanh phuc ve co ban la su thda man - trang thai can bang giua mot ben la cac nhu cau va mong muon va mot ben la su thda mSn; su thoa man lap tue cac nhu cau mang lai hanh phuc, cac nhu ciu tidp tuc khong dugc dap ung mang lai su bat hanh (Wilson 1967) Cuoc song hanh phuc cua mot ca nhan la cuoc song ma cang nhieu nhu cau va mong mudn cua ca nhan dugc dap ung cang tot Mo ta thfl ba ve cuoc song hanh phuc, nhu cac tai lieu trigt hgc, la hanh phiic khong phai la su sung sudng bi dgng, su sd him tai san hay su thoa man cac nhu ciu Quan diem dugc the hien khai niem cua Aristotle ve hanh phuc, so sanh hanh phiic vdi boat dgng sang tao (McKean 1941, 1093-1112) Hanh phuc bit ngudn tu viec CO du kha nang lam nhimg viec ngudi thich Nhu Annas (2004) va Shaar (1970) chi ro, hanh phuc la cam giac lam dugc nhirng gi muon lam nhd kha nang ngi tai cua ngudi va d6 la sir bo sung cho tat ca boat dgng hiiu ich cua ngudi Xem xet ca ba mo ta vg hanh phuc nay, chung toi cho ring ba ygu td tich cue cuoc song "sir thich thu, sir thoa man va su dat" la ba y6u td tao nen hanh phuc Chung toi cung cho rang chinh nhiing yeu td hay su kgt hgp giua chung mang lai danh gia chung vh hanh phuc ciia mot ngudi Tigp theo chung tdi se xem x6t cac yeu to cu the nao la quan trgng nhat va it quan trgng nhit dk c6 hanh phuc cac xa „ Nghlin ciiu Con ngudi s6 (45) 2009 Chdt luang cuoc sdng hpi theo Nho giao O nhiing xa hpi nay, se ket hgp dac biet nao hay su ket hgp ca ba yeu to mang lai hanh phuc thudng xuyen nhat? Cac cau tra ldi nhiing cau hdi khac moi xa hgi Bing each tra ldi nhiing cau hoi nay, cong trinh nghien cflu tim each xac dinh mot each cd he thong xem lieu cd mot khai niem ve hanh phuc xa hgi theo Nho giao hay khong' Danh gia De kiem tra md hinh hanh phuc dugc phac hga d tren khu vuc chau A theo Nho giao, chung tdi lua chgn ba nhom ket hgp cac yeu td dua theo cac cuoc dieu tra AsiaBrometer (ASB) Trong thang va thang nam 2006, cac cuoc dieu tra ASB dugc tign hanh tai ca bay xa hgi cd nen van hoa chu yeu dugc hinh qua nhimg ldi chi day cua Khdng Tu va cac mon cua ong Do la Trung Qudc, Hdng Kdng, Nhat Ban, Han Quoc, Singgapo, Dai Loan va Viet Nam^ Nhdm thfl nhit bao gdm hanh phuc va hai ba yeu td: su thich thu, su thda man va su dat Vdi gia dinh ring moi ca nhan dua danh gia dflng nhat ve tinh trang hanh phuc cua hg, cac cuoc dieu tra ASB dua cac cau hoi ve hanh phuc theo each dg nhflng ngudi tra ldi cd the phan biet giira "hanh phuc" va "cam thay hanh phuc", va danh gia tinh trang hanh phuc theo quan niem rieng cua hg Nhu cdc cude dieu tra khdc, cdc cuoc dieu tra ASB dat cdc cau hdi thing, "Sau xem xet mpi viec, ban se ndi ban la ngudi (1) rit hanh phuc, (2) khd hanh phuc, (3) khong hanh phuc ciing khdng bit hanh, (4) khong qud hanh phuc, hay (5) rit bit hanh?" Ldi IS dac biet cau hdi tao diSu kien cho ngudi tra ldi phan biet giua "hanh phuc" va "cam thiy hanh phuc" va danh gia chung vg tinh trang cuoc sdng cua hp Tren CO sd nghien cuu trudc day cho thiy, cdc cau trd ldi nhiing cau hoi la dung va la nhimg su ddnh gid ddng tin cay ve hanh phuc (Ng 1996), chung tdi coi nhimg §u tu danh gid'nay la bien sd ddc lap co ban Vg mflc dp thich thu, cac cuoc digu tra ASB dat cau hoi: "Ban co cam thiy ban thuc su thich cuoc song hay khong - thudng xuyen, higm hay khong bao gid? Vg muc dp dat cuoc sdng, cdc cuoc digu tra dat cau hoi: " B ^ cd cam thiy ban dang dat dugc nhimg gi ban muon cuoc s6ng - nhigu, mot it, rit it hay khong?" Trong cae cau hoi nay, su thich thu va'su dat the hien chit lugng s6ng khac Dg ddnh gia mflc dp thda man cdc nhu ciu co ban cua ngudi, chung toi chpn nhom thu hai de cap dgn cdc nhu ciu tinh thin, xa hoi, tai chinh, sue khoe Cu thg la, cac cau hdi dat cho ngudi trd ldi mdt thang digm bac ddnh gia muc thoa man hay khong thoa man vdi tinh trang sue khoe, thu nhap, cuoc sdng gia dinh, va cuoc song tinh thin Qua viec dgm sd nhu ciu dugc ddnh gid la thoa man, mot chi sd b6n bac danh gid sir thoa man cuoc sdng da dugc xay dung Hai bac va cua chi s6 thg hien ' Lu (2001, 411) xem x6t tii lieu cua Nho giio \h hanh phiic vi kSt luan "Nhirng ngueri theo Nho giio dinh gia hanh phuc v6 mit tinh thin, chu khong phai vg vat chit; theo dao due chu khong phii theo hoin cinh; tu dinh gii chii khong phii ngu6ri khic dinh gii" , ^ •^ d ci biy xa hoi, trir xi h6i Vi6t Nam, cie cuoc phong van ci nhan dugc tien hinh vai ci phu nft lan nam gidi Tuy nhien^ d Vi?t Nam, cie cuoc phong vin dugc ti6n hinh chi vdi nhOng ngudi thinh thi Vai li niy, luu y sir so sinh k6t qua diSu tra a Viet Nam vdi UX qui diSu tra d eic xi hgi khic c6 ning khong chinh xie Nghl6n ciiu Con ngUdI s66 (45) 2009 rr Doh Chull Shin su khdng thda man hay thda man ca bdn nhu ciu B|lc thg hien sir thda man mot nhu ciu Bac thg hien su thda man hai hay ba nhu ciu Nhdm thfl ba de cap dgn gidi tinh, tudi tac, tmh tr?ng hdn nhan, hgc vin vd thu nhap gia dinh Nam bign sd dugc su diing dg xdc dinh 13 nhdm dan so khdc moi xa hgi Chung tdi su dung chung nhu cdc bien so dgc lap hay cdc biSn s6 di^u chinh phan tich anh hudng ddi vdi hanh phuc Gidi tinh va tinh trang hon nhan dugc chia lam hai loai Hgc vin vd thu nhap dugc chia lam ba muc khdc nhau: thap, trung binh va cao Gidng nhu hgc vin va thu nhap, tuoi tdc dugc chia lam ba nhom Thanh nien tudi 20 - 30, trung nien tudi 40 - 50, va ngudi gia tuoi 60 va cao hon Ngoai ba nhom bign so nay, chung tdi da lira chgn tu cdc cuoc digu tra ASB mot cau hoi nua dg cd dugc nhiing danh gid chu quan ve muc sdng rieng cua mdi cd nhan (Veenhoven 1991) Cau hdi nay* la vg mflc sdng cua ngudi theo thang bac, tu* "cao 'trung binh" tdi "thip" Muc hanh phuc Cdc cude digu tra ASB dua nhiing cau hdi dg ngudi tra ldi ddnh gid tinh trang cua hg Bang cho thiy cdc cau hdi tra ldi theo nSm nhdm tfl "rit hanh phiic" tdi "rit bit hanh" Bang cung cho thiy ty le ngudi ndi hg hanh phuc, bit hanh va s\r chenh lech giua hai ty le Trong nam nhom ngudi trd ldi Bang cho thiy "khd hanh phuc" la su lua chgn nhieu nhit (41%) sd ngudi dugc hdi khu vuc chau A theo Nho gido Theo sau nhdm la nhdm trd ldi "khong hanh phuc cung khdng bit hanh" (34%), "rit hanh phuc" (19%), "khong qud hanh phuc" (6%), va "rit bit hanh" (1%) KSt hgp nhiing cau tra ldi tich cue, ta thiy 3/5 (60%) ngudi dan khu vuc noi hg dang sdng hanh phuc Mat khdc, nhflng ngudi CO cuoc sd'ng bit hanh, chi la mdt bp phan nho, chiem 1/14 (7%) Trong khu vuc nay, sd ngudi sdng hanh phuc gap hem lan sd ngudi sdng bat hgnh Bang 1: Tu danh gia ve hanh phuc Npi dung Trung Quoc Hong Kong Nhat Ban Han Quoc Singapore Dai Loan Viet Nam Vung -2 (%) 1.7 1.0 0.9 1.1 0.9 2.2 0.1 1.1 thang dan hgia -1 (%) (%) - (%) 35.7 39.0 4.7 2.2 46.1 44.0 34.6 44.3 4.8 12.7 29.9 44.3 15.4 51.1 5.2 7.2 40.5 33.7 1.6 32.6 27.3 5.5 33.5 40.6 Trung (%) binh 18.9 (0.7) 6.6 (0.5) 15.4 (0.7) 12.0 (0.5) 27.5 (1.0) 16.5 (0.6) 38.4 (1.0) 19.3 (0.7) Phan tram Hanh Khong h^nh Can phiic (%) phiic (%) bing(%) 57.9 6.4 +51.6 50.6 3.2 +47.5 59.6 5.6 +54.0 56.1 13.8 +42.5 78.5 6.1 +72.5 50.2 9.4 +40.8 65.7 1.7 +64.0 59.9 6.6 +53.3 Nguon: Dieu tra AB 2004 * Cau hoi niy li: "Ban mo ti mure s6ng cua ban: cao, tuong doi cao, tning binh, tuong d6i th^, hay 1h^?" Q Nghlin cihi Con ngudt s6» (45) 2009 Chdt lugng cuoc sdng Trong cdc xa hdi theo Nho gido, nhiing ngudi "hanh phuc" chidm da sd va nhiing ngudi "bit hanh" chiSm thieu sd Trong mpi xa hpi, nhung ngudi "rit bit hanh" chiem sd lugng it nhit Bang cung cho thiy ty le ngudi "hanh phuc" thay ddi nhiSu tfl da s6 tdi thiSu d Hdng Kdng va Dai Loan tdi 2/3 d Vipt Nam va hon 3/4 d Singgapo Ty le ngudi "bit hgnh" ciing khdc nhiSu tu dudi 2% d Vi?t Nam tdi 14% d Han Quoc D I md ta bflc tranh can bing ve mflc dp hanh phuc moi xa hdi, chung tdi trudc hit da ket hgp ddnh gid tich cue va ddnh gid tieu cue, va xay dimg chi sd chenh lech phin tram (PDI) bing each liy ddnh gia tich cue tru ddnh gid tieu cue Nhung gid tri cua chi sd tu mflc tliap -100 tdi muc cao +100 Theo cdc gid tri cua PDI cot cuoi cvmg cua Bang 1, Singgapo ndi len nhu dan tgc hanh phuc nhit vdi +73 di6m; theo sau la Viet Nam (+64 diem), Nhat Bdn (+54 diem), Trung Quoc (+52 diem) Hong Kdng (+48 diem), Han Qudc (+43 diem) va Dai Loan (+41 diem) Tren co sd muc diem nay, khu vuc chau A theo Nho gido cd the dugc chia hai tieu khu vuc Tieu khu vuc thfl nhit vdi mflc hanh phuc cao hon gom cd Singgapo, Viet Nam, Nhat Ban va Trung Quoc vdi mflc diem hon +50 Tieu khu vuc vdi mflc hanh phuc thap hem cd Hdng Kdng, Han Qudc, va Dai Loan vdi mflc diem dudi +50 Trong tiSu khu vuc thfl nhat, cd mot su khdc biet ddng chu y Trung Qudc, Nhat Ban va Singgapo, nhiing ngudi trd ldi hg "khd hanh phuc" vugt sd ngudi trd ldi "rit hanh phuc" Tuy nhien, d Viet Nam so ngudi tra ldi "rat hanh phuc" lai vugt trdi so ngudi trd ldi "khd hanh phuc" Ngudi Han Qu6c, khdng giong ngudi Hong Kong va Dai Loan, phan Idn ddnh gid cuoc sdng cua hg la "khd hanh phuc" hon la "khdng hanh phuc ciing khong bit hanh" Thuc tS, d moi nudc, trfl Han Quoc, ty le ngudi song rit hanh phiic Idn hon ty le ngudi sdng bit hanh vd ty le ngudi song rat bat hanh cong lai Nhiing ngudi dan cdc xa hgi Nho gido hanh phuc va bat hanh d muc nao? D6 so sanh mflc hanh phuc da dugc thua nhan mot cdch chinh xdc ban d bay xa hgi nay, chiing toi sip x6p lai thang bac loai thang bac diem tfl mflc thap -2 (rat bit hanh) tdi muc cao +2 (rit hanh phuc) Bang cho thiy cac mflc trung binh d6i vdi moi xa hgi vd toan bd khu vuc Theo thang bac nay, bdy xa hdi dat mflc trung binh la +0.7 diSm, cao hon mflc giua thang, song thip hon nhidu so vdi mflc cao nhit +2 diim Mflc trung binh khing dinh ring, khu vuc chau A theo Nho gido la khu vuc ma ngudi dan s6ng hanh phuc ban bit hanh Tuy nhien, khu vuc khdng phdi la khu vuc cd da sd ngudi dan song rat hanh phuc Ben canh do, bdng cho thiy moi xa hgi Nho gido cd mgt mflc diSm trung binh Nhung muc didm trung binh khdc ddng kd tu +0.5 didm d H6ng Kong va Han Qu6c tdi +1 didm d Singgapo va Viet Nam Nhiing didm khing dinh ring, ngudi dan d Singgapo va Viet Nam sdng hanh phiic hon nhidu so vdi ngudi dan d Hong Kong va Han Qudc Ndi rgng ban, d cdc xa hgi theo Nho gido, co su bit quan binh Idn vd trai nghiem hanh phuc (Cdn niia) Nghlin ciiu Con ngudt s66 (45) 2009 ... hanh phuc xa hgi theo Nho giao hay khong' Danh gia De kiem tra md hinh hanh phuc dugc phac hga d tren khu vuc chau A theo Nho giao, chung tdi lua chgn ba nhom ket hgp cac yeu td dua theo cac cuoc... ngudi Tigp theo chung tdi se xem x6t cac yeu to cu the nao la quan trgng nhat va it quan trgng nhit dk c6 hanh phuc cac xa „ Nghlin ciiu Con ngudi s6 (45) 2009 Chdt luang cuoc sdng hpi theo Nho giao... x6t tii lieu cua Nho giio h hanh phiic vi kSt luan "Nhirng ngueri theo Nho giio dinh gia hanh phuc v6 mit tinh thin, chu khong phai vg vat chit; theo dao due chu khong phii theo hoin cinh; tu