Dân cư bình định dưới triều nguyễn (nửa đầu thế kỷ XIX)

Tgp chi khoa hgc TrUdng Dgi hgc Quy Nhdn - Sd'3, T4p VI n&m 2012 DAN CU BINH D|NH Dl/n lich (knv) Gia I>ong (1819) 6.075 5.856 11.168 33.500 15.400 40.500 Ti;Di?e (1847) 52.110 25.766 63.353 [2; tr.24] Thang 5/1847 theo ldi tdu ciia quan linh Binh Dinh hu\en Bong Sdncd sd dinh vd dan rat ddng So dinh hdn 11.200 ngffdi, so diin hdn 20,900 mau, xin chia lam huyen Bong Sdn vd Bong Dao nhffng irieu dinh khdng chap nhan |7; tr 144] Cdc so' tren ddy da phan nao the hien sff phat trien dan sd' ciia tinh Binh Dinh nffa dau ihe ki XIX Ddc biel, phd cang Qu\ Nhdn dffdc tao dffng va phdt trien (theki XVII - XIX) da Ihu hul dffpe mpt Iffc Iffdng ddng dao cff dan tff ndi Ichdc de'n lu cff Trong dd cd hang loat ngffdi Hoa den iff Trieu Chau, Phffc Kien, Nam Hdi Phan ddng di dan dffdc lay vd la'y chong ngffdi Viet \ a an cff lac nghiep tren da't Viet ndi chung va Binh Djnh ndi rieng Sff Idng len ve dan so da dan den sif ihay ddi cd ca'u dan cff va sff phan bd dan eff ciia viing da't Binh Dinh d nufa dau the' ki XIX Dffdi trieu Nguyen Binh Dinh ed nhilu dan ldc sinh sdng (Kinh, Bana, H're, Hoa ) Cae dan tpc cd so Iffdng nhilu it khdc Tuy nhien, de'n nffa dau the ki XIX, ngffdi Kinh la cff dan ed sd Iffdng ddng nha't Binh Dinh Vdi ffu the ngffdi Kinh da dan dan tien len vCing irung du vDng nui ldm an, sinh song Trong dd, cdc dan tdc Chdm, H're, Hoa chiem so Iffdng ra't it ed ca'u ddn cff Binh Dinh dffdi trilu Nguyen nffa dau the ki XIX DAN CU BINH DINH D\S6\ TRIEU NGUVfeN (NlfA DAU TH^ KJ XIX) 59 Ndm 1808, vua Gia Long ddt Trd'n Binh Dinh thay cho Dinh Binh Dinh ldp tff ndm 1799 Dia ba Binh Dinh ndm 1815 cho biel, cd trd'n Binh Dinh cd 28 xa (huy$n Bong Sdn cd 12 xa, huydn Phff Li cd 11 xa vd huypn Tuy Viin ed xa) Ndm Minh Menh thff 13 (1832), ti^n hdnh s^p xd'p cdc ddn vi hdnh chinh tren pham vi cd nffdc, trilu Nguyin da chia huypn Tuy Viin ldm huy$n (Tuy Viin vd Tuy Phffde), chia huydn Phil Ly ldm huy^n (Phff Cdt vd PhCi My) Den Dia ba Binh Dinh ndm 1839 loan linh cd 677 thdn vd trang, khdng tha'y ghi cd'p xa Ben canh dd, ndm 1826, nha Nguyen cho lap ddn d thdn An Sdn (An KhS) gdm; Trd Dinh, Xuan Vien, Tam Giang, Hffdng Thffy Tnic Lam, VLI Bdn vd Dai Tien [7; tr 92] Viec ehia tdch edc ddn vi hanh chinh d Binh Dinh nffa d^u the ki XIX ddc bidt Id ddi vdi cac mien thffdng du da cho thd'y sff md rdng vl dien tich ciia vffng da't Binh Djnh CDng vdi dd la sff ddng len cua sd' Iffdng dan cff vd sff thay doi phan bd ddn cff d Binh Dinh nffa dau the kiXIX Trffdc ngffdi Viet tien xud'ng phia Nam ngffdi Chdm van tie'p tuc cff tru tren vung da't ma hg sinh sd'ng trffdc dd (vffng dong b^ng ven bien) Ne'u cd thay ddi dia ban sd'ng thi ehi mdt bg phan ra't nhd ciia cdng ddng Chdm d vung ddng bang chuyen eff len viing nui Binh Dinh sinh sd'ng (huyen Van Canh nay) Dia ban vung niii dnh Binh Dinh Iiie dau Id vung da't eff tni ehu ye'u ciia ngffdi Bana vd H're Khi de'n dinh eff d Binh Dinh, vung ddng bang ven bien doe theo Iffu cae eon sdng Id vung dd't eff trff, dffng chan eiia ngffdi Kinh Iff miln Bae di eff vao Tuy nhien, den cud'i the ki XVIII - nffa dau the ki XIX, ngffdi Kinh khdng ehi sd'ng tap trung d vung ddng bdng, hp da tien dan len khai pha cac vffng trung du va vung nui Bay gid, dia ban vung nui d Binh Dinh khdng ehi la vung da't sinh sd'ng ehu ye'u cua ngffdi Bana, H're, ma cdn cd mat ngdy cang ddng dao cdng ddng ngffdi Kinh Ngay tff cuo'i the' ki XVIII, anh em nha Tay Sdn da pha'l cd khdi nghia d viing Tay Sdn thffdng Lffc Iffdng tham gia ed ddng dao ngffdi Kinh va ddng bao dan ldc it ngffdi Dieu dd phan nao chffng td sff phan bd' dan cff da ed sff chuyen dich tff ddng bang len trung du va mien nui Qua tnnh cdng dffdc day manh dffdi trieu Nguydn De'n nam 1870, vua Tff Dffc phe chuan cho tinh Binh Dinh lap "nha Doanh diin" An Khe, md dan khai hoang, lap a'p Nam 1877, dat "nha An Khe Kinh If" d mien thffdng du huyen Tuy Vidn Dieu cung chffng to sff phan bo dan cff giffa ddng bang, tnmg du va miln mii tren dia ban tinh chac chan da ed nhffng bien ddng, thay ddi Ngoai ra, dac diem cua hoat dgng kinh te (budn ban, trao ddi, san xua't hang hda ) dia ban eff tni ciia ngffdi Hoa thffdng la ndi giao thdng thuan ldi, dan cff ddng diic, la cae thi, thi tran, thi tff Do dd, dffdi trieu Nguyin, ngffdi Hoa chu ye'u sd'ng tap trung d Gd Gang, Dap Da, Nffdc Man, Quy Nhdn Tuy nhien, ngffdi Hoa d Binh Dinh thffdng khdng sd'ng tap trung cac diem tu eff Idn kieu nhff eac lang Minh Hffdng d Hdi An, Hue ma hg sd'ng xen ke vdi ngffdi Kinh da dinh cff trffdc dd 60 DINH THI THAO- Nhin chung, vio nifa iiu thd k! XIX, eil ci'u din ctr vi sif phin bd dan cif ciia Binh Djnh di cd nhidu thay ddi Sd Itfijng ngiy mdi ddng thfim vi difpc phan bd tren hiu khip cic dja bin ddng bing, dd thi, Irung duvi midn niii Ngifdi Kinh da dan tien Idn cic vilng trung du vi midn ndi lim in, sinh sdng Tuy nhidn, dja bin sdng tip trung nhi't ciia ngifdi Kinh, ngirdi Hoa viin li vilng ddng bSng, vilng phd thj, ndi cd didu kidn giao thdng tiTdng ddi lhu§n lpi Vilng nui van li ndi sinh ti,i chu ydu cua eic din ldc thidu sd (Bana, H're, Chim) Ddi S N G CUA CU DAN BINH DINH NLfA DAU TH^ KJ XIX DSn cif Vidt Nam ndi chung, din cif Binh Djnh ndi ri6ng hau hdt li ndng din, sdng tip trung thinh nhifng td ehd'c gpi li "ling" ngdn ngU hing ngiy vi "xd" ngdn ngif hinh ehinh Ddn nifa diu thd ki XIX, d Binh Dinh cd nhiTng loai hinh ling sau: - Ling ven bien, thifdng tifa lung vio diy ddi cit chay dpc bd bidn hay tlfa lUhg vio chin cie diy niii lan tin bien Cif dan ciia ling ven bien chuyen sdng bing ngif nghipp - Ling ven dam, ven vinh, ven sdng Ctr din d nhiTng ling niy thifdng cd sif kdt hdp giifa ndng-ngir nghipp - Ling ven chan niii, chin ddi li nhiTng ling ndng-lam nghiep ket hdp - Ling nim giifa ddng bing, chuyen lim ndng nghipp, quan lu Iheo iCrng xdm - Mdt sd it ling ndng-cdng-thifdng nghipp ke'l hpp d cic thi Iri'n ven linh li, huypn li nhif An Thai Gd Ging, Dap Di, Ntfdc Min, Gd Bdi, Cufa Gii, NhiTng ling niy ve sau phit trien thinh thi tu*, nhifng trung tim cdng-thlfdng nghiep ngiy To chlfc xa hdi Viet Nam ndi chung, Binh Dinh ndi rieng deu dtfa tren td ehlTc xa thdn Chinh quyen khdng true tiep quan li ngifdi dan mi chi coi ngifdi din nhu mpt dd'i tUdng ciia cpng ddng thdn xi Chinh quyen khdng bit dan dinh phii npp tnfc tiep thud eho chinh quyen nhifng budc ling xa phai chiu trich nhipm \'e thud vi sifu dich cho nhi nUdc Trong hdn 50 nim dau the ki XIX, trieu Nguyen da ban hanh vi thire hien nhieu chinh sach nham dn dinh xi hpi va phit tridn kinh id di't nifdc Tuy nhien, nhCfng chinh sich cua Uieu Nguyen chtfa thifc sU mang lai hipu qui dd'i vdi ddi sd'ng eua cie tang ldp nhan dan Thud rupng dat, thud dinh (thud than) vi nhieu Uiu* Uiud khic di act ginh ning dd'i vdi nhan din Binh Dinh ndi rieng, nhan din ei nirdc ndi chung Cu the: - Thud dinh: Theo quy dinh nim 1832 thdi \ ua Minh Menh, viec npp thue' dinh d Binh Dinh khdng phin biet ehinh hp, khich hp; din dUdc ehia lim hang nop thue: trang hang vi dan dinh, lio, tat Thue' ddng bing tien vdi miJe Ii din cd rudng cdng vi dan DAN Cif BlNH DINH D\J6l TRifeu NGUVfeN (NlfA DAU TH^ KI XIX) 61 khdng cd rudng cdng Cu thi, vua Minh Mpnh quy dmh: "Hdng ndm ddng thuilhdn, trd cdc hd ndp thue sdn vdt, vdn sai cdc nha, chiiu nggch thu ndp cdn ihi mgi ngUdi phdi ndp, nhu ddn ndo cd rudng cdng chia cdp, thi cd ndm mdi ngUdi trdng hgng lien thue thdn quan tien, liin suu tiin; hgng gid, ddn dinh, Idn tdt, cd ndm liin ihui thdn lien, liin suu 30 ddng Ddn xd ndo khdng cd rudng cdng chia cd'p ihl mSi ngUd trdng hgng lien thui thdn quan liin lien stiu liin; hgng gid, ddn dinh, hgng ldn tdt deu chiu mdt nUa Cdc xa, thdn, phudng, d'p ndo diu ggi trUdc cd nSu lin chvt chin hg, khdch hd ihi diu cho bd di" [3; tr 94] -Thue ruOng: Thdi Gia Long, quy dinh ddnh thue rudng cdng Idng xd vd rupng tff ngang Cu the: ruOng hang nha'l nOp 40 thdng thdc hang nhi 30 thdng vd hang ba 20 thdng Dffdi thdi Minh Mdnh, Tff Dffc mffc thue d Binh Dinh khdng thay ddi Cac loai dat cdng tff dffdc quy dinh npp quan I tien/mau/ndm Da't trdng dau ndp quan I tien Da't vffdn trdng cau nop tff quan tiin den quan Da't mia nop 10 thdng thdc/mdu - Thue'cdng thffdng nghiep: + Thue san vdt Thue san vat cdn ggi Id "thue biel ngp", la v|it pham ngffdi thp thu cdng san xua't nop thue' cho nha nffdc Thue san vat thffdng cao hdn thue than nhiflig ngffdi nop dffdc miln sffu dich, binh dich "Thuibiit ngp" quy dinh cd the thay san vat bang san vat khdc hoac nop b^ng tien thay san vat Nam 1799, sau lap Dinh Binh Dinh Nguyen Anh quy dinh thue san vat hang nam cho moi ngffdi thd nhff sau: + Thd del: Trffu nam mdi tdm ddi 30 thffdc, rpng td'c Linh tham, bdt ty, nhilu trang, sa trang thi nop thay b^ng trffu nam tam, vai tr^ng td'm -1- Cdc nghi khdc: nghi sat ngp 150 can/thd; dau rdi vd; nen trdm hang ldn nffa cay, hang nhd 50 cay; dau lac 90 can; tham cdi ddi; chid'u trdn ddi Thue' sai dff (tien sai phdi) moi ngffdi nop quan Nam 1805, d Binh Dinh, thue san vat nhff ndn Id dffa vd ed gai dffdc nop thay bang vai, mdi ngffdi tefm Nam 1822 thue' mud'i dffdc nop thay bang liin Moi phffdng mudi ndp thay la tiin 30 ddng Thue'yenhd: hdng nam nop 19 can lang (1824) Nam 1834, trieu dinh quy dinh mdi ngffdi khai thdc yen hang nam nop 10 lang Thue hd khai thac tr^m hffdng: Nam 1802 Gia Long quy dinh: "cho dp Thd DINH THI THAOHaang pha Quy Nhan n0p thui sdn v4t, mdi ngadi ndp Igng, niu ndm ndo khdng c6 kl nam thi ndp trdm huang Id I cdn" Nim 1803, quy djnh ddi li'y trim hifdng d Dinh Binh Dinh, mdi nim mdi ngtrdi ndp trim hiTdng loiji cifc tdt I can |7; tr 163) Nim 1810 tridu dinh l^i quy dinh CM thd: "Sdddn dp Thi Huang theo cu phii ndp thuilhdn, ddy xdu tiin vi phdi chiu linh iheo nggch, edn dao dich (lao dich) tgp vif diu dugc mien, thudng ndm cd trdng, qudn, ddn hgng mdi ngudi ndp kl nam huang I Igng lien Niu ndm ndo tim kiim khdng dugc hodc khdng dH mSi ngadi phdi ndp thay bdng trdm huang cue ldi li Igng Cdn din dinh, ldo, Idt diu chiu mgi nda" [3; tr 348] + Thudthtrdngnghi$p Nim 1812 u-idu Nguydn quy dinh danh thud hing hda bing 1/40 gii bin; u-ong dd ed Id dinh thud qua bdn dd, d:inh theo sd ginh hing, dau thuyen, cin, lang, Cu Ihd, nhi nude quy dinh: "Phdm edc nai chg bua, quan di, ngudi budn bdn hdng hda qua lgi, thdi sd Tudn ly cd 40 phdn thu thui I phdn: dd, cd cdc I? ddnh Ihui ngudi budn qua bin dd, ludn thi trudng (chg) hodc chiiu sd gdnh, tinh ddu thuyin, hodc linh Iheo cdn, Igng " [3; tr 450] Ngoii cac loai thud phii ddng hing nim, dan dinh Binh Dinh cdn cd nghia vu phii ddng cdng sUu xiy difng cic cdng trinh cho nhi nude gpi li lao dich nhtf: dip dianh luy, lim cau dirdng, lim gd, nung gach ngdi, Ldc dau thud lao dich bit bupe phii di lim trlTc tiep, vd sau ddi Ip cd the npp bing tien, cu the: mdi nim ki, mdi ki tien; ddi vdi cie din tpc it ngirdi d vilng thUdng du cd Ihe ndp bing hipn vat nhiTmat ong, sip ong, tram hUdng, ngi voi, sirng td giie, Thien tai cung la nguyen nhin dan de'n cudc sdng khd cifc eua ngifdi ndng din Nan phieu tin dien lien tuc u-ong nOfa dau the ki XIX, kdm theo dd li sif hoanh hinh eua nan ddi vi dich bpnh Ben canh dd, ngifdi dan edn phai ginh chiu nan nhung nhieu cua quan lai, cifdng hio Dd cflng la blfc u-anh \ c ddi sd'ng khd ciTc eiia ngifdi din Binh Dinh d ei ndng thdn, thi vi vDng ndi Ngoii td chlfc xi thdn, d Binh Dinh vio nila dau the ki XIX di hinh diinh khu dd thi Quy Nhdn ngUdi Viet va ngifdi Hoa lap phd budn bin Ndi dung vin bia d den Quan Thinh (chua dng Nhieu) lap vio nim 1837 ghi ten nhiTng ngifdi cdng den, UTing tu ngdi den da phan inh rd dieu niy "Nude Dgi Nam Thdi id Thiiu bdo Hiep bien Dai hgc si lanh Binh Phi Tong ddc hg Vd eung Phd trudng Trdn DUe Hiep, Cai long Ngd Vdn Phdng ddp Chinh Lgc, Ihdn Vinh Khdnh, long Tuy Hda, huyen Tuy Phudc, phi An Nhan thinh ldm dn chay niem Phdt de xdy dung miiu Quan thdnh di qudn Ngiy Ihdng ndm Dinh Ddu (1837) bdt ddu khdi cdng xdy dung" [6; tr 291-292] Nhif vay, nim 1837, da cd chile danh "Phdtrudng" Tran DiTe Hiep phiiffichdd thi Quy Nhdn Day la mdt cd che quan li dd thi difdi trieu Nguyen lan dau tien xui't hidn d Quy Nhdn Phd tnfdng (TW Uifdng) eWu trich nhiem quin li bd miy nha nifdc, linh DAN CU BlNH BINH DUOl TRlJU NGUY6N (Nl!iA BAU THg K1 XIX) 63 thd, dan cU dd thi; giiip vide eho Phd n-ifdng ed cic vien ThuT lai, Thif dich, Dpi midng Ngifdi Hoa budn bin d Quy Nhdn ed ed chd tU tri theo hinh thd'c Bang Chd dd Bang d Quy Nhdn ed thi dupe thinh lip tir nim 1814 DUng dau mdi Bang cd mdt "Bang Iradng": gidp vipc cd hoic Bang phd Bang trudng ed nhipm vu xdt xuf cie vu u-anh tung giifa eic Hoa kieu vi dai didn cho hp trifde nhi cam quydn Tuy nhien, nhiem vu ehinh ye'u cua Bang trudng li quin ddc viec tri thud cQa Hoa kieu Bang cho U-ieu dinh Mdi nim vao thing 10, cie Bang trifdng phii de'n tinh U dd khai sd din ciia Bang Nim 1842, vua Thipu Tri quy dinh: "Cdc dia phuang cd ngadi Hoa kliu din eU ngu phdi ddng ten vio sd hing Bang de chiu ihui " Nim 1847, d Binh Dinh cd Bang Hoa kieu |7; tr 166] Dd'i vdi ngudi Minh HlTdng sd'ng d Binh Dinh trUde thing 8/1826, nhi nirdc quy dinh ndp thud than gdm: ta'm vii vi I quan lien/ngudi/nim Tif thing 8/1826 ve sau, moi ngUdi phai nop lang bac, diy td xiu lien, vide binh dao dUdc mien, din hang dinh, lio, tit difdc nop mpt nda [7; tr 161] Nhifng ngudi sd'ng td chu'c Bang ed che' dp tif tri cao nhifng phai ddng tien thud ning hdn Le thud nam 1830 quy dinh: thud thin ngUdi Hoa den eir ngu la quan tien/nam: ne'u khdng cd tii san dUdc giam mdt nila nhifng khdng qui nam Thud ap dung eho nhifng ngifdi tir 18-60 mdi Den nim 1838, thud than ngifdi Hoa kieu chieu theo le thud ngu'di Mmh HUdng de thu [3; tt 180] Nhifng ngudi Hoa gd'c Quang Ddng, Phiic Kie'n nhap cif den Binh Dinh cil 30 ngifdi trd len lap nhdm Dai Minh, ea nim moi ngirdi nop vai stfu ta'm, mdi tam dai 30 thifde, ngang tic vi tien thud than, tien diy xau den nhif le ngUdi nop thue san vat [3; tr 304] MOT SO NHAN XET 4.1 Dil ngudn gdc din tdc, tie'ng ndi hay phong tijc tip quan khae , cif dan Binh Dinh ndi chung, cif dan Binh Dinh d nila dau thd kl XIX ndi rieng deu chung sd'ng hda binh, gan bd mit thiet va ludn cd tinh cam sau nang ddi vdi vilng da't Cling vdi ngudi Viet, cac din tdc Cham, Bana, H're, Hoa , da cd nhidu ddng gdp quan trpng cho sU ldn manh cua que hUdng Binh Dinh 4.2 De'n nda dau the ki XIX, dien tich Binh Dinh da cd stf md rdng ding ke nham dip ifng nhu cau tang din sd SU gia ting nhanh chdng cua sd'lUdngdan ctf da tic ddng ldn den cd cau dan cif va sif phan bd dan cif toin tinh Do sile ep eiia dan sd, ngUdi Viet d Binh Dinh da di eU len mien nui tao nen sU giao lUu kinh td-vin hda tich cUc giifa mien xudi va mien ngifde 4.3.Hoat ddng kinh te chii yeu cda eif dan Binh Dinh li ndng nghiep Tuy nhien, sued mat cua ngifdi Hoa vdi truyen thdng thUdng nghiep vdn ed eiia hp di tao dieu kien BINH THI THAOdidc d^y nhanh qui trinh hinh thinh v i phit tridn c i c trung tim budn bin, c i c tu diem kinh id-xi hdi d Binh Dinh 4.4 Chd dp thud khda cOa tridu Nguydn qui ning nd ddi vdi nhin din cic nginh sin xui't v i lifu thdng budn bin Trong dd, thud dinh l i mdt ginh ning dd'i vdi c i c ting ldp nhin din Do v§y, nhin dan Binh Dinh cOng nhu nhin dan c i nifdc ndi chung phii sdng Irong einh cd cifc: din chdt ddi, ling xdm Ii6u dieu, cudc sdng khdng dn dinh VI dill khdng dii nudi sd'ng bin thin vi gia dinh m i np nin, thud khda lai chdng chi't ; ngifdi ndng din d i phii bd ling qud di tha phirdng c i u thire Vd sau, chinh sir khdn ciing, khdng cd Idi thoil eiia ngirdi ndng dan li nguydn nhin dan Idi cic cudc khdi nghia, bao lo^n T A I L I U THAM KHAO [II N T Anh, Kinh te vd xd hdi Vi('l Nam dudi cdc vua triiu Nguyin, Nhi xu^t bin Van h9C,(2(X)8) [2] N X Nhin, Vii nil vi vdn hda cd truyen d cdc ling qui Binh Dinh, Sd VSn hda Uiong tin Blnh Dinh, (2004) [3] NOi cic nieuNguyen,Af/i&n(f/n/i Dpi/VnmA^iifidn lie/(••.tip4 Nxb Thuin Hda, Hud,(I993) [4] Q Tan Nude non Binh Dinh, Nxb Thanh Nien, (1999) [5] Tdng cue du Uch, Tmng tam cdng nghp thdng tin du lich, N