V Anh hirong cua Nho giao van hoa Viet Nam Ly T u n g Hieu * Nh$n ngiy 12 thing 12 nam 2014 Chinh sua ngiy 25 thing 12 nam 2014 Chdp nh^ dSng ngiy 07 thing 01 nim 2015 Tdm tdt: Vdi Ijch su 1900 nam truyen ba d Vipt Nam, frong dd cd hai giai dogn chiem dia vj dpc ton la Hau Le (1428 - 1527) va Nguyin sa (1802 - 1883), Nho giao da tdc dpng mgnh me den vdn hoa Vipt Nam Nho gido tac dpng chii yeu den cac giai cap, ting Idp fren xd hpi, nhung khong an sdu ben re vdo cdc giai cap, ting Idp dudi Dli vdi vdn hda tinh than, Nho giao gop phdn Idm hinh ddng vdn hda quan phuong chinh thing, ben cgnh dong vin hda dan gian gdn vdi y thftc tpc ngudi, lam nen c6t ldi ciia van hoa tpc ngudi Nho giao Iam cho vdn hoa tinh thin cua Viet Nam thdi trung dai bj Han hoa mpt phan dang ke, ddng thdi kim ham, gay hgi cho nen vdn hda truyen thong cua Vipt Nam, ca frong Itnh vyc van hda tinh than Idn van hda vgt chat Nho gido cdng dgt tdi t$t dinh quyen uy thi dat nudc Vipt Nam cdng suy yeu, vdn hda Vipt Nam cdng suy thodi Va culi ciing, trudc nan vong qudc cuoi the ky XIX, Nho giao dd bat Iyc va tan lyi Tir khda: Vdn hoa Vipt Nam; Nho gido D^tvindl Hon mdt ttdm ndm qua kl tft Nho gido suy vong, van dfi Nho gido ttong vdn hda Vipt Nam dd dugc bdn nhilu Cdc nha nghifin cftu Nho gido thdi trudc cd Phan Bpi Chau, Tran Trpng Kim, Dao Duy Anh, Duong Qudng Ham, Ngd Tdt Td, Nguyfin Duy cin, Kim Dinh Gdn day hon cd Cao Xudn Huy, Trin Vdn Giau, Trin Dinh Hugu, Quang Dgm, Trjnh Dodn Chinh, Nhung hau het cdc nghien cftu iy diu dftng d cac difim nhin trifitfapchogc sft hpc, van hgc; va cac khia cgnh dugc ndi nhilu vdn la tft tudng, gido dye, vdn hpc cua Nho giao va Nho gido Vi^t Nam, Khia cgnh chua dugc ban nhifiu la tdc dyng thyc tien cua Nho giao ddi vdi vdn hda Viet Nam, tiic Id Nho gido hi^n thyc va quan he tuong tac cfta nd ddi vdi van hda Viet Nam M$t vin dfi van hda thyc tien nhu vdy cd thfi dugc xem xet tft gdc nhin Vdn hda hpe Dfi tifip cgn van dl ndy, chftng tfii vgn dyng I;^ thuylt vl he thing van hda Theo do, chung tfii xem van hda tfic ngudi Id mot he thfing bao gdm ba ylu td la ehu till vdn hda, hogt dgng van hda vd ddc trung vSn hda Trong ba yfiu td dd, ddng vai ttd hnng tam cua toan he thfing la chft thl vdn hda, tftc bdn than tdc ngudi Cdn hogt dgng van hda, bao gdm cdc lihh vyc hogt d§ng tiiyc '*' Tiln SI, Tru6ng Dai hpc Khoa hpc xS h$i vi nhan van, Dgi hpc Quoc gia Tp Hi Chf Mmh DT: 0909530214, mail: lytunghieu@gmail.com Anh hirang cda Nho gido vdn hda Vi?t Nam tien khac cua chu thfi vdn hda dugc quy thufic vdo hai nhdm: vdn hda vat thfi (cung ggi la van hda vat chit), va van hda phi vgt thl (cung gpi Id vdn hda tmh thin) Hp thong van hda iy tfin tai mdt mdi trudng vdn hda hgp thdnh tft hai nhan td: khdng gian vdn hda va giao luu tifip biln vdn hda Trong h§ thdng vdn hda iy, Nho giao la mdt bp phgn cd tu each luong pfaan: vira la bd phdn cfta vdn hda tinh thdn va cd quan he tuong tdc mdt thifit vdi cdc hogt dfing vdn hda tinh thdn, vfta Id bp phgn hgp chft thfi van hda vd cd quan hp tuong tdc mat thilt vdi cac thupcti'nhcua chft thfi vdn hda Vgy, ban ve Nho gido hifin thyc va quan hp tuong tdc cua nd dfii vdi van hda Viet Nam, trudc hfit phdi xem xet tac dpng qua Iai gifla Nho giao vdi cac hogt dfing vdn hda tinh thin va vdi cdc thudc tinh cfta chu the vdn hda Vi^t Nam NhCrng tdc dfing tich cue chu yeu ciia Nho gido doi vdi van hda Vi|t Nam Tinh tft bit diu du nhgp cho din lftc suy vong, Nho giao da cd ljch sft 1900 ndm truyfin ba d Viet Nam Thdi Bdc thufic, frong nhflng thl ky diu cdng nguyfin, cdc quan cai ttj ngudi Han nhu Tich Quang (1 5), Nhdm Difin (29 - 33), ST Nhilp (187 226), Do Tu? Do (ddu thl ky V) da sftc tmyln ba Nho gido d Giao Chau Cimg thdi ky nay, cac dodn ngudi Han di thyc va tj ngn ndi tifip keo xudng Giao Chdu, mang theo vdn hda Han Tuy nhifin, day Id thdi ky ma vdn hda Vipt - Mudng da dat tdi nhiing thdnh tyu dinh cao, cd sftc manh vdn hda ndi t^, va cd khd nang chgn lgc, chuyfin hda nhflng yfiu tfi vdn hda mdi du nfagp dk bfii bo cfao sftc manh vdn hda npi tai cua minh Trong do, Nho giao la cdng cy cung c6 till chfi nha nudc cfta qudn xdm lugc Vi vdy, ttai qua cd nghin nam, Nho gido vdn khdng tham nhgp dugc vao vdn hda Vipt Mudng Cu ddn Viet Mudng van bdo tdn dugc van hda tpc ngudi, y thftc tdc ngudi, y chi quat cudng va nhu edu ddu ttanh vi dpc lap tu Phdi den thdi k^' ty chft, tft thl k^ XI trd di, Nho gido mdi dugc Nhd nudc phong kifin chft ttgng de cao Dfi xdy dyng, hodn thifin thfi chfi nhd nudc, giai cap phong kifin da tim thdy d Nho giao nhirng Ipi ma Phdt gido va Dgo giao duong thdi khdng cd: sy thin bi hda vuong quyfin, sy thifing lifing hda quan he quan than, nhflng chuan myc va ngi dimg ddo tao quan lgi tiiich hgp dfi ndi dai canh tay quyen Iyc cua nha vua Dfin thdi Hdu Lfi, Nho gido vuon lfin chifim dia vj dpc ton ttong van hda cung dinh, day Phdt giao vd Dgo giao xudng hang tdn gido dan gian Nhung Nho gido cd vi tri hdng "Qudc giao" thalt sy d trifiu Nguyfin, mgt triiu dgi tgp quyln tuyfit dfii va trifit dl khai thdc dao ly tam cuong, ngu ludn cua Nho giao dk bdo v$ tfin ti quan than va quyln thdng trj vTnh vien cua tdng tpc nhd vua Tren dinh cao quyfin luc, Nho gido da phat tac tfii da sftc manh kimfadmcfta nd, ttd thdnh nguyfin nhdn sau xa cua tinh trgng logn lac va tri trfi keo ddi sufit the ky XIX cho din mat nudc vfi tay Phap Tft diu thfi ky" XX, cung vdi sy suy tan' ciia nhd nudc phong kifin va giai cdp phong kifin, Nho giao da khfing cdn la y tiiuc h? chinh thSng va ciing khdng cdn ddng vai ttd mfit tfin giao chinh th6ng dieu chinh hanh vi va dao dftc nhu trudc nfla Sy dot khdi ciia phong trao Duy Tdn - Ddng Du (1905 1908) dd ddng cdy dmh cufii cftng vdo ndp quan tdi cfta Nho giao d Vipt Nam Difim so qua nhu vgy, cd thl thiy ring, giai c ^ phong kiln Viet Nam thugng tdn 89 Tgp chi Khoa hgc xd hgi Vi?t Nam, sd 4(89) - 2015 Nho giao khdng chi nhu cdu xdy dyng qudc gia, ma cdn vi vd chft yfiu la vi Nho gido cd ich ddi vdi vific cai trj nhan dan Vi vdy, cd luc thang luc trim, nhung bao gid Nho giao ciing la chiec phao chfing dam cfta cac trifiu dai phong kifin Viet Nam, kfi tu vua Ly Thdnh Tdng dyng Van Mifiu d Thang Long nam 1070, cho dfin trifiu dinh Hufi ky Hda udc Quy Mfti (nam 1883) giao chu quyen qudc gia cho Phdp Do sy truyen ba chft dpng va kifin tri cfta giai cap phong kifin, thdi trung dai, Nho gido da tham thdu vao mpt mdt bfi phdn cfta chu the van hda Viet Nam Id giai cdp quy tfic, quan lai va tang ldp nho si, quan vifin Nho giao cung ben re vao mpt bp phan van hda tinh thin cfta xa hpi, Idm hinh thdnh ddng vdn hda quan phuong chinh thdng bfin cgnh cde hogt dfing van hda tinh thin cfta dan gian Bdng cdch do, vdn hda tinh than cfta Vipt Nam da bj Han hda mpt phdn Ciing bdng cdch dd, Nho giao da dugc Vipt hda mpt phan ttong qud trinh thdm nhap vdo vdn hda Viet Nam Do tdc dpng tft Nho giao nen sy phan hda xd hdi d Vipt Nam thfim sdu sac, chft the vdn hda Vipt Nam bj chia ddi; hinfa thdnh ting ldp nho sT, giai cip quy tpc, quan lgi theo hinh mau Nho gido, tfin tai bfin cgnh cdc giai cdp, tdng ldp sin cd cfta xd hpi Vipt Nam xua (nfing ddn, thg thft cdng, thuang nhan) Tang Idp nho si va quan Iai dy cd ttdch nhipm kinh bang tfi thfi, tri qudc an dan, va theo thdi thfi ma chgn lua each ftng xft, xuit va xft, hdnh va tdng Cdn cdc giai cip, tang ldp lao ddng thi cd trdch nhipm bdo dam nhu ciu vat chit cho cdc giai cip, ting ldp ben tten vd cho ban thdn minh Chi, Chu Vdn An, Nguyin Trdi, Nguyin Binh Khiem, Vo Trudng Todn, Ngfi Tung Chau, Trjnh Hodi Dftc, Le Quang Djnh, Ngfi Nhdn Tirih, Nguyen Cfing Trft, Phan Thanh Gidn, Trdn Tifin Thanh, Nguyen Dinh Chieu, Nguyen Khuyen, Nguyfin Huy Dftc, Nguyen Thftc Ty, Khifiu Nang Tuih, Trdn Dinh Phong, Luong Van Can, Phan Bgi Chdu, Dang Nguyfin Can, Ngfi Dftc Kl, Phan Chdu Trinh, Huynh Thuc Khdng, Trin Quy Cdp, Nhirng nha nho nay, du Iiic binh thdi hay van nudc gian nan, van td rd tilt va pham hgnh, ddng thdi cd thai d0 vd hdnh dfing vi nudc, vi dan Trong cdc hoat dgng van hda, Nho giao tdc dpng chft yfiu vao cdc hoat dpng vdn hda tinh thin Trong vdn hoa to chuc cgng ddng, a cap gia dinh, Nho giao phfii hgp vdi vdn hda Han lam hinh thdnh che dp gia dinh phy hfi di doi vdi nam quyln cyc doan, tfin tgi song hanh vdi truyfin thfing ttpng nam di dfii vdi ttgng nfi cua vdn hda dSn gian Trong gia dinh, gia tdc, qu6c gia, Nho gido tryc tiep lam hinh chfi dp tfing phdp, ttao quyfin thiia kfi, thfta ty cho ttai trudng chinfa ddng, song hanh vdi tap qudn ttao quyfin thira kfi, thira ty cho trai ut cfta ddn gian Trfin binh dipn quic gia, Nho gido Id ca sd lam hinh thdnh to chftc nhd nudc cua Dai Vifit, bao gdm h? thdng hdnh chinh, td ichuc quan sy, quan chl, luong bong md phdng Trung Hoa, tdn tai song hanh vdi td chftc cpng dong cap lang qufi ddi tii thdi Van Lang - Au Lgc Vi tin nguang, nhd nho Vipt Nam coi Nho gido nhu la tdn giao; gat bd, bdi xich cac ton gido khac ngoai trft nhirng npi dung dugc Nho giao cfaip nhan va khuyin khich, nhu ldng tm vao thifin mpnh, vific tfi Ie, vi?c Ljch sft Vipt Nam cd rit nhilu nhd nho thd cftng tfi tifin Vi vgy,ttongNho gido Id cd phim hgnh, tilt cao cd, nhu Mgc Dmh tfin gido cfta dan ong ngudi Vipt, bfin cgnh 90 Anh hudng cda Nho gido vdn hda Vi4t Nam cac tdn gido ddnh cho cac bd cae cfi nhu dgo Phat, dao Mau Ve phong tuc, su tac dpng cua Nho gido va van hda Han da lam Han hda mdt phdn cdc phong tyc vdng ddi, ddc bifit la phong tuc hfin nhan, phong tuc tang ma Trong thdi trung dai, cdc phong tyc ndy diu liy hinh mau cfta Nho gido vd van hda Hdn ldm chudn myc Chinh vi vay ma cho dfin ngdy nay, van cdn nhieu ngudi vifit sach md ta cdc phong tuc va nghi thftc- iy frong vdn hda Viet Nam hipn dgi nhu thl chung Id ban cua phong tuc Trung Hoa trung dai! That ra, bfin canh cac phong tyc hdn nhdn, phong tyc tang ma theo hinh mau eiia Nho gido vd van hda Han trudc day, ngudi Vipt d cdc viing mifin khac va cac tfin gido d Viet Nam dfiu cd cdch thftc rieng dfi thyc hi^n cdc phong tyc ay Trong gido due, Nho gido Id co sd hinh thdnh he thdng giao due chinh thdng cfta Vipt Nam trung dgi d bdn cap kinh dd tinh/dgo - phft - huypn/chdu, vd chfi dp thi tuyfin gfim bfin cap khao hgch - thi Huong till Hdi - thi Dinh, de dao tgo quan lai nhd nudc, quan vifin lang xa Hp thong gido dye ciu'nh thdng tdn tai song hanh vdi mgng ludi giao due dan gian frong gja dinh, ldng xdm, ldng nghfi, nhdm giao dye cdch ftng xft vdi gia dinh, cha me, dng ba, td tifin, hg hang, ldng xdm, thin lmh Trong Ijch sft 844 ndm khoa cft Han hpc d Vi?t Nam (1075 - 1919), nfin giao dye Nho giao dd tao hdng nghin dng Nghe, dng Cft, fing Tft ma so nhifiu ngudi da ndi lfin thdnh nha vdn hda hay nha khoa hgc, nfau nfaa sft hgc Lfi Vdn Huu, danh nhan vdn hda thl gidi Nguyen Trai, nha sft hgc Ngd ST Lifin, Trgng Ludng Luong Thl Vinh, Trang Trinh Nguyfin Binh Khifim, Trang Bung Phftng Khdc Khoan, nha bdc hgc Lfi Quy Don, thi hao Nguyfin Du, nhd bdc hpc Phan Huy Chu Ve vdn hoc vd nghe thugt, Nho gido da gdp phdn Iam hinh thdnh cdc thfi vdn khoa cu (kinh nghTa, chifiu, bilu, luan, vdn sach, tho, phft ), cdc thfi logi van hgc md phdng Trung Hoa (tho Dudng ludt, phft, tft, ddi ), cac dien tich van hpc, cdc sacfa giao khoa truyfin thy Nho gido, cac tac phdm vdn hgc vd nghfi thugt ehiu dnh hudng eiia Nho gjdo Nhung san phim ay Idm ddng vdn hpc nghfi thudt quan phuang chinh thdng, tdn tai song hdnh vdi ddng vdn hgc dan gian, nghfi thuat dan gian Ve ngdn ngft vd vdn tg, qua trinh tifip bien vdn hda Hdn ndi chung, Nho gido ndi rifii^ da de lai ddu dn sdu dam ttong ngdn ngft va chfi viet d Vipt Nam Ve ngu dm, tifing Viet, tifing Mudng da bifin dfii cdc phy am cudi, hmh tfaanfa dieu va roi run^ cac dm tifit phy cfta thdi Mdn - Khome; rieng tifing Viet hien dgi cdn roi rung cdc to hgp phy am diu, Vl ngG ph£^,tifingVipt, tiing Mudng da roi rung cdc phy tfi tgo tft cua thdi Mfin - Khome; rifing tifing Vipt faifin dai cdn hinh cac phy to tao tft gdc Han - Viet, va mugn nhifiu cdch difin dat cfta tifing Han Ve tft vyng,ttongtifing Viet,tifingMudng dfiu cd nhifiu yfiu td gdc Han; rifing tifing Viet cd dfin 70% tft gdc Hdn Hien nay,tifingViet dang sft dung mdt bp phdn tft vung gfic Han cd sd lugng vd tin suit su dyng rit ldn, bao gdm Han Viet cfi, Han - Viet trung dgi, Han - Viet cgn dgi (khdu ngG ciia ngudi Hoa Nam bfi), tu ngG cd yfiu td Hdn - Viet Trong vfin tu tifing Vipt, ddc bipt la Idp tft vyng van hda, sfi lugng cdc yfiu td gdc Hdn chifim mfit ty lp dp ddo, ca d ba cap do: tft, ngft, phu td Bp phgn tft vyng gfic Hdn bao gom hiu hit cdc binh difin vdnfadama cu dan Vipt 91 Tgp chi Khoa hgc xd hgi Vi4t Nam, sd 4(89) - 2015 cfaju dnh hudng cua van hda Han, ttong dd (1428 - 1527) va Nguyen sa (1802 -1883) dnh hu&ng ro r$t nhdt la cdc hogt dgng vdn Hai ddi tupng chiu anfafaudngrd nfait cua hda tinh thdn: each thftc td chiic xa hpi cd Nho gido va vdn hda Han la chft thl vdn hda truyfin (con ngudi, hg tfin, quan he than tdc, vd van hda tinfa tfain Trong chft thl vdn th chftc hanh chinfa, td cfaftc qudn sy, bp hda, Nho giao da tac dgng chft ylu din cdc may quan lai ); tin nguong, phong tyc, le giai cap, ting Idp trfin ttong xa h$i, efaft hfii (tin ngudng, tfin gido, gido dye, khoa kfafing an sau ben re vao cdc giai cip, ting cft, phong tyc vdng ddi, lfi hdl ); van hpc, Idp dudi Ddi vdi van hda tinfa tfain, Nho nghp tfaudt (thudt ngfl, cac thfi van hanh giao da gdp phin Iam hinh ddng vdn chinh va kfaoa cft, cdc thfi logi van hpc bac hda quan phuang chinh thfing, chft khdng hgc, mgt so Iogi hinh sdn khdu ); ngdn ngfl thay the dugc ddng van hda dan gian v6n cd (ddt dja danh, vay mugn vd phdng tft mgt bfi day Ijch su gan vdi y thftc t^c ngudi, ngfl, cdu tgo tu mdi tft cdc yfiu tfi gfic Iam nfin cfit loi cua van hda tpc ngudi Tftc Hdn ) Qud trinh tiep bien van hda Han vd Id, Nho gido dd Idm tdeh ddi kiln tnic Nho gido ttong ngdn ngfl ay tdn tgi song thugng tang ciia xa hgi Vipt Nam, Idm hinh hdnh vdi qud trinh bdo tfin ngfl am, ngfl ddng van hda quan phucmg theo Nho phap, tft vyng gdc Mdn - Khome, vd tifip gido, song hanh va ddi Igp vdi ddng vdn hda biln cdc ngdn ngfl Tay, Chdm, Hoa, Khome, dan gian ban dja Hai ddng vdn hda ndy Phdpttongtiing Vi$t, dung hgp lin nhau, dnh hudng lln v l vdn tu, chfl Han Id van ty chinh thftc Nho gido d Vipt Nam dugc Vi$t hda m0t cfta Vi^t Nam ttong sudt thdi phong kifin ty phin, khac vdi Nho gido d Trung Hoa Vdh chu, va vi Id phuang tipn chuyen dimg hda dan gian Vi^t cung bj Nho gido hda chuyin tdi Nho gido, nfin chG Hdn thudng mdt phin, nhilu phong tyc goc Han va goc dugc gpi Id chG Nho, chG Thdnh hiln Qud Viet tfin tgi song song Cho nfin, sfi rit sai ttinh tiep bifin vdn hda Han vd Nho giao Iam neu quan nipm ho^c mfi td ydn hda Vi?t ttong chG vilt iy tdn tgi song hanh vdi qud nhu mpt ban cfta vdn hda Hdn trinh Vi?t hda cac vdn ty ngoai lai Tft Vd chang, anh hudng cfta Nho gido vd ddi dudi thdi Tran, chfl Ndm, Ioai van ty vdn hda Han dfii vdi vdn hda Vipt Nam" phai sinh tu chft Han, vira dugc dftng dl cflng chi keo dai din cudi thl k>' XIX chuyfin tdi vdn hda dan gian, viia dugc dung Trong nin vdn hda Viet Nam duong dgi, de chuyfin tai vdn hda quan pfauong chinh Nho giao khfing cdn la tdn giao, y thftc h§ thong theo Nho giao Vd din diu thl ky hay hpc tiiuylt chinh thdng, chi la tdn du XX, vdi phong trdo Duy Tan - Dfing Du, ttong mgt sd phong tyc va nghi le chft Qu6c ngfl, lunfa thdnh tft thl ky XVII, Nhirng tdc h^i chinh yeu cua Nho dd phat triln thanfa vdn ty cua todn dan, gido doi vdi vdn boa Vi^t Nam giup chuyin tai nhflng tu tudng, tri thftc Bfin cgnh nhflng "ddng gdp" md tdc mdi, thoat ly Nho gido dyng chu yfiu la ldm cho vdn hda tinh thin Nhu v4y, ttong chgng dudng hon 2000 cfta Viet Nam thdi trung dgi bj Hanfadampt ndm tifip xftc vdn hda Han cfta Viet Nam, phin ddng kl, Nho giao da tryc tilp vd gidn Nho gido da that sy tdc dgng manh vdo xd tilp gdy hgi cho nin vdn hda truyin thing hpi Vipt Nam hai giai dogn: Hdu Lfi cfta Vipt Nam Nhflng tac hgi khdng chi 92 Anh huang cua Nho gido van hda Viet Nam xdy lihh vyc van hda tinh thin, md ca vdn hda vat chit cfta dit nudc Viet Nam, Trudc fafit Id nhirng tdc hgi Iinh vuc gido due Trong thdi Mmh thudc (1407 - 1428), gidc Minh xda bd nfin dgc lap ciia Dai Viet, huy diet triet de tit ca cdc di san vdn hda cfta cdc triiu dai Ly - Trin, dp ddt nfin gido dye Tdng nho cho nho sinh, nho sT Dai Vifit Ly la vao diu thl ky XV, cac nho gia ddi Minh chua xuat hifin, di sdn dugc tdn siing nhit cfta Nho gido duang thdi la Tong nho, vdi cac dai bifiu Idn nhu Chu Dfin Di, Truong Tdi, Trinfa Hgo, Trinh Di, Chu Hi.,, Sau Le Thai Td gidnh lgi dgc lap, di sdn vdn hda Ly - Trdn chi cdn la manh vyn, nfin vific gido due cua trieu Hau Lfi ciing phdi diing tdi lifiu cfta Tdng nho Nha Nguyfin lfin ngdi, tim thdy d Tdng nho nhflng luan difim cd lpi cho minh, nfin ciing dgc tfin Tdng nho giao dye, truyfin dgy cho ngudi hgc cac sach cfta Tong nho (nhu Tam Ty Kinh, Minh Dgo gia hudn Tu Thu, Ngfl Kinh Ndi dung tdng qudt cfta nfin gido dye dd la lay nhiing tri thftc xa fapi va phuong cham xft thfi cfta hang ti-am, hang nghin ndra trudc vd cua mpt nfin vdn hda khac, dfi ldm khudn vgng thudc nggc cho tu tudng va each hdnh xu cfta ngudi Viet Nam, bit k l nhfing khac bipt cua van hda tgc ngudi va nhiii^ chuyfin bifin cfta thdi dai Ngi dung giao dye nhu vay tham chi cdn thua ca thdi Khdng Tft dao tgo hgc trd, vdi nhung tri thftc cua lyc kinh (Thi, Thu, Le, Nhac, Djch, Xudn Thu) va nhflng k^ ndng cua lyc ngh? (Ie, nhge, ngu, xa, thu, sfi) Phuong phdp hoc tap tiu tiieo ldi hudn ho (giai nghTa kmh sach), tu chuang (sang tac tho phft, t i m chuong trich cft) Dd la mdt cai hgc vua gjao dilu, vira phu phiem, chft y l u giup Iam dang tri tfaftc, cdn hdu nhu vd dyng ddi vdi xa h^i nhan quan Theo Trdn Trpng Kim: "Trong ddi nha Ly va nhd Trdn, thi sy hpc cfta ta theo Idi huan - ho cfta Han - nho va Dudng - nho, rfii tu ddi nhd Le v l sau, thi theo Idi hgc cfta Tdng - nho, lay Trinh Chu ldm tifiu - chuan Ta chi quanh qudn d cdi phgm - vi hai ISi fagc dy, chft khdng thodt - ly dugc ma sang - lap cai hpc - tfauyfit nao khdc"; "Tu ddi nhd Lfi vfi sau, trai qua nhd Mgc, nhd Hdu - Lfi trung - va nhd Nguyen, sy nho - hpc d Viet - Nam thgt la thjnh, nfaung hpc - gia nudc thudng cd cdi sd dodn rdt ldn, Id phin nhifiu chi hpc loi khoa - cft, vu ldy van - chuang dfi cdu sy dd dgt, chft khfing cd may i^udi hpc dfin ch3 uyen - thdm cfta Nho - gido, de tim thiy cai dgo - ly cao - xa, hodc Id dfi - xudng lfin cdi fagc - thuyfit ndo thdt cd gid - trj nhu cdc nho - gid bfin Tdu Dd that la cho kem cfta hpc - gja nudc ta", Theo Ddo Duy Anh: "Ludn v l sT phong ddi Le, Que Dudng (Le Qui Dfin) dgi khai ndi rang: "Quoe gia khdi phye thfta sau nhieu nhuong thi nha nho vang ve; dfin ddi Hfing Due md rdng khoa muc thi ke sT xd vfi hu vdn; ddi Doan Khdnh trd di thi sT tap suy bal qud lam" Vua Minh Mpnh tiing ndi vfi vipc hgc cft nghidp rang: "Ldu khoa cft lam cho ngudi ta sai lam Vdn chuong vdn khdng cd quy cft nhat djnh, ma nhihig ngudi Idm vdn cu nghipp chi cau np hft sao, khoe khoang ldn nhau, bifit Igp moi nhd mdt l6i, nhan pham cao hay thdp tu dd Hpc nhu the thi ttdch nao nhan tdi chdng moi mgt kem di" Nay ta cft xem may Idi ay ciing dft tudng tugng dugc tinh trgng suy ddn cua nho d ddi Lfi, Nguyfin (} thdi dai nho hpc ddc tfin ma nho hpc Igi d vdo cdnh huong hu hen nhu vgy, nguyfin nhan chft yfiu chi vi chfi dp khoa cu vd hgc thuylt 93 Tgp chi Khoa hgc xd hdi Viet Nam, so 4(89) - 2015 Tdng nho lam cho nd mat hfit sinh ma pfaai cdi lan" Vific dao tgo ngudi sai lam tu gdc nhu vgy, nfin bd mdy quan lgi la san pham cua hp tfadng giao due dd pfaan ldn deu Id nhfing ke ban than bat togi Cac tan quan dugc tuyfin bd qua khoa cft chang phdi ldm gi khac ngoai vific ky duyfit cdc van ban faanh chinh bd mdy thu Iai chuyfin nghipp kifim soat va chuan bj Viec cac quan dugc thdng chftc, hay gidng chftc, each chuc, dieu chuyen, khdng anh hudng gl dfin nfin hdnh chinh d cdc dja phuong vd cac bfi, vi dd cd bd may thu Igi thudng tryc chdm Io Cdn d trifiu dinh, viec trieu chinh dd cd nhd vua vd cdc dai thdn Idm chu Dd Id thyc chat va mgt ttai cfta cai gpi Id tich ddo tgo va tuyfin dyng quan lgi cfta Nho gido ma nhflng ngudi sinh Nho thudng ndi Trong ljch sft gido dye thdi phong kien d Nghp TTnh, Quang Binh, Quang Nam Id ba dja phuang nfii tifing vfi truyfin thfing hpc hanh, dgt Nghp Tlnh la mfit viing dat dja linh nhan kipt va nfii tieng hifiu hpc, sdn sinh nhieu anh hiing dan tfic vd ttong ljch sft Id nei chuyfin cung cdp nhung "fing dfi Nghp" cho cac vftng mifin khdc Quang Binh nditifingvdi "Bdt danh huong" (Son Ha - Cdnh - Thd - Vdn - Vo - Cd - Kim), cd nhifiu danh nhan hpc rgng cao Qudng Nam nfii tifing la vung dit "ngu phung tfi phi", sdn sinh nhieu hifin tai cho ddt nudc Tuy nhifin, "truyfin thfing hilu hpc" dd la chi sdn xudt nhiing nho sT va quan lgi gidi tft chuang tho phft, chdng cd icfa gi cfao qudc kfi dan sinh Mgt so ngudi ttong sd hp sd dl ldm dugc nhirng vific ich qudc lgi quin (nhu Nguyfin Cdng Tru, ngudi Ha TTnh, mpt nho tudng timg cam quan danh nam dpp bic, lai chi huy cong cudc khai hoang Idn bifin d Kim Son, Tifin Hai, ) la 94 nhd nhung duong chdt van hda ma nfin gido dye khoa cft, tu chuang khdng cung cip Ve chinh trf, tu tudng trung quan ciia Nho gido khifin cho nhifiu nho thin, nho si Dgi Viet dfiu dfic sue bdo vp ngai vang, khdi phye ngai vdng cho nhirng ddng vua, nhfing dng vua an hgi, bft nhin Thay vl Idm cho non sfing nhat thdng, hg Iai Iam eho chinh sy suy ddi, ddt nudc loan lgc, ddn chimg lim than Nha Mgc giet vua eudp ngdi, sau mdt nudc Igi ddy binh lam loan, van dugc nhifiu ngudi tfin phd de tdi Igp vuong tiilu d Cao Bdng Nguyin Kim lap Lfi Duy Ninh, mdt ga lang thang bdt tdi vd tudng, Iam vua Le Trang Tfing dl tai lgp nhd Lfi, chi vi y la chdu nhd Lfi Trjnh Timg vd chdu gilt hgi cdc vua Le, nhung khfing chinh thftc cudp ngfii, khong phai vi sg cai uy tin dd tifiu mdn cfta cdc vua Le, ma vi tu tudng trung quan sau n$ng xa h0i Dang Ngodi Nguyen Gia Long thing nhit dit nudc, chim dftt chiln tranh, nhifiu ngftdi van nhan danh khfii phye nhd Le dfi khdi binh ch6ng Iai, gay logn lgc k^o dai tten dat Bac Tp hai ban nfla, nhflng kfi ngu tnmg hoac lpi dyng chfl trung cdn vftt bd ca lifim si, Idng ty hao dan tpc, dl Idm tay sai cho gi|c, mdi qufic ciu vinh Le Chifiu Thdng "cong rdn cdn gd nhd", van dugc cdc cyu than, hoang t^c ton phd Dfing Khanh, Khai Djnh, Bdo Dgi Id nhftng vua bft nhin, nfaung vin dugc triiu thin phd ta, trung thanh, dau bifit ring trung qudn nhu vgy thyc chat la trung thdnh vdi Phdp Thdi trudc, nhflng chdm ngdn nhu: "Qudn su thin tft, thin bit tft bit trung; phy sft tix vong, tft bit vong bit hilu" la chdm ngdn cua mi^ng cfta nha nho, Bao nhieu dgo va due md bgc chinh nhan quan tft can phdi cd, lgi deu khdng qua dugc cdi dgo trung quan vd difiu kipn Anh fatang cua Nho gido vdn hda Vi?t Nam Ve kinh ti, sy dgc tdn Nho gido da kilm ham^ kinh tfi Viet Nam, ldm suy yfiu cdc ngudn nfii Iyc, Id mOt nhfing nguyfin nhdn lam cho Viet Nam m i t nudc Do y tfauc hp Nho gido, mgt sd nghi nghifip ttong xd hpi Viet Nam da bj coi khinh, mdc dft can thiet, ed ieh cho cugc sdng cfta ngudi nhu nghe xudng ca, nghi thuong mai Nhung ngudi theo ngbi xudng ca chuyfin nghifip (tudng, cheo, ca trft, hat bfii) thi bj khinh miet vdi cdu nggn ngfi "xudng ca vd Iogi", cd nghTa la nghfi xudng ca khdng thudc logi ndo ca, khdng cd cho bdn logi "tu ddn" (sT - ndng - cong thuong), theo quan difim nha nho Nhflng ngudi theo nghfi thuang raai chuyfin nghifip ciing bj coi khinh, vi ttong "tft dan", thuang nhdn Id mgt hang Vi thfi mdi cd cau chuypn Dao Duy Tft, mpt nhd nho xuat thdn gia dinh hat nen bj c i m thi, phai vao Ddng Trong tim dudng lap nghipp, ttdch chfta Nguyen Io vific budn ban (vific cfta bufin) va khuyfin nhd chfta chi chuyfin lo qudc sy cho xung vdi bac minh qudn chfta Tuy vgy, thdi Nam Bac pfaan tranh, nhu cdu ttanh thu cac ngudn lyc bfin ngoai, cdc chinh quyen Dang Ngoai va Dang Trong deu thi hanh chinh sdch md cua giao thuong, hinh cdng thj nhu Phd Hifin, Hgi An, Ndng Ngi dai My Tho dai phd, Sai Gdn, Hd Tifin Budc sang thdi nhd Nguyfin, dat nudc thdng nhat, y thftc h$ Nho giao hodn todn thdng the, cfainh sdch "trpng ndng uc thuong", " b l quan tda cdng" ttd mpt thft quoc sach, kim ham dit nudc vdng lgc hgu ddi ngheo, la mdt ttong nfaimg nguyfin nhdn ddn din m i t nudc vfi tay Phdp vi xd hdi, quan difim bat binh ding cfta Nho giao dd cha dap phy nft Vipt Nam xu6ng dit den "Dgo" md Nho gido ddnh cho ngudi phy nfl la dao tam tdng: "Tgi gia tdng phy, xudt gia tdng phu, phu tft tdng tft" "E)ftc" ma Nho gido dg.y cho phu nft Id tft due: "Cfing, dung, ngfin, hanh" Tdt cd Id de cbo ngudi phy nft ldm ttdn chftc trach phye vy dan fing Da thl, nin gido dye va khoa cu theo Nho giao cilng chi danh cho nam gidi; gin 100% phu nfl Viet Nam bj ggt ngoal, chi dugc thy hudng giao dye gia dinh, giao dye dan gian, rit hilm ngudi dugc hpc chfl, hgc hdi kiln thuc qua Nho gido Vi vdy ma frong sudt tfadi trung dai, todn bp viec ldng, vipc nudc Id vipc cfta ddn dng, Vific cfta phy nfi chi Id "tl gia, npi ttg", ed thfi kifim thfim vi^c chgy chg, ehay dfing, dau tat mdt tfii, nhung khdng vi thl ma dja vj gia dinh, xd hpi cfta hp dugc ndng lfin Vi ddi ngogi, y thftc h^ Nho gido dd bdp meo nhan quan ngudi Vipt ddi vdi vdn hda Tnmg Hoa, van hda cac t^c ngudi ldn can Ddi vdi vdn hda Trung Hoa, nhd nho Viet Nam thudng cd cdi nhin tu ti, vong ban Ddi vdi cac nfin van hda ban dia, hg cd cdi nhin trinh thugng, ty tdn Tuy mpt bp phgn nha nho cflng cd y thuc ve c^i ngufin ddn tdc, y thuc vfi cai rifing cua vdn hda ddn tdc, nhung dnh hudng cfta Nho gido, ttong mpt bd phdn nha nho dd hinh y thuc ddng nhat epi ngudn dan tpc Viet vdi cfii ngufin dan tpc Han, dfing nhdt van hda Vipt da trai qua "gido hda" vdi vdn hda Han Ddi vdi hg, "van hiln" ding nghia vdi vdn hda Trung Hoa Do quan difim sai Ipch dd, hg da cdi bifin than thogi va truyen thuyfit ve epi ngudn tfic Vifit theo hudng gdn nd vdi epi ngufin Hdn tpc (truyfin thuyet ve hp Hfing Bang) Hg xem tifing Vipt, chfl Nfim, van Ndm Id "ndm na mach que" dfi thugng tfin chfl Han va tat ca nhflng gi dugc chuyfin tdi qua chfi Hdn (hiu hfit cac trifiu vua, trft nhd Hfi vd nhd Tdy Scm) Hg khinh mipt va chft truang xda bd nhfing phong tyc 95 Tgp chi Khoa hgc xd hgi Vi?t Nam so 4(89) - 2015 t ^ quan bdn dja dfi bdt chudc Trung Hoa (Minh Mang cdra pfau nfi Bdc Ha mac vay ma phdi mdc qudn nhu ngudi Hdn) Hg xem nhirng tfic i^ydi chua hi Han hda la "man di mgi rg", vatifinhanh "gjaofada"ma thuc tfi la ddng hda hp cho gidng Han (ro nhdt Id dudi thdi Minh Mgng), Chinh vi nhirng le ttfin, Nho giao cang dat tdi tpt dinh quyfin uy tfai dit nudc Viet Nam cang suy yfiu, van hda Viet Nam cdng suy thoai Tfi hgi hon niia, la dung dp vdi van minh vgt chat vugt ttdi cfta Phuong Tay, nguy eo mat nudc dd gdn kfi, nhihig dd dp trung tfadnh cfta cfta Khdng san Trinh van cdn bam vao nhflng tu tudng "sifiu vifit" ciia Nho giao dfi de biu bpn "Tdy di", tft chdi cdc yeu cdu cdi cdch, tdn Trudc nan vong qufic, Nho gido da bat Iyc va tdn lyi Khi Viet Nam trd thupc dja va dat bdo hp cfta thyc dan, Nho gido trd thdnh ddng rde cii, nhung vdn dugc che dp thyc dan ban phong kifin luu dyng dfi tifip tay cho chftng nfi djch nhdn ddn Phdi dfin ddu thfi k>' XX, phong ttdo Duy Tan - Dfing Du cac tri tfaftc Nfao fape va Tay hge khdi xudng mdi tfaat sy kfit lieu sd phdn cua Nho gido, md cho ddt nudc mgt ch^g dudng mdi qua trinfa tiep bifin van hda Phuong Tay va hpi nhgp van hda thfi gidi Ket luan Nho gido da Idm cho vdn hda tinh thdn cfta Viet Nam thdi trung dgi bj Han hda mdt phin dang kfi Nho gido dnh hudng cd van hda tinh thdn lan vdnfadavat chit cfta Vipt Nam Nho giao cd mdt trdi, gay hai cho vdn hda Viet Nam VdnfadaVifit Nam trudc cd rat nhifiu luc, nhifiu noi khfing can Nho giao VanfadaViet Nam cdng khdng can Nho gido D I hinh cac chudn myc dao dftc cho nhfing ngudi mdi d Vipt Nam, chiing ta cin nhflng 96 CO sd l;y thuyet va nhung gid tti tinfa tfain kit hgp truyfin thdng vd hipn dgi Trong nhirng gia tri tinh thin truyen thdng, can chft y tim hifiu, pfaat huy nfaiing gia tri truyfin tfadng ban dia Viet Nam, tfaay vi cd ddo xdi lai nam md Nho giao nhu mdt sfi ngudi vgng ngogi va hoai cd da Iam, Nhu y kifin cfta nfaa ngfaifin ciju Chuang Dgra: "Ndi tdm lai, dao l;^ Nho gido thudng xuyen kim ham xd hfii chung ta thud trudc d mpt trgng thdi thip kem, Trong khufin thien hg cfta dao Iy Nho gido khong cd dudng nao tdt hon dudng tim hudng quay ngugc ttd vl vdi Tay Chu, vdi Dudng, Ngu Trong dd, truyfin thdng Vipt Nam vi dfic lap cua Td qudc va vi quyfin song chinh dang ciia ca dan tdc van khfing ngimg the hipn mpt tinh hoa, mpt ban sdc khfing cd the Iyc ndo vui lap, xda bd dugc Che dp trj nudc trj dan ciia cac the luc Han tpc xam lugc vd cdc trifiu dai phong kifin Vi?t Nam, tdn sung Nho giao ludn ludn ngdn can su vuon Ien cua truyen thdng Vipt Nam Tmh hoa va phdch Viet Nam cimg lufin luon td rd sftc sdng bdt diet cua minh ttong mpi hodn cdnh" Tdi lifu tham khao Cao Xuan Huy (1995), Tu tuang Phuang Ddng ggi nhiing diem nhin Iham chiiu, Nguyin Hu§ Chi soan, gidi thifiu, Nxb Vin hpc, Hi Npi Dio Duy Anh (1998), Viit Nam vdn hda sit cuang, Nxb T6ng hpp Dfing Th^, Dfing Thip Ly TCing Hifiu (2005), Luang Vdn Can va phong trdo Thty Tdn - Ddng Du, Nxb Van h6a Sii G6n, Sii G6n Ly Tdng Hifiu (2012), "Van h6a vi hfi th6ng van hfia", Tgp chi Khoa hgc Vdn hda vd Du lieh, si Quang D^m (1994), Nho gido xua vd nay, Nxb van hfia, HdN0i Triin Trpng Kim (1971), Nho gido, quyin hg, Trung tSm Hpc Hfiu, Bd Giio d^ic, Sii Gfin ... kfi Nho gido dnh hudng cd van hda tinh thdn lan vdnfadavat chit cfta Vipt Nam Nho giao cd mdt trdi, gay hai cho vdn hda Viet Nam VdnfadaVifit Nam trudc cd rat nhifiu luc, nhifiu noi khfing can Nho. .. vdo ndp quan tdi cfta Nho giao d Vipt Nam Difim so qua nhu vgy, cd thl thiy ring, giai c ^ phong kiln Viet Nam thugng tdn 89 Tgp chi Khoa hgc xd hgi Vi?t Nam, sd 4(89) - 2015 Nho giao khdng chi... Vipt Nam da bj Han hda mpt phdn Ciing bdng cdch dd, Nho giao da dugc Vipt hda mpt phan ttong qud trinh thdm nhap vdo vdn hda Viet Nam Do tdc dpng tft Nho giao nen sy phan hda xd hdi d Vipt Nam