Quản lý tài nguyên dựa vào cộng đồng ở một số nước Đông Phi và bài học cho Việt Nam.pdf

QUAN LY TAI NGUYEN DlfA VAO C O N G DONG Of MOT SO N u ' d c BONG PHI vA BAI HOC CHO VIET NAM Vd Thi Minh Li* TOM TAT Qudn ly tdi nguyen dua vdo cgng dong Id viic chu trgng din viic tham gia cua cdc viin cgng dong vdo qud trinh qudn ly cdc nguon tdi nguyin Viic tham gia khong chi gdp phdn gidi quyet cdc xung dot ve lgi ich giua cdc thdnh viin cgng dong vai cdc cdp chinh quyen cao han md ve ldu ddi viic qudn ly tdi nguyen dua vdo cgng dong se mang lgi Igri ich true tiip cho chinh nhicng thdnh vien cgng dong Tuy nhiin di viec qudn ly tdi nguyin dua vdo cgng dong thdnh cong thi cdn ton trgng y kien cua cdc thdnh vien cgng dong, hieu dugc mong muon, nguyin vgng ciia cdc thdnh vien cgng dong doi v&i su phdt irien ciia cgng dong, loi keo su tham gia cda hg vdo tdt cd cdc qud trinh hinh thdnh vd triin khai cdc chuang trinh, dudn v.v vi lgi ich cua cgng dong co nhic vdy nhicng du dn vd chuang trinh vi cgng dong m&i ddm bdo thdnh cong Nhirng die dn, chuang trinh bi thdt bgi hien chu yeu la bo qua mgt nhiing yeu to ndy Mdt so van de chung ve quan ly tai nguyen dua vao c^ng dong Vdi each tiep can di tii cdng ddng, theo tac gia Nisbet (1969), cgng ddng phai dugc xem la mdt noi ma dd cd nhieu ngudi / / Qudn ly dua vdo cgng dong sinh sdng (nhu lang que, phd) hoac Quan Iy dya vao cgng ddng dugc xem la nhu mgt nhdm dan cu vdi nhung dac diem mgt nhiing phan cdt 15i cua phat tridn tuong ddng (nhu nhom ngudi gia, ngudi cgng ddng Chinh phu nhidu qudc gia da ndng dan) hoac la nhom ngudi chia se nhirng chap nhan va xem bien phap quan Iy la mdi quan tam chung (nhu la ty tdn giao) mdt cdng cu hiiu hidu Irong chien luge phat Cdng ddng cung dugc xem xet gan lien tridn qudc gla vira tiet kidm chi phi vua dat vdi cac mdi quan he vd mat xa hdi dugc dac dugc hidu qua eao ma nhidu chinh phii trung bdi cac quan he ca nhan, chieu sau Sli dung bien phap quan ly tir tren xudng cam xiic, su lien ket ve mat xa hdi va linh (top-down) gap phai nhiing that bai keo dai ve mat thdi gian * Th^c sT, Vi^n Kinh t i \k Chfnh trj The gidi Bai viii ia kit qua nghien cuu ihuQC de tai Nhi^m vu kgp tac qudc le vi KH&CN Iheo Nghj dinh thu "Nghien cvni ung diing mo Mnh quan ly dtfa vao cong dong nham ndng cao hifU qud hap tdc song phucmg lgi cdc dja phutmg bien gi&i Vi^t Nam - Campuchia " De tdi da hda cac ngudn Iuc cdng ddng, theo tae gia Laverack (2001), can phai trao quydn cho cgng ddng dd tir dd cac vien cgng ddng cd the tdi da hda cac qudc Iuc cung nhu quan ly dugc cgng ddng Tapchi nghiin cuu CHAD PHI & TRtNG DONG so 05 (117) thang 5/2015 23 Vo Thj Minh Le Quan ly tai nguyen duci vao cdng dong dd Tuy nhidn ngugc Iai vdi quan diem ciia Laverack, tac gia Wood (1994) cho ring quan Iy dua vao cdng ddng la mdt Ioai hinh quan Iy ma thdng qua dd cac dai dien cua cgng ddng dugc bau chgn mdt each dan chii Wegelin-Schuringa (1998) cho ring quan Iy dya vao cdng ddng dugc xem nhu la mdt dang tham gia ciia cgng ddng, McComon, Warner va Yohalem (1990) phan biet quan ly dua vao cdng ddng so vdi sy tham gia ciia cdng ddng cho rang quan Iy dua vao cdng ddng dugc ap dung de ndi den nhiing ngudi dugc hudng Igi ich tir cac dieh vu phai cd trach nhiem, quyen va sy kiem soat ddi vdi su phat trien cua cac loai hinh dich vu nham dam bao tinh bdn vfing cua nd Mdi tac gia da su dyng thuat ngii khac dinh nghTa vd quan Iy dya vao cdng ddng nhung nhin chung cac tac gia ddu md ta mdt dac diem chung la each ti§p can phat tridn di tir dudi len (bottom-up) va cdng ddng thi cgng dong se dugc trao quydn de tir dd hg cd trach nhifm quan ly, tri va hoat ddng vi nhung Igi ich chung ciia cgng ddng Cac quan didm iing hg quan ly dya vao cdng ddng cd Evans va Appleton (1993) Cac tac gia da dua ba Iy tai nhidu chinh phii hien dang iing hd each tiep can quan Iy dya vao cgng ddng bdi (1) Dg tin cay, dg bdn viing va nhan rgng; (2) Thiic diy sy phat tridn cdng ddng va (3) Cach tiep can quan Iy dya vao cgng ddng cd kha nSng thyc hien dugc Tuy nhien, de cho each tidp can tren dat hi?u qua, theo quan diem qudc td cin phai dam bao mdt sd tieu chi sau: Trao quyen cho cdc thdnh viin cgng dong, bdi vi trao quydn sS nhim gia 24 tang Slic msinh cho nhdm ngudi dd bj ldn thuong, giup ngudi dan cdng ddng co thd dua quydt dinh quan trgng cd anh hudng den chinh tuong lai ciia hg - Khuyen khich syt tham gia cda nguai ddn cpng ddng Su tham gia d day cung dong vai trd quan trgng d khia canh dinh hudng cho nhiing ngudi dan cdng ddng lien quan va tham gia vao qua trinh phat tridn cgng ddng, cac hoat ddng ciia cgng ddng cung nhu tuong Iai ciia cac vien cgng ddng - Ndng cao nang luc cho nguai ddn cgng ddng nham nang cao kha nang cua cac ca nhan, nhdm va cac td chiic de vugt qua nhung khd khan dd tham gia tich cue va hieu qua vao qua trinh phat tridn - Xdy dirng su lien ket giu'a cac ca nhan, cae td chiic xa hgi dan sy, khu vuc nha nudc, lu nhan va cac quan chiic tham gia vao cac boat dgng chung ciia cdng ddng Sy lien ket hgp tac Clia cac td chiic cd vai trd quan Irgng vide danh gia cac thach thiic dang gap phai ciia cgng dong Hgp tac vdi nhiing ngudi khae la each tdt nhai de khai thac Igi the so sanh ciia mdi ben, la each hieu qua de biet dugc trach nhiem va quyen cua cac ben, nd tranh dugc su chdng cheo cac nhiem vu va giam dugc nii ro 1.2 Qudn ly tdi nguyen dua vdo cgng dong O nhieu nudc dang phat tridn, quydn so hihi va quan Iy tai nguyen thien nhidn nhu nudc, khoang san, rimg, thiiy san, ddng vat hoang da dugc trao cho nha nude va chinh phu cd vai tro vide xae dinh md hinh cua vide sir dung cac ngudn tai nguyen vi ca viec phan phdi lgi ich kinh td tir cae ngudn tai nguyen Dieu ddng nghla vdi viec Tgp chi nghiin curu CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 05 (117) thang 5/201S Quan ly tai nguyen du^ vao cdng dong Vo Thi Minh Le chinh phli dua luat va thyc thi luat mdt each nghiem ngat, cim hoac ban chd ngudi Sli dung tai nguydn thien nhidn (Vi6n Qudc td vd Mdi trudng va Phat tridn (IIED), 1994) Do vay, cgng ddng dia phuong ed it tham quydn quydt dinh ddi vdi cac ngudn tai nguydn Do bi gat, tudc di quydn sd hiiu va kiem soat ngudn tai nguyen ma d nhidu cdng ddng ty Id ddi ngheo tidp tuc tang, suy thoai mdi trudng van didn nghidm trgng va mat tinh da dang sinh hgc cd xu hudng gia tang Ngoai ra, vide nha nudc quan ly ngudn tai nguyen thidn nhidn ciing din ddn vide nha nudc phai tra chi phi cao cho lye lugng kidm Iam, bao ve tai nguydn thidn nhidn, sir dung khdng bdn virng cac ngudn tai nguyen thidn nhidn va xuat hien cac cudc xung dot giua cgng dong dja phuong vdi cac CO quan dugc nha nudc uy nhiem quan ly tai nguyen thien nhien (Ayoo, C 2007) cap bach vd van dd kinh td chmh tri O goc cdc nhd bdo ton, cac nha bao tdn mong mudn thiic day sy tham gia ciia ngudi dan dia phuong de quan ly va bao tdn ngudn tai nguyen O goc cdc nhd tdi tra, co quan tai trg mudn tang cudng su tham gia cua cdng ddng vao quan ly "ben viing" tai nguyen thidn nhidn va phat trien ndng thdn Theo Beer (2012), quan Iy tai nguyen dya vao cdng ddng chinh la vi$c chii trgng den vide quan ly mdt each lap thd ddi vdi cac he sinh thai nhim Ihiic day phiic Igi cua ngudi va myc dich cung la de phan cap quydn quan Iy he sinh thai den cap cgng ddng Hay ndi each khac, quan ly tai nguydn dya vao cgng ddng la each thiic cac cgng ddng cimg Iam viec vdi de bao vd cac ngudn tai nguyen va thdng qua cac Ihiic mang l^i Igi ich lau dai cho cgng ddng Khung the che ma dd cd vide quan ly tai nguyen thidn nhidn cd anh hudng Idn ddn tinh bdn vung ciia viec sir dung tai nguyen thien nhidn eung nhu sinh kd ciia cac cgng ddng phu thudc vao nhiing ngudn tai nguyen thidn nhidn Trao quydn cho cOng dong: Cac td chiie phi chinh phii, cac nha boat dgng tai cgng ddng ciing img hd quan didm trao vai trd quan ly tai nguyen cho cgng ddng dja phucmg Cgng ddng dia phuong hieu va nhan thiic r5 ve qiia trinh phat trien cua cdng ddng, cac tai nguyen ciia cgng ddng do hg cd thd quan ly hidu qua hon nhiing ngudn tai nguyen Tdn trgng cae quyen, kidn thiic va van hda cua cgng ddng Kinh nghiem cua mgt s6 nudc Dong Phi ve quan ly tai nguyen dua vao cong ddng 2.7 Kinh nghiim qudn ly tdi nguyen dua vdo cgng dong a Kenya Quan Iy ddng vat hoang da va quan Iy Quan ly tai nguyen dya vao edng ddng cung can nhung nhan td cu thd gdp phan tao riing dya vao cdng ddng d Kenya da cho thay n6n sy cdng ciia cac du an hay cac md hinh quan ly dya vao cOng ddng da mang chuong trinh thyc thi cgng ddng, lai nhimg ddng gdp tich cyc cho cgng ddng nhihig nhan td dd bao gdm: Nghien ciiu trudng hgp quan Iy dgng vat Sy tham gia eua cgng ddng: goc dg hoang da dua vao cgng ddng d Kenya la mgt chinh phit, cdc chinh phii td quan tam ddn nhihig vi dy didn hinh Dgng vat hoang "sy tham gia" cua "edng ddng" nhu eau da la mdt tai nguydn thidn nhidn quan trgng d Tap chingliiin cuu CHAU PHI & TRUNG D6NG SO 05 (117) thang 5/2015 "25 Quan ly tai nguyen difa vao cong dSng Vo Thi Minh Le Kenya va la ngu6n chinh cua nganh du Uch Kenya, da tao ngu6n thu nhap dang ke hang nam (Sindiga nam 1995; Waithaka, 2004) S6 luong dong vat va thuc vat phong phu hon cong vien qu6c gia va khu bao t6n qu6c gia Tuy nhien, chung khong chi gioi han khu virc Hien nay, Kenya da co t6ng cong 26 cong vien qu6c gia va 29 khu bao t6n qu6c gia chiSm t6ng dien tich 44.359 km^ - khoang 7,5% lanh th6 dit nuoc Cong vien qu6c gia va khu bao t6n qu6c gia co sir da dang dang ke Trong bao gSm tir cong vien bien, niii, cong vien kho han va ban kho han dSn he sinh thai h5 Cong vien quoc gia va khu bao t6n qu6c gia o Kenya dtrgc quan ly bcii Djch vu Dpng vat hoang da Kenya (KWS), day la co quan dugc chinh phu iiy quyin dl thirc hien viec bao ton va quan ly cac ngu6n tai nguyen thien nhien hoang da nuoc (Ayoo, C 2007) Khu bao ton Quoc gia Maasai Mara Nguon: https://Miww.vietravel.com Viec lap cac vuon quoc gia va khu vuon qu5c gia da diln Xung dot cang bao t6n quoc gia Kenya la mot thay doi xuit hien dpng vat hoang da cong dang ke quyen sii dung dat, chuyen vien qu6c gia gay nhiing ton that Ion cho quyen su dung tai nguyen cua cpng d6ng dia cac cpng ding dia phuong bang each pha phucmg sang cho nha nuoc Nha nuoc dugc huy miia mang, san vat nuoi cua hp va gay hucmg lgi ich hoan toan tir cac nguon tai nguy hilm cho dW s6ng nguM ma nguyen Viec chuyen quyen sii dung tai nguyen nhan dugc cho la nha nucfc nguyen da tac dpng tieu cue den sinh ke ciia phai chi tra cho cong tac bao ve tai nguyen cpng dong dia phuong, hp khong the su dung thien nhien cac khu bao ton qua ldn va ddt de san xuat nong nghiep hoac de chi phi tro nen ton kem va mot so trpt cac nong san co gia tri (Okello va trudng hgp nha nuoc khong the chi tra dugc Kiringe, 2004) Cpng dong dia phuong Vol cpng dong dia phuang, su thay doi ch6ng doi voi dieu va mpt so quyen so hihi hgp phap doi vol cac tai trucmg hpp moi quan he thii djch giira cpng nguyen la hoc lot va bat cong Chinh vi d6ng dia phuong va co quan quan ly cac vay, nhiing noi cong tac bao v^ kem, cpng 26 Tap chi nghien cuu CHAU PHI & TRLNG DONG SO 05 (117) thing 5/2015 Quan ly tai nguyen dira vao cdng dong ddng dia phuong da td chiic boat ddng nhu san ban, trd choi san bin, chan tha gia siic cac cdng vidn qudc gia (Okello va Kiringe, 2004) CJ nhiing noi thudng xuydn xay tinh trang nay, suy Ihoai mdi trudng cang trd ndn phd bidn va sy mil da dang sinh hgc didn mgt each nhanh chdng Chinh vi vay, md hinh quan Iy tai nguyen dya vao cgng ddng da dugc dua ra, bdi vi md hinh la phucmg thiic de giam thidu xung dot giiia cac cgng ddng dia phuong va co quan quan Iy cdng vidn qudc gia Phuong phap quan Iy dam bao rang Igi ich kinh te tir cac tai nguyen thien nhien dugc chia se rgng rai giiia cac ben lien quan Khi Igi ich dugc chia se cgng ddng dia phuong se khuyen khich bao vd thd gidi tu nhien va tham gia vao quan ly Quan ly tai nguydn dya vao cgng ddng do se la phuong tidn dd thiic day phat tridn kinh id dja phuong va nang cao miic sdng cua cdng ddng dia phuong Mgt vi dy cdng ciia md hinh quan Iy tai nguydn dya vao cgng ddng la Khu bao tdn qudc gia Masaai Mara (KBTQGMN) d Narok, phia Tay Nam Kenya Khu bao tdn 6ku lien dugc lap nhu mdi khu bao ldn thien nhien hoang da vao nam 1948 vdi di?n tich khoang 520 kml Nam I96I, khu vyc da dugc chuyen ddi Ihanh mgt cdng vien didn lich ciia nd dugc md rdng ldn tdi 1.831 km^ Hgi ddng Qudc gia Narok sau cung Iryc lidp quan ly khu vyc Khoang 321 km^ sau dd da dugc giao Iai cho cgng dong dia phuong va KBTQGMN tinh ddn nam 1992 cd di?n lich khoang 1.510 km^ (Kokai, 1992) Khu vyc dat cua KBTQGMN vdn thudc ve ngudi Masaai, hg thudng phai c^nh tranh Vo Thi Minh Le cac ngudn lye khan hidm vdi thidn nhidn hoang da va khach du Iich Sy canh tranh la didu hidn nhidn, xuil phat tii thyc td la mgt phan didn tich dat Irong khu bao tdn dugc phan bd cho ddng vat hoang da khdng the cung Iiic sii dyng dd chan Iha gia siic Theo Ihdi gian, canh tranh cang trd nen gay gat sy gia tang dan sd va siic ep cua vide sir dung dat Iheo lgi ich kinh te Hg nhan thay rang doanh thu thyc Id lir cac khu bao tdn thien nhidn hoang da khdng dii dd trang trai chi phi co hgi ciia viec bao tdn ma hg udc tinh tir Igi nhuan rdng cua vide san xuat ndng nghi?p va chan nudi Hg cho rang, chinh phu Kenya da trg cap cho cac ho^t dgng bao tdn ma gia tri ciia chiing chi la gian tiep va nam ngoai Kenya Hg cflng lap luan rang, dan sd ndng thdn gia tang chinh phli can xem xet lai viec van hanh cdng vidn qudc gia va khu bao tdn qudc gla Vide chia sd lgi ich kinh td tir KBTQGMN dugc thyc hidn bang each phan bd mdt phin doanh thu lir KBTQGMN cho cac trudng hgc, tram xa, dudng giao thdng Cdng ddng dia phuong cung tiep can ban che ddi vdi vide sii dung khu vyc KBTQGMN dd chan tha gia siic, va thu thgp cac san pham cd gia tri nhu cac Ioai thao mdc, gd, cd va nudc Tuy nhien, so vdi quyen sd hiiu va quan ly dgc quydn ciia nha nudc, viec ap dung phuong phap liep can quan ly lai nguyen dya vao cdng ddng KBTQGMN da giam dang kd chi phi hoat ddng va da lao mgt ddng lye manh me dd cdng ddng dia phuong tham gia vao vide bao vd va quan Iy bdn viing thidn nhien hoang da KBTQGMN Qua thdi gian, cdng ddng dia Tgp chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG so 05 (117) thang 5/2015 27 Quan ly tai nguyen diJa vao cgng dong Vo Thi Minh Le phuang da din tran trpng KBTQGMN nhu mpt nguln tai nguyen co gia tri ma hp so him, dem lai lgi ich kinh tl cho hp, va vi$c bao ve va sir dung bin vQng khu bao ton phuc vu lpi ich cua chinh hp Quan ly rimg dua vao cpng ding Kenya cung la mpt nhiing cong cua chinh phii Kenya da dua vao cpng dong dl quan ly tai nguyen rimg Diu tien cung gilng dpng vat hoang da, hiu het cac khu rimg Kenya dugc so hihi va quan ly boi chinh phu va nguoi dan dia phuong c6 rat it hoac khong co tilng noi cac quyet dinh quan ly rimg Viec tuac quyin sd him va quan ly rimg ciia cac cpng ding dia phuong dupc xem la nguln glc ciia cac cupc xung dot giu-a vien cpng ding vol cac co quan quan ly rimg thupc chinh phu Nhieu cpng ding dia phuang cam thiy rang hp la chu so hChj hpp phap ciia cac khu rimg gin noi hp sinh sing va hp dupc quyin huong cac lgi ich tir rimg Khi dieu khong dupc thira nhan, cac cupc xung dot nghiem trpng da xay giiia cac cpng dong dia phuong va cac co quan quan ly rimg Do vay, mo hinh quan ly rimg dua vao cpng ding cung da dugc chinh phii Kenya dua ra, ap dung va da thira nhan ring day la mo hlnh rat hieu qua nguoi dan voi kien thirc lau doi cua hg viec quan ly rimg da quan ly nguon tai nguyen hieu qua hon, vay giam dugc nhiing xung dot giiia cac ca quan quan ly rimg cua chinh phu va cpng dong Nghien cuu khu phiic hgp rimg Mau la mpt nhiing vi du minh chiing cho nhan dinh tren Khu phiic hgp rimg Mau nam vung cao nguyen phia Tay Nam Kenya co dien tich khoang 400.000 (Nkako va cgng su, 2005) Day la phan di?n tich tilp nli Ion 28 nhat lai cua rimg ban dia a Dong Phi (Nkako va cgng su, 2005) Khu phiic hgp rimg Mau c6 dat dai mau mo va lupng mua ldn va la luu virc quan trpng ciia h$ thong song chinh Kenya Khu vuc cimg cSp nuoc cho dpng vat va thuc vat vo cimg phong phli va cho ca nguoi Ogiek, mpt nhimg cu dan ban dia culi cimg day Tuy nhien, nay, rit nhilu phan cua khu phiic hgp rimg Mau dang bj khai thac gl va bi pha hoai nang nl Su thay doi each sir dung tai nguyen dat nhu vay la mpt mli de dga cho ca nguln nuoc va sinh ke cua nguoi Ogiek, nhijng nguoi da song phu thuoc vao rimg Mau tit rit lau dcfi thong qua vi?c hai trai cay va cac loai hat, san ban, thu hoach mat ong, khai thac gl nhien lieu va chan tha gia sue Truoc day, nguoi Ogiek da quan ly tai nguyen rimg Mau mpt each ben vOng bang each ap dung han ngach thu hoach cac loai cay phuc vu viec lay mjt ong va cac loai thao mgc, cim chat cay, khong cho phep xoa bo bit ky khu vuc nao cua dat rimg dl canh tac Hp cung tranh lam ton hai din cay eii bing each chi cho phep nhihig nguoi Ion tuli co kinh nghiem lam to ong va thu hoach mat ong Mac dil nguo'i Ogiek dong vai tro quan trpng cong tac quan ly he thfing rimg Mau, chinh phii Kenya coi hp nhu mpt moi de dpa cho rimg va coi viec chiem giQ rimg Mau cua hp la bit hgp phap va trai vol Luat vl riing Chinh phii da quylt tam true xuat nguoi Ogiek khoi rtmg Mau va da trien khai thuc Men chinh sach nay.Viec true xuat nguoi Ogiek khoi rimg Mau anh hucmg nghiem trpng den sinh ke ciia hp va viec sii dung ben vting tai nguyen rtmg Vi?c cung khong cfing bang vi no dupc thuc hien Tap chi nghien ciiu CHAU PHI & TRUNC D6^G so OS (117) thang 5/2015 Quan ly tai nguyen du^ vao cdng dong chii ydu de dua nhihig ngudi khac vao sdng d khu vyc rimg ma khdng hdi y kien ngudi Ogiek - nhiing ngudi chii cua khu rimg va ciing la nhiing ngudi da ap dung kien thiic Clia hg tir rat lau ddi dd quan Iy rimg mdt each ben virng Chinh phii Kenya da td chiic tham van dai didn Clia ngudi Ogiek, cac cgng ddng dinh cu ciing cac bdn lidn quan khac va phat trien kd hoach quan Iy rimg Mau Mdt Id trinh da dugc dua de xac dinh vide phan bd dat Iam nghiep cho cac muc dich sii dung khac giu:a cac ben, ciing nhu vifc chia se trach nhiem va Igi ieh 2.2 Kinh nghiem qudn ly tdi nguyen dua vdo cgng dong a Tanzania Trong nhiing nam 1980, boat dgng san ban dgng vat hoang da bat hgp phap dugc xem la mgt Irong nhiing van de ldn d Tanzania Nam 1989 ehinh phu da tuyen bd tren ca nudc ve hoat ddng chdng san ban ddng vat hoang da bat hgp phap vdi tdn ggi la "Operalion Uhai - mgt boat ddng vl sy sdng" Hoat ddng cd sy tham gia cua quan ddi, canh sat va nhan vidn ciia cac td chiic bao ve ddng vat hoang da Hoat dgng chi keo dai mdi thdi gian cho ddn nam 1991 va da cdng vide giai quydt van dd san ban ddng vat hoang da bat hgp phap, nhien sau dd boat ddng bao ve chdng san ban ddng vat hoang da bat hgp phap da gap phai vdn dd bdi vi Tanzania la mdt nhiing qudc gia ngheo tren thd gidi nhung dd ngan ngira boat ddng san ban ddng v^t hoang da bat hgp phap chinh phu phai phan bd mdt ngudn kinh phi ldn de chi tra cho nhiing ngudi quan Iy va canh sat de bao ve 28% dien tich dat rimg can dugc bao Vo Thi Minh Le ve Ngudn kinh phi qua Idn va cang trd ndn khan hiem vdi mdt qudc gia ngheo nhu Tanzania, cho ndn sd kinh phi cap timg nam cho Bd Quan ly dgng vat hoang da da giam di (Songorwa, A, 1999) Thidu kinh phi dan den vide chinh phii cat giam tidn cdng ehi tra cho nhirng ngudi quan Iy va mua sam cac thiet bj cho nhiing ngudi bao ve rimg Thidu su bao vd dan den mdi trudng sdng hi pha buy Ihdng qua cac boat ddng tan pha rimg, san ban bat hgp phap, chay rimg thudng xuydn nhung khdng cd su kiem soat Tat ca su tan pha khien cho quan thd cac dgng vat hoang da bj giam dl Vao cudi nhiing nam 1980, hoat ddng san ban bat hgp phap cang phat tridn thi cac td chiic bao tdn qudc td va cac td chiic tai trg da de xuat ddi vdi chinh phu Tanzania ap dung md hinh quan Iy ddng vat hoang da dya vao cgng ddng Tuy nhien, cdng ddng dia phuong khdng phai la nhiing ngudi dugc hudng Igi ich, hoac neu cd lgi ich tir cac chuong trinh quan Iy ddng vat hoang da dya vao cdng ddng cung ehi la Igi ich tam thdi Vi du, cac cdng ddng dia phuong quyel dinh tham gia chuong trinh bao tdn Selous (Selous conservation program) la cac nhan vidn chuong trinh hiia hen vd nhihig lgi ich kinh te - xa hgi ma hg se nhan dugc Khi chuong trinh khdng dap ling dugc nhiing ldi hiia va cac nguyen vgng Clia cdng ddng va khdng xir Iy dugc cac van dd vd ddng vat hoang da, thi thidt hai gay cho cdng ddng la rat Idn Thdm vao do, chuong trinh da khdng chiing minh cho cac cgng ddng thay dugc ring bao ve ddng vat hoang da mang lai Igi ich cho nhung ngudi dan cdng ddng hon la Tgp chingliiin cuu CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 05 (117) thang 5/2015 — 29 Quan ly tai nguyen dua vao cdng dong , Vo Thj Minh Le thdng qua cac boat ddng san xuit ndng nghiep va cac boat ddng san ban bat hgp phap Khi Idi hiia khdng dugc thyc thi, nhidu chi phi khac phat sinh di kem vdi chuong trinh nhu chi phi thidt hai mua mang, giam luc lugng Iao ddng cac hd gia dinh, cac cdng ddng thudc quydn kiem soat cua nhiing ngudi bdn ngoai - nhiing ngudi sang lap chuong trinh, nguon tidp can dat dai va ddng vat hoang da bi giam di va cac xung dot xuat hien va giiia cac cdng ddng da khidn cho cac vidn edng ddng xem xel Iai quydt dinh tham gia chuong trinh ciia ho va bat diu chdng ddi Iai chucmg trinh Cong vien quoc gia Serengeti Tanzania Nguon: http://news.zing.vn Do vay, cac cdng ddng khdng tham gia va khdng hd trg ddi vdi chuong trinh, chuong trinh dd da gap phai that bai Khi dd, cac nhan vien chuong trinh se rat khd thuydt phyc cac vidn cgng ddng nghT den Igi ich Clia vide bao tdn dgng vat hoang da Trong trudng hgp dd, quan Iy tai nguyen dua vao cdng ddng da that bai viec gia tang Igi ich Clia vide bao tdn ddi vdi cac cgng ddng tap trung; hoac ndu Igi Ich dd tdn tai thi cung nhanh chdng bien mat cac vien cgng ddng nhan ring lgi ich cd the sd can trg hg tiep c ^ ngudn dgng vat hoang da Hon niia, cac vien cdng ddng nhan rang cac chi phi ca nhan kem theo each tiep can cd the cao hon so vdi 30 nhiing lgi ich ma cac ca nhan dat dugc hoac chinh nhiing chi phi va lgi ich khdng dugc phan bd ddng ddu giira cac vien cdng ddng thi cac vien cdng ddng se khdng tham gia vao chuong trinh Nhu vay, vide quan Iy dya vao cgng ddng trudng hgp khdng cd linh kha thi 2.3 Kinh nghiem qudn ly tdi nguyen dua vdo cgng dong a Botswana Minh chiing tai Botswana cho thiy, hang thap ky qua sd dgng vat hoang da da giam di dang kd, tham chi sd khdng dugc thdng kd cdn nhidu hon Sy giam sul Clia mdt sd Ioai ddng vat hoang da va mdi trudng thidn nhidn hoang da bi cho la Tgp chi nghiin cuu CHAL PHI & TRLNG DONG SO 05 (117) t h a n g 5/2015 Quan ly tai nguyen dua vao cdng dong Vo Thi Minh Le mdt sd nhan to nhu thidu hang rao bao vd, han ban, san bin trdm hay san ban qua nhidu va mdi trudng sdng bj mat di sy lang trudng dan sd va sd vat nudi nhidu hon Vi du d phia Tay Nam cua Botswana nhu cac quan Kgalagadi, Ghanzi va Kwaneng da cd su giam siil dang kd cda mdt sd Ioai Hnh duong Phia Ddng Bic cua qudc gia, mdt sd loai cung bi giam siil manh nhu ngya van, voi v.v ngach san ban dugc phep lai khu vuc dugc thud dat Md hinh quan Iy tai nguyen dya vao cdng ddng ciia td chiic Ihuc chat la mgt hidp dinh lidn ket giiia mdt ben la mdi td chiic tin nhidm ciia lang va mgt ben la mdt cdng ty tu nhan Td chiic dya vao cgng ddng nhan dugc giay phep cho thue tir Sd Quan Iy cac ddng vat hoang da va cac cdng vidn qudc gia ddi vdi han ngach cu the dugc phep khai thae d nhiing khu dat quy dinh, sau dd td chiic cd the ban han ngach cho cdng ty De giai quyet cac van de mdi trudng, mdt du Iich san bin cd ty Id dau thau cao Bat ky so td chiic d Botswana da bit dau sir dung mgt cdng ty du Iich san ban nao tra nhieu phuong phap tiep can dua vao cdng ddng d8 tidn hon thi cdng ty cd the tham gia hidp quan Iy cac ngudn tai nguydn Cach tiep can dinh lien kdt vdi td chiic tin nhiem ciia lang ngoai vide chii trgng den vide bao ve cac Mdt md hinh vi du la cdng ly san ban Rann, Ioai ddng vat hoang da cdn chii trgng ddn cdng ty cd hiep dmh lien ket vdi td chirc tin bao vd cac ngudn tai nguyen khac bao gdm nhidm viing Chole va ciing la cdng ly dau ca cac loai sau budm, cac loai cay xuong tidn d Botswana ky kdl hiep dinh lien kdt rdng va mgt sd Ioai cay thao dugc quy Ben canh vide cdng ddng nhan dugc lgi ich Quan ly lai nguyen dya vao cdng ddng d bang tidn, hiep dinh lien ket cung cam ket Botswana dugc hinh tir nam 1989 mgt phan thil tCr mdi loai bi gidt se dugc giao vdi sy ddi cua dy an quan Iy cac ngudn cho Id chiic tin nhi?m ciia lang Hiep dinh tai nguydn Muc dich ciia dy an la hinh lidn ket mang lai cho cac cgng ddng doanh Ihanh, dao tao va tai trg cho cac du an quan Ihu, viec lam, dam bao luong thuc va cac Igi ly tai nguydn dya vao cgng dong xuydn ich tir boat dgng du lich sudt dil nudc Botswana Dy an dua trdn Tuy nhien, quan Iy tai nguyen dya vao viec Sd Quan Iy dit dai ciia cac quan cdng ddng d Botswana cung phai ddi mat nhugng quydn cho cac Id chiic dua vao vdi nhieu van dd, chang han cac ihanh vien cgng ddng thud lai dat Irong cdng ddng it tham gia vao cac dy an Td chiic tin nhidm bao tdn khu Chobe la ciia CECT nhung gan nhu biet rat ll thong td chiic dya vao cdng ddng (CECT) dau lien tin vS CECT Han che sy tham gia ciia cac dugc hinh dudi sy ddi ciia du an vien vao cac chuong trinh ciia CECT quan Iy cac ngudn tai nguydn Td chirc bi dd Idi mdt sd ydu td nhu (1) dia diem, gdm dai didn cua ngdi lang Mabele, bdi vi thdng thudng CECT chi gap cac Kavimba, Kachikau, Satau va Parakarungu vidn cua lang mdt - hai Ian Irong nam va dja Td chiic nhan dugc sy chuydn nhugng cho diem hgp thudng dien lan lugt nam thud dit tir Sd Quan ly dgng vat hoang da va ngdi lang, khoang each va phuong tidn di lai cac cdng vidn qudc gia dd khai thac ban khd khan da can trd sy Iham gia cCia cac Tgp chi nghiin curu CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG so 05 (117) thang 5/2015 31 Quan ly tai nguyen diJavao cgng dong vien lang vao cac cupc hpp ciia CECT voi ijy ban tin nhiem cua lang; (ii) thai gian, thai gian hpp thuong sam va keo dai, bit diu tir gifi sang cho den giir chilu, nhieu cupc hpp khong co thoi gian nghi giua gia cho nen nhieu nguoi khfing the tham gia va (iii) yeu tfi ngfin ngir, CECT va IJy ban tin nhiem cua lang sir dung ba ngfin ngii cac cupc hpp, viet bao cao va thao luan ve cac hoat dfing Cac thir tieng chinh gfim tieng Anh, tieng Setswana va tieng Subiya cho nen doi voi nhtrng nguoi khong dpc dupc tieng Anh hoac khong hieu dupc ngon ngti chinh cua cac dan tpc thieu sfi cua Botswana (vi khfing cfi ban dich phti hgp) se khfing the dpc hoac trao doi vl eae hoat dpng quan ly dua vao cpng ding Day chinh la nhiing nhan tfi can tro su tham gia cua cac vien ctia cac lang vao cac cufic hpp hay dien dan trao doi ve each thtrc quan ly tai nguyen ctia cfing ding Ngoai co thi thay, ban chit cua quan ly tai nguyen dua vao cfing dfing Botswana la chu trpng den viec dua nhtrng uu dai cho cpng dong de chju trach nhiem quan ly bin viing cac nguln tai nguyen va nang cao nang luc cho cpng ding de thuc hien viec quan ly Nhung uu dai chti ylu bao gfim: chinh phii se cho cac tl chtrc cpng ding thue lai quyin sir dung cac khu dit quy dinh dl thuc hien cac hoat dpng du lich, san bin, cac tfi chuc dua vao cfing ding co quyin cho cac cfing ty du lich san bin thue lai cac khu dit Cac uu dai dfii vcri cpng ding dugc thi hien va dl cap cac chinh sach, luat ma chinh phu ban hanh nhu chinh sach ve bao v? dfing vat hoang da, chien lupc bao tin qufic gia, chinh sach du lich, dao luat ve bao tin dpng vat hoang da va cac khu cong vien qufic gia 32 (Jones, B.T.T., 1999) v.v Muc tieu ctia cac chinh sach quan ly tai nguyen dua vao cpng dong cua Botswana la huong toi giam ngheo cho khu vuc nong thfin, tilp can sir bao tin tai nguyen nho vao viec thuc diy su phat triln Clia cac nln kinh tl nong thfin, trao siic manh cho cac cpng dong de quan ly cac nguon tai nguyen vi cac lpi ich ve sinh thai, kinh te, xa hfii dai han" (Jones, B T.B.2002) Tuy nhien cac chinh sach ma Botswana dua khong co chinh sach hay van ban luat nao ma trao cho cpng ding dja phuang cac quyen doi voi ngufin du lich hay dfing vat hoang da, hoac cac quyen dli vcri dat dai Cac tu lieu chinh sach va cac van ban luat khac chi la cho phep cpng dfing CO nhiing quyen doi vol dpng vat hoang da thong qua viec danh dugc cac giay phep va han ngach san ban va cac loai giay phep true thufic cac so ban nganh cua chinh phu Botswana nhu Sil Quan ly d^ng vat hoang da va cac cong vien quoc gia (DWNP) va Phong Dit dai Co dugc nhihig giay phep nay, cpng ding dia phuong racri dugc quyin thue dit dl san bin va du lich d cac khu quy dinh Nhu vay, quyin quan ly dgng vat hoang da va tai nguyen dit dai cr cac khu bao ton thuc vin nim tay cua chinh phu va cac co quan true thupc chinh phu Trong truang hgp cua to chiic tin nhi$ni bao tin viing Chobe (CECT - The Chobe Enclave Conservation Trust), t l chiic chi co su quan ly tfii thilu boi vi DWNP va cac cfing vien qufic gia vin la co quan quaa ly true tiep, co quan co quyin dua sfi lugng han ngach san bin dugc phep san bin va Tgp chi nghien cuu c i u t PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 05 (117) thang S/2015 Vo Thi Minh Le QUcin ly tai nguyen dua vao cdng dong phan bd dat cho thud ddn td chiic Mac dil nhan dugc quydn cho thud dit tir DWNP nhung td chiic cd thd bj cham diit giay phep cho thud ma khdng can Iy gi DWNP chi cin bao trudc ihang, tham chi DWNP ciing cd thd ngimg ban ngach san ban Clia cac td chiic dya vao cdng ddng Cac chinh sach ma DWNP ap dung lien quan den viec cap ban ngach san ban va thue dat da cho thay chinh phii, cac co quan quydn lue cua chinh phii van ddng vai trd chinh qua trinh dua quydt dinh, ngudi dan cgng ddng van la nhutig ngudi khdng cd lieng ndi va ludn yeu the trudc mgi quydt djnh ciia chinh phli viec quan ly ngudn tai nguyen va Iudn d tinh trang phy thudc va hi ddng chd vao quydl dinh ciia chinh phu Do vay, van de trao quydn d day can phai dugc xem xet lai, trao quyen cin phai dugc hidu theo nghia trao quyen mdt each thuc td chir khdng phai trao quydn vd mat ly thuyet tren giiy td Thic hai la ve sir tham gia Sy tham gia Clia cac vidn cdng ddng ddl vdi cac chuong trinh dy an vi cgng ddng d chau Phi cdn rat ban che Nhiing ly can trd su tham gia ciia cac vien Irong cgng ddng rat nhieu nhung cd nhiing Iy chinh nhu bd tri dja didm hgp khdng phii hgp, thdi gian hgp qua dai va vide sii dung ngdn da dang Bai hoc cho Viet Nam quan Iy cac cudc hgp da can trd sy tham gia cua cac vidn Ngoai ra, mdt Iy niia tai nguyen thien nhien dira vao cong dong can trd sy tham gia cua cac Ihanh vidn Kinh nghidm quan ly tai nguyen dya vao cdng ddng la bdi vi hau nhu cac trudng hgp cdng ddng ciia mdt sd nudc Ddng Phi cho nghien ciiu d tren ddu la nhiing nudc ngheo, thiy, mac dii md hinh quan Iy tai nguyen ngudi dan cua cdng ddng tham gia dy an dya vao cdng ddng cd vai trd va y nghia chil ydu la vi hg nhin thay nhiing Igi ich quan trgng ddi vdi cgng ddng nhu tang trudc mit, nhiing ldi hua hen ciia cac nhan doanh thu eho cgng ddng, tao thu nhap cho vidn chuong trinh, dy an ddi vdi viec cai ngudi dan, vide Iam va dam bao an ninh thien miic sdng, thu nhap, vide lam, an ninh luong thyc nhidn md hinh quan Iy dya luong thyc cho ndn hg da tich cue tham gia, vao cgng ddng ciia cac nudc phia tren ciing nhidn nhiing mong mdi, nguyen vgng cd nhung han chd ma Viet Nam cin phai hgc cua hg khdng dugc dap iing cac vien tap va nit kinh nghidm dd Iai can nhac lai viec tham gia cua hg Thic nhdt Id vi vdn de trao quyin Ve mat cac chuong trinh ban chit, trao quydn chinh la trao cho cgng Thic ba, ndng cao ndng luc va cung cdp dong cd quydn quyet djnb ddi vdi ngudn tai nguyen eiia cgng dong, ngudn tai nguydn dd thong tin cho cdc thdnh vien cgng cgng ddng se dugc phep sii dung nhu thd ddng Thyc chit Irong cac chuong trinh dy nao, nhidn quydn quydl dinh sir dung an vi cgng ddng ngudi dan quyet dinh ngudn tai nguyen van chii ydu bi quan Iy bdi tham gia vao cac chuong Irinh, du an nhung chinh phli cac nude Ddng Phi, cho ndn cac td hg khdng hidu ro dugc ban chil eua dy an, chiic quan Iy dya vao cgng ddng khdng phat cac boat ddng chinh cua dy an gom nhirng huy dugc hdt vai trd chinh ciia minh gi, mang Iai lgi ich gi, dd cac du an Tgp chingliiin cuu CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 05 (117) thang 5/2015 Quan- ly tai nguyen dua vao cdng dong trien khai ndu hg thiy sy mong dgi ciia hg ddi vdi du an khdng dugc dap iing, hg cung de dang rdi khdi chuong trinh, nhu vay dy an khdng cd tinh bin vimg va khdng mang Iai lgi ich gi cho cdng ddng Cho ndn, hinh mdt chuong trinh du an, cac vien cgng ddng can dugc tham gia vao tit ca cac qua trinh, tir qua trinh hinh Ihanh dy an d8 hg biet dugc hg dugc Igi ich gi va chuong trinh hoat ddng vi cai gi Cd dugc thdng tin day dii cac vidn se tham gia chucmg hinh hieu qua hon Tai Iifu tham khao Ayoo, C (2007), Community - based natural resource management in Kenya, Management of enviromental Quality, Volume 18(5): 531-541 CG (Ed) Tourist Attitudes and Use Impacts in Masaai Mara National Reserve, Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, NY, pp 6-10 Laverack, G (2001), An identification and interpretation of the organizational aspects of community empowerment Community Development Joumal, Volume 36(2): 134-145 McCommon, C & Warner, D and Yohalem, D (1990), Community Management of rural water supply and Sanitation Services, The Intemational Bank for Reconstruction and Development, The World Bank Washington DC 10 McLain, R.J (2001), Inclusive community forest Management, Joumal of sustainable forestry, Volume 13:1-2, pi95-203 11 Nisbet, R (1969), The quest for community, Oxford University Press, New York 12 Ngunjiri, E (2003), Participatory methodologies: double-edged swords In D Eade Evans, P and Appleton, B (1993), (ed)-Development Methods and Approaches: Community Management today: The role of communities in the management of improved water Critical Reflections UK Oxfam supply system, IRC Intematinal Water and 13 Okello, M.M and Kiringe, J.W (2004), Sanitation Centdre The Hague Netherland Threats to biodiversity and their implications in Beer, F d (2012), Community-based protected and adjacent dispersal areas of Kenya, natural resource management: living with Alice in Joumal of Sustainable Tourism, Vol 12(1): 55-69 Wonderland?, Community Development Joumal, 14 Songorwa, A.N (1999) Community based Volume 48(4): 555-570 wildlife management (CWM) in Tanzania: Are the Intemational Institute for Environment and communities interested? World development Development (liED) (1994), fVho Eden?An Volume 27(12): 2061-2079 Overview of Community Approaches to Wildlife managment 15 Thakadu, G.T (2005), Success factors in community based natural resource management in Jones, B.T.B., (1999), Community based natural resource management in Botswana and Boswana: lessons from practice Natural Resource Forum, Volume 29(3):199-212 Nambia: an inventory and preliminary analysis of progress Report submitted to llED in 1997 and 16 Waithaka, J (2004), Masaai Mara: an published September 1999 ecosystem under siege: an African case study on Jones, B.T.B (2002), Chobe Enclave, the societal dimension of rangeland conservation, Botswana - Lessons learnt from a CBNRM project African Joumal of Range and Forage Science, 1993 - 2002, CBNRM Support Programme Volume 21(2): 79-88 Occasional Paper No 17 Wood, M (1994), Community Kokai, M.K (1992), Why Masaai Mara is management of rural water supplies, Waterlines the most visited reserve in East Africa, in Gakahu Volume 12(3): 6-9 ^ Tgp chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 05 (117) thang 5/2015 ... nhu Tanzania, cho ndn sd kinh phi cap timg nam cho Bd Quan ly dgng vat hoang da da giam di (Songorwa, A, 1999) Thidu kinh phi dan den vide chinh phii cat giam tidn cdng ehi tra cho nhirng ngudi... cua chinh phu va cpng dong Nghien cuu khu phiic hgp rimg Mau la mpt nhiing vi du minh chiing cho nhan dinh tren Khu phiic hgp rimg Mau nam vung cao nguyen phia Tay Nam Kenya co dien tich khoang... nguyen thidn nhidn Trao quydn cho cOng dong: Cac td chiie phi chinh phii, cac nha boat dgng tai cgng ddng ciing img hd quan didm trao vai trd quan ly tai nguyen cho cgng ddng dja phucmg Cgng