TRIET HOC, SO (288), THANG - 2015 NGHI QUYET XI C O A DANG VA THUC TI£N CUOC SONG THin; HIEN DAN CHU VA PHAT HUY QUYEN LAM CHU CUA NHAN DAN TRONG DOI MOfI VA HOI NHAP QUOC TE OT VIET NAM HOANG CHI BAO'" Khdng dinh ddn chu vd quyin ldm chu cua nhan dan vdi tit cdch muc tieu vd ddng lUc cua dot mdi vd phdt trien ben vihig d Viet Nam hiin nay, bdi viet ndy, tdc gid chi vd phdn tich nhiing thdnh tUu ma Viet Nam da dgt dUdc vi thUc hien ddn chu vd phdt huy quyin ldm chu cua ngiidi ddn 30 nam doi mdi Tii do, tdc gid xdc dinh nhvCng vdn de dgt vd dieu kiin thiet yeu dS thi/c hiin ddn chu, phdt huy quyin ldm chu cua ngiidi ddn giai dogn tiep theo cua cdng cudc doi mdi D a n c h u v a q u y e n l a m c h u c u a n h a n d a n - m u c t i e u v a d o n g lijfc c u a doi mofi v a p h a t t r i e n b e n vufng D a n chu, t r o n g bdn chdt cua no, la sU k h a n g d i n h chii quyen phai thuoc ve n h a n dan NgUdi d a n , cong dong n h a n dan song t r o n g n h a nU6c va xa hoi cua m i n h la ngiicJi chu va l a m chu De bieu thi t u each va thUc hien quyen n a n g cua m i n h , tU nhiSng ca n h a n cong d a n den cong dong d a n cU deu ddi hoi, dong thcfi c u n g chu dong xay dUng n h a nudc cua rainh la nhd nUdc phdp quyen va xa hoi la xa hoi ddn chu v6i chinh t h e dan chii, t h e che d a n chii va ddi song xa hoi p h a i thUc sU la mot moi trUcIng xa hoi d a n chu ThUc h i e n nhQng yeu c^u n a y k h o n g ddn gian, de d a n g vk n h a n h chong, nh^'t la t r o n g nhiing xa hpi nong n g h i e p co t r u y e n n h u Vi6t Nara c h u n g t a D a n chu dUdc quy dinh b5i the che, dUdc kiem soat de quyen lUc va cam quyen dan uy t h a c phai phuc vu ldi ich cua dan va phuc tiing y chi cua dan P h a m chat dao dUc cua ngUcJi cam quyen cung co vai tro r a t q u a n doi v6i d a n chu, nhUng siic m a n h cua the che quyen lUc q u a n hdn, bdi no CO tinh phd' bien, t i n h on dinh ben viing de thUc thi dan chu, bao ve d a n chii D a n chu muon chuyen tii kha n a n g t h a n h hien thUc phai thong qua dan chii hoa, dac biet la dan chu hoa kinh leva dan chii hoa chinh tri Kinh te thi trUdng va n h a nU6c phap quyen la ket qua t a t yeu cua sU van dong xa hoi v4 kinh te va sU xac lap mo hinh the che ve chinh tri vdi lUc day cua dan chu hoa Day cung la phUdng thUc d^ dan chu vdi t u each la chu quyen thuoc ve n h a n dan, quyen lUc eiia n h a n d a n di tit cam ket p h a p ly den h a n h dong thUc t i i n {*) Giao svt, tien si, Hoi dong Ly luSn Trung Udng: THO: HIEN DAN CHU VA PHAT HUY QUYEN L A M CHU Dan chii hoa, do ciing h a m nghla thiic hdnh ddn chil, tU cac to chiic cong quyen den ngUdi dan Viet N a m , Ho Chi Minh viia la n h a t u tUcing d a n chu kiet xuat, vUa la ngUdi thUc h a n h d a n chii m a u mUc n h a t nen chinh tri hien dai Ngu6i dUa r a mot l u a n de noi tieng, co dong, h a m xiic nhat, lot t a dung b a n chat cua dan chu: "Dan ehu la dan Id chu va dan ldm chu" Do la vi the, tU each ngUcii chii, chu the, va ciing la nang lUc, h a n h dong, thuc thi ly tu6ng dan chu ciia ngUdi dan TU do, Ngu6i da each mang hoa tU tufing dan chu, dem lai mpt ban chat mdi ve dan chii, phii dinh tu tucfng thdi qua khii phong kien, lam thay doi ve chat, dia vi ciia ngUdi dan Cac n h a tU tudng phong kien nhin n h a n dan chiing chi la dam dong t h ^ n dan, thao dan, le dan, thU dan, chi la nhiing n h a n each t h u dong, bi dpng eiia lich sii, bdi "dan chii la chu cua ddn" chU khong phai "dan chu la ddn Id chu" Mpt xa hpi tot dep, mpt chinh the tien bo phai hudng vao dan, de cao dan, t u a n t h u va ton trpng phap luat Hieu tha'u dieu Ho Chi Minh dat dan len h^ng cao nhat, quy nhat: "Trong bau trdi khdng gi quy bang n h a n dan Trong the gidi khdng gi m a n h bang lUc lUdng doan ket cua n h a n dan"(l) Dac biet quan trpng, NgUdi nha'n manh, dan chu la Clia quy b a u n h a t tren ddi cua dan Vay la, dan la chii sd hiiu mot tai san chinh tri - phap ly, mot gia tri quy bau nhat, la dan chii Dan dong thdi Ik chii sd hihi n h a nUde, la ehii the goc cua quyen lUc, chii t h e uy quyen, trao quyen va kiem soat q u y e n lUc, giam s a t va kiem soat bp m a y va t h e che n h a nUdc, dong thdi giam sat, kiem scat h a n h vi dai bieu, nhflng ngUdi dUdc bau r a tfl la phieu ciia cac cdng dan Dia vi va t u each ngUdi chu la rainh ehflng q u a n trpng n h a t cua sU giai phdng, la t h a n h qua d a n chu va la thfldc eua t u Theo dd, d a n ehu va quyen lam chii cua n h a n d a n la mue dich, muc tieu ciia p h a t trien va ti§'n bp xa hpi Q u a n lieu, t h a m n h u n g chi x u a t hien cac thiet che quyen lflc, rd n h a t la n h a nflde va ngUdi cua n h a nflde, he thd'ng cdng quyen, cdng ehflc va q u a n chfle Tfl lau, nd da song h a n h cung n h a nUdc, t h a r a t h a u r a t sau vao n h a nflde, la v a n n a n , la he luy von ed xa hpi va n h a nUdc Chi cd dan chu va thUe h a n h d a n ehii mdi phdng ngfla, n g a n chan, d^y lui dfldc q u a n heu, t h a m nhiing Ho Chi Minh n h a n ro: "Thitc hdnh ddn chu la cai ehia khda van n a n g cd the giai quyet mpi khd khan"(2) Dd la sfl the hien vai tro dgng lUc cua d a n chii Dan chii cd vi tri ndi bat he mue tieu cua ddi mdi, eiia p h a t t r i e n ben vflng b Viet Nam, dUdc ghi vao Cudng linh va Chien lUdc p h a t trien kinh te - xa hdi ciia Dang Cdng san cam quyen Dan chu va quyen lam chii cua ngUdi dan cdn dUdc t h e che hda, dflde ehe dinh Hien p h a p ciia nudc Cong hda xa hpi chu nghia Viet N a m (2013) Trong lich sfl lap hien eiia N h a nudc Viet (1) Ho Chl Minh Toan tap, t.lO Nxb Chlnh tri Quoc gia, Ha Noi 2011, tr.453 (2) Ho Chi Minh Sdd., t l , tr.325 HOANG CHI BAO Nam, b a n H i e n p h a p dau tien, n a m 1946 da t h e hien mot tU tudng d a n chu p h a p quyen r a t q u a n trong: Mpi van de dai ciia qud'c gia p h a i toan d a n phuc quyet Ban Hien p h a p mdi n h a t dUdc Qud'e hpi thong q u a cud'i n a m 2013 da t h u t h a p dUdc 26 trieu lUdt y kien cua cac t a n g ldp n h a n dan ChUdng ndi ve quyen va nghia vu cdng dan, quyen ngUdi va quyen cdng dan la chUdng ed vi tri ndi bat cd ca'u Hien p h a p vdi d u n g Ifldng ldn nha't, cd" nhieu dieu khoan nha't Chu the Nhdn ddn dfldc viei hoa t r a n g trpng Hien phap Dd khdng chi la sU de cao, tdn trpng dia vi, quyen luc cua n h a n dan, ma cdn la cam ket p h a p ly, la p h a p ly hda t u tudng ve dan chu va quyen lam chii cua n h a n dan Dieu Hien p h a p da the che hda, che dinh dia vi chinh tri p h a p ly ciia D a n g Cong san cam quyen va k h a n g dinh rd, D a n g hoat ddng phu hdp vdi Hien p h a p va p h a p luat Tinh hdp hien, hdp p h a p ddi hdi Dang va, mpi td' chfle Dang, moi dang vien phai gUdng m a u t u S n t h u p h a p luat Dac bi§t la, Ddng chiu track nhiem tri£dc todn ddn, triXdc xd hgi vi nhiing quyet dinh cua minh Trgng ddn va phdp la t i n h t h a n chu dao cua Hien p h a p d a n chii, cua N h a nUdc p h a p quyen Dong lUc d a n chu va quyen lam chii ciia n h a n d a n dd'i vdi p h a t trien xa hdi, ddi mdi va hdi n h a p qud'c te eiia Vi§t N a m la mdt t r o n g nhflng ddng lflc cd ban, p h a t h u y tac d u n g lau dai, t r e n mpi llnh vflc cua ddi sd'ng, eae to chfle va cac mdi q u a n he, ddi ndi cung nhfl dd'i ngoai B a mfldi n a m d o i mdfi c u a V i e t N a m - nhiJfng t h a n h tflu dat dfldc v e thflc h i e n d a n c h u v a p h a t h u y q u y e n l a m c h u c u a ngfldi d a n Cach day g a n 30 n a m , vao t h a n g 12 - 1986, D a n g Cdng s a n Viet N a m hpp Dai hpi lan thfl VI, dfla r a dfldng Id'i ddi mdi toan dien cac linh vflc cua ddi sd'ng xa hdi Day la mpt quyet sach ehien Ifldc, doi mdi la cdch thiic de dfla da't nflde thoat r a khdi cupc k h u n g hoang kinh te - xa hdi t r a m trpng luc ba'y gid Doi mdi cdn la dudng d a n tdi p h a t tridn, tfl t h a y ddi quan niem, n h l m thflc de'n t h a y dd'i md hinh, ehinh sach va cd che q u a n ly, nha't la cd che tao ddng luc p h a t trien bd'i canh dien r a nhflng bie'n doi to ldn, sau s^c va phflc t a p cua tinh h i n h nUdc, cua qudc te, khu vUc va the gidi Ddi mdi d Viet N a m la nd lUc cai each, nd lUc t h a y ddi, trflde het la thay dd'i each nghi de thay doi each lam cho dat ke't qua, hieu qua td't hdn, dfldc d a n chung t a n t h a n h , u n g hd nhieu hdn Mud'n vay, mpi nd lUc cai each, thay ddi, tfle la ddi mdi phai dem lai sU t h u hfldng ldi ich t r e n thfle te cho ngudi d a n td't hdn, nhflng quyen cd ban, tU nhien cua ngfldi dflde thflc hien d l y du hdn, ngUdi dUdc sd'ng, lam viec, hoat ddng nhflng dieu kien, mdi trUdng on dinh tich cite, thay rd tinh trien vgng cita cugc sdng Doi mdi cua Viet Nam khdng chi Id cdi cdch, md thtic sii la nhiing bien doi mang tdm vdc cdch mg.ng, ket hdp hflu ed gifla ddi mdi tfl du6i len (cd sd) vdi ddi mdi tfl t r e n xud'ng (Trung fldng), THUC HIEN DAN CHU VA PHAT HUY QUYEN LAM CHU thd'ng nha't va dong t h u a n , ddn kip thdi cd va vUdt qua t h a c h thflc Giai phdng sfle s a n xua't va giai phdng y thflc, t i n h t h a n xa hdi la sflc giai phdng to ldn nha't de mpi tiem n a n g p h a t trien dfldc bpc Id, dfldc khai thac va toan dung vi ldi ich eua cpng dong, ldi ich cua ngfldi dan Lflc day tao nen sfl bie'n dd'i, dem lai sinh khi, nudi dfldng sfle sd'ng eua doi mdi chinh la ddn chu hoa Nhin_tdng quat, t r e n binh dien vi md, toan qud'c, ddi mdi dUa t r e n hai dot pha ldn, cung ed the la hai budc ngoat ldn, tfl tfl de'n h a n h ddng Thli nhdt, thay doi nhdn thUc ve kinh te thi tritdng Day la nen kinh te thi trfldng hien dai, la ke't qua tim tdi eua n h a n loai, la t h a n h qua cua van minh n h a n loai Khdng dong nha't kinh te thi trfldng vdi chu nghia tU ban De phat t h e n , chu nghia xa hdi khdng nhflng phai tfl bd mdt q u a n niem sai Ilm, cd t i n h biet phai, giao dieu di ihig vdi kinh te t h i trudng, ma cdn ehu ddng xay dung, p h a t trien kinh te thi trUdng Trong t h e gidi nay, khdng mpt nUdc nao mudn p h a t trien va phon vinh ma lai khdng ap dung cd che thi trfldng, xay dflng va p h a t t h e n kinh te thi trfldng TrUdc day, ap d u n g mo h i n h kinh te ke hoaeh, hien vat, binh quan, bao cap va q u a n ly theo phUdng thflc h a n h chinh, m e n h lenh, n e n d a n chu, nhdt Id ddn chu thitc chdt khdng c6 mdi trfldng de p h a t t h e n Nay di vao kinh te thi trfldng, c h a n g nhflng tao dUdc dia ba,n cho luc Ifldng s a n xua't p h a t t h e n , m a edn tao r a t i n h ta't yeu kinh te de p h a t t r i e n d a n ehu Thli hai, thay ddi quan niem ve phdt trien Trong xu t h e toan cau hda va hdi n h a p qud'c tg', sfl p h a t t h e n eiia radi nflde phai dat t r o n g md'i lien h e toan eau, sfl p h u thude va thudc l l n nhau, nha't la s a u k h i t r a t tfl hai cflc dd'i d a u Xd • My da eha'm dflt, t r a t tfl t h e gidi t h a y ddi theo hfldng da cflc, da t r u n g t a m Se k h d n g the p h a t t h e n the biet lap, 6'c dao, k h e p kin Ngay sfl p h a t t r i e n t u y e n tinh, ddn tri thdi ky cac nUdc xa hdi ehu nghia theo md h i n h Xdviet (chl ed q u a n h e hdp tac mdt h e thd'ng) mdt each bien cung da mat t i n h t r i e n vpng, da bi thfle tien vUdt qua Do do, cung vdi kinh te thi trudng, ta't ye'u phai md cfla vdi t h e gidi ben ngoai, phai hdp tae song phfldng va da phfldng, ehii ddng hpi nhap, tfl hpi n h a p kinh te tdi hpi n h a p qud'c te Hai dot phd dd tdc dgng trite tiep vd mgnh me tdi ddn chu d Viet Nam Hdp tae va c a n h t r a n h di lien n h a u p h a t t h e n Sfl khac biet y thflc he va md hinh chinh t h e khdng t h ^ la rao can eua hdp tac qud'c te P h a t t h e n khdng chi dfla vao ndi lUc ben nude minh, m a edn phai chu ddng t a n dung cac ngoai lUe ben ngoai, thdng qua hdp tae, ehuyen hda ngoai lUc t h a n h npi luc Bang each dd, p h a t trien ddi hdi sU ke thfla, van d u n g va p h a t h u y nhflng t h a n h tUu chung eua t h e gidi, m a sau xa la tiep bie'n vdn hoa de p h a t trien, bie't t a n d u n g nhflng t i n h hoa cua the gidi ben ngoai de l a m t a n g noi lUc, thUc lUc ben cua chinh minh D a n chu trd t h a n h mdt v a n de toan cau, t h a n h nguyen tac, quy t a c flng xfl gifla cac chu HOANG CHI BAO the b i n h d i n g , t i n cay, giao Iflu va hdp tae vdi n h a u Dieu ndi t r e n khdng chi d a n h da'u bfldc tien ly luan p h a t trien, ma cdn la budc ti^'n n h a n thflc cua chinh gidi, n h a n thflc chung eua xa hdi ve d a n chu va vai trd ddng lflc cua d a n chu p h a t trien Tfl thUe tien ddi mdi cua Viet Nam ed t h e rflt r a n h a n xet rSng, doi mdi da tao radi trfldng xa hdi rdng ldn de p h a t t h e n d a n chu, nha't la dan chu hda, k i n h te thi trfldng, md cfla va hdi n h a p qud'c te Day la nhflng n h a n to' ddng vai trd xung lite m a n h me de p h a t t h e n dan chu Sfl cdng hudng cua nhflng n h a n td' lai hdi thuc cai each ddng bd gifla kinh te va chinh tri Trong dudng ldi ddi mdi cua D a n g Cong san Viet N a m Dang nha't cam quyen d Viet N a m hiSn - da xae dinh, tien h a n h ddi mdi kinh te dong bp vdi dd'i mdi chinh tri Ndi tdi ddi mdi chinh tri d Viet Nam la ndi tdi doi mdi phUdng thfle Ianh dao, cam quyen cua D a n g vdi Nha nUdc va xa hdi, ddi mdi mdi q u a n h e gifla Ddng ldnh dao vdi Nhd nitde qudn ly va nhdn ddn ldm chu Day la nhflng q u a n h e chinh tri thie't yeu, nhSm vao raue tieu thflc hien dan ehu va p h a t h u y quyen Iam chu eua ngfldi dan P h a n biet va p h a n dinh t h a t rd gifla chfle nang, nhiem vu, t h a m quy^n va trach nhiem gifla Dang vdi N h a nflde - h a i ehu the cflng thfle thi sfl uy quyen cua n h a n dan nhflng theo nhflng phfldng thfle khac nhau, khdng t r u n g lap, ehdng cheo nhau, cflng nd lflc de dem lai ldi ich eho dan, quyen lam ehu cua dan, cung ddi mdi de hfldng tdi p h a t trien theo muc tieu ddi mdi da vach r a "dan giau, nflde m a n h , d a n ehu, cdng bang, van minh" D a n g va N h a nUdc la hai hdp p h a n ndng cd't, q u a n trpng va, ndi bat nha't h e thd'ng ehinh tri Dd'i mdi xa hdi ndi chung, ddi radi chinh tri ndi rieng deu dfldc thuc day tfl dd'i mdi kinh te, deu la nhflng tac n h a n thflc day ddi mdi k i n h te' Trong viec n h a n thfle va giai quyet nhflng mdi q u a n h e neu tren, mgt xd hgi ddn chu, mgt nhd nitde phdp quyen mgnh, hogt dgng eo hieu qud ngdy cdng trd thdnh mgt ddi hoi tdt ye'u, biic xuc phai xay dflng, dat nd vao dung vi tri eua md h i n h p h a t trien Nhflng dfldng net chinh yeu md hinh phat trien cua Viet Nam cang dinh h i n h qua thUc t i l n doi mdi, dd la: - Kinh te thi trfldng: Thuc day t a n g trudng kinh te, thfle hien tien bd va cdng bang xa hdi - Nha nflde p h a p quyen: P h a p luat la tdi thfldng de q u a n ly kinh te - xa hpi - Xa hdi d a n chu: Thfle hien dan chu - doan ke't - ddng t h u a n d6 phat trien cdng ddng - Dang ianh dao, Nha nUdc quan ly, n h a n dan lam chu: Quan he chinh t h phap ly tdng quat gifla cac chu the quyen lflc, thflc thi quyen lflc dflde uy quyen (Dang va Nha nflde) Giam sat, kiem soat quyen Ifle la n h a n d a n va cac td chfle dai dien quyen lUc xa hdi eua dan - P h a t trien van hda, p h a t trien eon ngudi theo nhflng dinh hfldng- gia tri ehuan mfle, dap flng yeu c l u p h a t t h e n ben vflng - Hdp tac song phfldng va da phfldng vdi cae dd'i tac, chu ddng hdi nhap, tfl hdi n h a p kinh t e qud'c te den hdi n h a p qud'c te THUC HIEN DAN CHU VA PHAT HUY QUYEN LAM CHU - Thflc hien on dinh tich ciic, nha't la chdt eua ehd' dd xa hdi Trong bfldc tien tri^n cua n h a n thflc dn dinh chinh t r i de ddi mdi va p h a t t h e n Tao lap va tri moi tritdng ly luan, tfl n h a n thflc cua lanh dao hoa binh de thue hien cac muc tieu cua D a n g va N h a nflde de'n n h a n thflc chung cua xa hdi, d a n ehu gan h e n vdi ddi mdi Hgt nhdn cdt loi eua md hinh phat p h a p luat, ky l u a t v a ky efldng; dd, t h e n la kinh te t h i trUdng - n h a nflde phai dae biet ehfl t r o n g t h e ehe, p h a p che, dam bao eho d a n ehu khdng xa rdi phap quyen va xa hdi d a n chu Dgng ltic trfle tie'p eua ddi mdi va cac nguyen tac p h a p luat, khdng bien phat t h e n la lai ich, trUde het la ldi ich t h a n h cflc doan va t i n h t r a n g hon loan, kinh te, dUdc giai quye't cdng bang, hdp vd ehinh phu, nha't la k h i di vao eai ly, thuc hien h a i hda cdc quan he lai each the che' D a n ehu gSn h e n ldi ich ich Ddng luc d a n chu va quyen lam ehu vdi trach nhiem, quyen gan lifi^n vdi eua n h a n dan la ddng luc sau xa, cd nghia vu va bdn p h a n , xay dflng nen ban, thudng xuyen, the hien b a n cha't d a n ehu ddng thdi p h a i xay dflng va hoan thien n h a nUdc p h a p quyen Dan va muc tieu eua p h a t t h e n xa hdi Nguon vdn, ngudn lite q u a n trpng chu la hinh t h a i to ehfle quyen lflc n h a nha't cua p h a t t h e n la eon ngitdi, Ik nflde nen phai xac lap cd che kiem sodt cha't lUdng n h a n lUc, la vd'n ngitdi quyin liic tfl n h a n dan, tfl eae thig't eh§' dai dien cua n h a n dan Mdt bfldc tien von xa hdi d^ p h a t trien Si^c mgnh ngi sinh cua p h a t t h e n la q u a n trpng k h a c n h a n thfle ly vdn hoa Hpi n h a p qud'e te ve van hda luan ve dan chu la khdng chi chfl trpng phai dam bao gifl vflng va p h a t huy b a n luat pha.p cung vdi cai each the ehe, dd cd cdi cdch hdnh ehinh, nha't la sac van hda dan tde Rd rang, t h a n h tUu m a cdng cudc ddi cdi cdch thu tue hdnh chinh, xay dflng radi gan 30 n a m qua eua Viet nen h a n h chinh cdng minh bach, phuc Nara dat dfldc la nhd ed dan ehu, nhd vu ngudi dan va doanh nghiep; edi cdch tae ddng va a n h hfldng tieh cfle cua dan tit phdp, dam bao hoat ddng xet xfl ddc lap, ehi t u a n theo p h a p luat, edng khai, chu hda Trong nhflng t h a n h tUu cua ddi mdi, edng bang, chinh trUc, minh bach, viec thitc hien ddn chu vd phdt huy khdng de xay r a oan sai, tdn h a i tdi ldi quyen ldm chu cua ngitdi ddn Id mgt ich va quyen cua ngUdi dan , m a cdn phai chu trpng dgo diie va vdn hoa nhihig thdnh tiiu ndi bdt Cd the h i n h dung t h a n h tUu quan d a n chu trpng t r e n nhflng mat bieu hi^n Thfle hien nhflng che dinh p h a p ly dfldi day: Hien p h a p ve D a n g cam quyen, Mgt Id, ue nhgn thiic ly ludn, dan chu ve Nha nude q u a n ly, quyen va nghia dfldc xae dinh la muc tieu cua ddi radi: vu cdng dan Dan giau, nflde raanh, xd hgi ddn chu, Hai Id, thi&: hdnh ddn chu ddi cdng bang, van minh Nhdn ddn ldm sd'ng ehinh tri va t r o n g ddi sd'ng xa hdi, chu dflde xac dinh la muc tieu va bdn - tao r a moi triidng, dieu kiin va phuang HOANG CHI BAO tien de n a n g cao y thfle d a n chu, n a n g Ifle thfle h a n h d a n chu cac hoat ddng chdp chinh (thUc hien quyen lUc) va hoat ddng tham ehinh (tham gia vao ddi sd'ng chinh t r i cua cae cong dan) Day la h n h vflc cd sflc t h u h u t ldn sfl q u a n t a m chu y cua dfl l u a n xa hdi, cua cdng chflng eung n h u cua chinh gidi Cd t h e kd r a nhflng bien p h a p cu t h e da thflc hien: - Qudc hdi nhflng nhiem ky ddi mdi da td chfle cha't va'n cua cac dai bidu ddi vdi Chuih phu, tfl cac vi Bp trfldng d§'n T h u tfldng xoay q u a n h cac va'n de ve xay dflng luat, td ehflc thi h a n h luat, ehinh sach phat trien kinh te - xa hdi, thuc hien cac dfl an, hieu qua dau tu cdng, giai quye't cac va'n de xa hdi bflc xuc, nhfl viec lam, ddi sd'ng, tien Ifldng, giao due, y te', giao thdng va tai n a n giao thdng, cac vu an t h a m nhung, nd edng, nd xa'u, lam phat Bau khdng dan chia, t r a n h luan, ddi thoai va nhiing giai trinh eua cae t h a n h vien chinh phu da ng^y eang di vao thflc ch^t Cac dia phfldng, cac ky hpp eua Hdi ddng n h a n dan cung thUc hien cha't va'n va t r a idi edng khai nhfl vay Cac cfl tri va cdng dan theo doi trfle tie'p va bay td y kie'n d a n h gia, binh luan - Qud'c hdi bd phieu tin nhiem cac lanh dao gifl chfle vu ehu chd't Qud'c hdi b l u hoac phe ehuan, tfl Chu tich nflde, Chu tich Qud'e hdi, T h u tfldng Chinh p h u den cae Phd chu tich nflde, Phd ehu tieh Qud'c hpi, Phd t h u tfldng va cac Bd trfldng cac Bd hoac cac ed quan ngang bd O eae dia phfldng tinh, t h a n h phd' trfle thupe T r u n g Udng cung d i l n r a nhflng cupc bd phie'u Ke't qua bo phieu, ty le tin n h i e m dflde edng bd' cdng k h a i rdng rai t r e n ta't ca cac phUdng tien thong tin dai chung de toan d a n bie't Day la lan dau ti§n, sinh boat dan chu ed q u a n quyen luc cao nha't eua N h a nflde dUdc thUc hi§n vdi thdng tin kip thdi, khach quan, t r u n g thUc Trong Dang, thdi gian gan day da thflc hien cha't va'n cua B a n Cha'p h a n h T r u n g Udng ddi vdi lanh dao cao n h a t Dang: Bd Chinh tri, B a n Bi thU, tfl t a p the lanh dao dd'n tflng ca n h a n t h a n h vien Viec bd phie'u tin nhiem D a n g eiing bat d i u dUdc thUc hien d ca'p cao nha't Dd la sU kidn radi didn ra, l l n dau tien ke tfl Dang cam quyen den DUa vao n e n e p thudng xuyen ehUdng t r i n h 'T)an hdi Bd trudng t r a ldi" t r e n truyen hinh - Td chfle cac chUdng t r i n h "Dd'i thoai chinh sach" - Cdng k h a i t r e n bao chi va truyen thdng hoat ddng cua Uy b a n kiem t r a T r u n g Udng cua D a n g va T h a n h t r a N h a nUdc, nha't la thdng bao ve ke't qua dieu tra, xfl ly ky luat, cae quyet dinh each chfle, dinh chi ehflc vu, n h i e m vu k h i ed da'u hieu vi p h a m p h a p luat, lam t r a i chinh sach, t h a m n h u n g hoae t h i e u t r a c h n h i e m gay thiet h a i nghiem - Tie'p xflc efl t h cua cae dai bieu Qud'e hdi trUdc va sau cac ky hpp Qud'e hdi To chfle la'y y kie'n ddng gdp eua toan d a n cho cac dfl thao luat, cac v a n kien q u a n trpng nhli't cua D a n g va Nha nflde: Cfldng linh, chie'n lUde, bao eao ehinh tri, sfla ddi Hien phap, tieu bieu nha't la 26 trieu Ifldt y kien cua d a n ddng gdp cho dfl thao sfla ddi Hien phap THUC HIEN DAN CHU VA PHAT HUY QUYEN LAM CHU - Thflc hien cac quy dinh ve tie'p cdng dan tai t r u sd eae ed q u a n edng quyen, tri h e n tuc cae chfldng t r i n h t r e n sdng phat t h a n h va t r u y e n h i n h "Qud'c hpi vdi cfl tri" - Hoat ddng cua T h a n h t r a n h a n d a n d cac cap, eae nganh, cac cd sd Cae bao cao tdng hdp ve d a n nguyen dUdc t r i n h cac phien hpp toan t h e eua Qud'c hdi Dd la nhflng viee lam thiet thflc, dap flng yeu cau va nguyen vong cua n h a n dan, theo phfldng eham: Cdng khai, minh bach, de cao trach nhiem giai trinh Ba Id, tfl mdt sd' bd, n g a n h d Trung fldng de'n cac dia phUdng tinh, t h a n h phd' trfle thude T r u n g fldng da bat dau dp dung che thi tuyen cdc chitc danh ldnh dgo, qudn ly (vdi cae ehfle d a n h Vu trudng, Vu phd, Giam dd'c Sd, Trudng phdng, Hieu trudng cac trudng T r u n g hpc, Dai hpc), ddng thdi td ehfle thi tuyen cong chiic n h a m lfla chpn nhflng ngfldi du tai, dfle dam t r a c h eae nhiera vu, nang eao cha't Ifldng cdng ehflc theo yeu eau chuyen nghiep hda, chuyen mdn hda Bdn Id, ddy mgnh doi mdi vd hodn thien the che ddn chu, ddc hiet chu trgng ddn ehu a ca sa, nha't la ddn chu d nong thon, ddn chu vd quyen ldm chu cda nong ddn Day la mdt giai p h a p quan trpng, vfla bflc xflc, vfla lau dai; vfla ngan ehan cac h a n h vi vi p h a m dan chu, vfla tao dieu kien de ngudi d a n thUc hien quyen d a n chu va l a m chu dich thUc cua minh, ddng thdi t a n g efldng kiem tra, giam sat quyen lUe va kiem soat quyen lflc, n g a n chan va khac phuc tinh t r a n g t h a hda quyen lflc 10 - N a m 1998, b a n h a n h quy che thflc h i e n d a n e h u d cd sd (gpi c h u n g la ca'p x a - ea'p tha'p nha't t r o n g h e thd'ng q u a n ly h a n h c h i n h bdn ca'p M e n h a n h b Viet N a m ) Cd sd la ca'p tha'p nha't (vi md) nhflng ra't q u a n trpng, vi la dia b a n l a m a n , s i n h sd'ng cua dan, ndi can bd sd'ng v a l a m viec trfle tiep h a n g n g a y vdi d a n , cd sd cd sd' Ifldng ddn vi ldn nha't vdi t r e n 11.000 xa, phfldng, t h i tra'n, t r o n g dd xa d ndng thdn da chie'm ty le t u y e t dd'i t r e n 10.000 xa, vdi 150.000 - 180.000 t h d n , lang, 60 t r i e u ngudi t r e n tdng sd' 90 tri§u ngUdi sinh sd'ng d n d n g t h d n Da tfl nhieu n a m n a y , t h d n la ddn vi tU q u a n edng dong, xa la ca'p h a n h chi'nh cd t u each p h a p n h a n , n g a n sach, bd may hoan ehinh, mdt bd p h a n la cdng chfle cd sd D a n b l u trfle tie'p trfldng t h d n - ngfldi dflng d a u ddn vi tfl q u a n cpng ddng Quy ehe d a n c h u m a n g dac trflng mdt v a n b a n pha.p ly, quy dinh ro cdc quyen cua ddn (dan bie't, d a n b a n , dSn la,m, d a n kiem t r a , dSn quye't, dan hudng), nghla vu cua ehinh quyen, phuang thUc hap tde, phoi hdp eua cdc dodn the, dae biet nha'n m a n h edeh thiic de ddn bie't (tiep can t h d n g tin), ke't hgp ddn chu trite tiep vdi ddn chd gidn tie'p vd tU qudn Md r d n g d a n ehu trflc tie'p, thfle h i e n che bdo cdo vd gidi trinh trUdc ddn, trd ldi cong khai nhihig chdt vdn eua ddn cua cac can bd d ed sd - T a p hua'n can bp de thflc hien quy ehe' Ngoai r a , d ca sd vdi nghia la ddn vi cdng tac, s a n xua't deu xay dung quy che, quy che hda edng viec, quyen va t r a c h n h i e m cua tflng ngudi (cdng chfle, vien chfle, n h a n vien) HOANG CHI BAO - N a n g quy ehe thflc hien d a n chu d cd sd t h a n h phdp lenh ddn ehu cd sd, ed y nghia eua mgt dgo lugt ve dan chu (nam 2007) Dfla ndi d u n g quy che va p h a p lenh d a n chu vao chfldng t r i n h dao tao, bdi dudng can bp b ed sd cae trfldng chinh tri, h a n h ehinh ca'p tinh T r a u ddi ky n a n g cdng tac, xfl ly cac t i n h hud'ng eho dpi ngu can bp cd sd D a n g cd nghi quye't ve ddi mdi va n a n g eao cha't lUdng boat dpng cua h e thd'ng chinh tri d ed sd, N h a nflde cd chinh sa.ch ve dao tao, bdi dUdng can bd cd sd, bd n h i e m edng chfle xa, dua tri thflc t r e ve lam viec va t h a m gia bd may lanh dao, q u a n ly t a i eae xa dac biet khd k h a n (d 61 huyen) De t a n g efldng hieu lflc, hieu qua phdng chdng t h a m nhflng, p h a p lenh phdng chd'ng t h a m n h u n g dUde n a n g len t h a n h luat, xfl ly nghiem minh theo l u a t cac vu a n t h a m n h u n g , xet xfl cdng k h a i cac dai a n t h a m n h u n g , gay tdn tha't ldn ve k i n h te va lam ton thfldng tdi h i n h a n h eua che dp, eua Dang va N h a nude Cai each ehe dp bau cfl Sfla chfla, bd s u n g nhieu dao luat, dd cd ludt ddt dai, l u a t d a u tu, luat pha san (doanh nghiep), luat mat t r a n , luat edng doan lien q u a n trflc tie'p tdi quyen cua cdng dan, quyen lam chu cua ngfldi dan d a n ehu thfle te va sfl trfldng t h a n h y thfle d a n chfl t r o n g xa hpi Ddi tfldng p h a n bien xa hpi la cac chu trfldng, dfldng ldi, ehinh sach efla Dang va N h a nUdc, ca.c dU thao luat, cac dU an, ehUdng trinh p h a t trien kinh te, van hda gan vdi cae chu t h e ed trach nhiem tiep thu, chon loc, giai t r i n h ve nhiSng ndi dung p h a n bien, nhflng kien nghi, k h u y e n nghi dUdc de xua't O Viet Nam, giam sat, kiem soat quyen lUc va p h a n bien xa hdi la nhflng va'n de mdi, la nhflng thflc h a n h dan chfl chinh tri dap flng yeu cau cfla Nha nUdc p h a p quyen va xa hpi d a n chfl Nhflng dieu kien can thiet dam bao cho hoat ddng cd hieu qua thUe cha't, khdng bi h i n h thflc hda, khdng bid'n t h a n h d a n chfl hinh thflc la: Minh bach thdng tin, t r i n h dp hpe van, chuyen mdn va sfl am hieu p h a p luat cfla chu the p h a n bien, la thai dp, t a m the cua ca n h a n hoac td chfle dUdc p h a n bien m a ve thUc chat, la van hda dan chfl cua nhflng ngUdi lanh dao, quan ly chinh gidi Ca chfl the va doi tUdng p h a n bien phai ed cung muc dieh, ddng ed va trach nhiem ddi vdi xa hdi va n h a n dan^ vi lOi ich chung thi hoat ddng p h a n bien xa hdi mdi thflc sfl ed y nghia, cd tac dung Dd la chfla ke mdi trfldng xa hdi, dfl luan xa hdi phai ed Ndm la, thiie Men hogt dgng phdn sflc lam t a n g hieu flng va tao xung lflc hien oca hgi vd ddnh gid chinh sdch tU cho hoat ddng Tren thfle te, p h a n phia ngudi ddn, coi trgng tieng noi cua bien xa hdi d Viet N a m radi ehi bat dau ngUdi ddn tit ca sd P h a n bien xa hdi tfl khdi ddng, mdi dgt duac vdn d& nhieu nhieu kenh khac n h a u (eae td chfle dai hdn Id gidi quyet vdn di Dfl vay, day dien eua dan, gidi tri thflc khoa hpc, eae v a n la mpt bfldc tien va theo xu the' van chuyen gia, cac n h d m xa hdi va eae ea ddng eua d a n ehu hda, cua t r i n h dp d a n n h a n edng dan) la mdt chi so' xa hdi hpc tri dfldc n a n g cao, efla thdng t i n khdng chinh tri q u a n trpng Ifldng mflc dp ngflng rad rpng, ch^c chan la p h a n bien 11 THUC HIEN DAN CHU vA PHAT HUY QUYEN LAM CHU xa hdi se tiXng bude phat then Mat tran Td qud'c Viet Nam la mdt td ehflc chinh tri - xa hdi dac thfl, dang nd lUc ddi mdi phfldng thfle hoat ddng de ed the ddng vai trd ndng cd't boat dpng quan trpng Ngfldi dan d ed sd khdng chi la dd'i tfldng thu hudng chinh sach, ma cdn la chfl the cd tu each dong tham gia viec danh gia chinh sach Ngudi dan, xua't phat tfl nhu cau va ldi ich, eiing eang quan tam nhieu hdn tdi danh gia chinh sach, nha't la ehinh sach xda ddi, giam ngh^o, giao due, bao hiem y te, nha d, viec lam Danh gia chinh saeh tfl phia ngudi dan, nha't la Ifing nghe y kie'n cfla ngudi dan tU cd sd giup ich kip thdi cho dieu chinh, bd sung cac chinh sach va cae quye't sach Day la va'n de eang dUdc chfl y linh vflc quan ly xa hdi, thfle hien ehflc nang xa hdi cua Nha nflde May van de dat va nhflng dieu kien thiet yeu de thflc hien dan chu, phat huy quyen lam chu cua ngfldri dan tinh hinh hien Thflc tiln van ddng dan chu hda va nhflng tflu thflc hien dan chfl, phat huy quyen lam chu cua ngudi dan Viet Nam qua gin 30 nam ddi mdi dang dgt nhihig vdn dS phdi tie'p tuc gidi quyet Cd nhflng vd'n de noi bat, ed tinh thdi sU sau day: - NhQng lUc can, ca hihi hinh ian v6 hinh dd'i vdi dan chu hda, thflc hien dan chfl, phat huy quyen lam chu cua ngfldi dfin Nhflng lflc can dd c6 tit phia trin (trong td chfle bd may cua he thd'ng quydn ifle) lln phia dUdi (trong dan chflng), dd ed nhan thfle, tara ly, thdi quen cu, qua thdi, chinh sach, cd che, md hinh td chfle can dfldc thay ddi Sfl phan dinh ly thuyet va thflc hien thflc te ddn ehu dgi dien (qua blu ct(), ddn ehu triic tiep va tU qudn cdn khdng it rad hd, sai lac va nhflng lung tflng, khdng nha't quan tfl nhan thflc de'n hanh dpng cln phai lam sang td nhan thflc va the ehe' hda de thflc thi cho dflng va cd hieu qua Tinh thie'u ddng bd gifla ddi mdi kinh te vdi doi mdi chinh tri; md hinh td ehflc, quan ly va phfldng thflc boat ddng gifla he thd'ng Dang, he thd'ng Nha nflde va he thd'ng doan the xa hdi Day la mdt trd luc khong nhd ma giai quye't lai rat phflc tap, cln dfldc nghien cflu, tdng ket va sfla ddi - Sfl chi phd'i efla cae ldi ich nhdm va va'n nan tham nhflng dang tac ddng rdt tiiu eiie de'n thfle hidn dan chfl, phat huy quydn lam chu cfla nhan dan Cae dieu kien thue day sfl trfldng y thfle dan chfl, nang lflc lam ehu cua dan cdn ban che', nha't la sU suy giam tang trfldng kinh td', suy giam niem tin dang la mpt trd Ifle ldn ddi vdi dan chu va quyen lam chu phai vfldt qua Gidi quyet nhihig vdn di tren ddy cdn CO thdi gian vd nguon lUc Bdi vgy, diiu kien cdn xdc lap Id d cho: + Cham lo dan sinh, nang cao dan tri, dam bao dan quyen de thuc hien dan chfl + To ehflc lai he thd'ng thie't che hd thd'ng chinh tri, dam bao cho he thd'ng nSng ddng, khdng tri tre, khdng hanh chinh hda + ThUe hanh dan chu phai gfin hen vdi thUe hanh dan van va cdng tac xa hdi, thuc hanh doan ket de ddng thuan Q ... hda, thflc hien dan chfl, phat huy quyen lam chu cua ngfldi dfin Nhflng lflc can dd c6 tit phia trin (trong td chfle bd may cua he thd''ng quydn ifle) lln phia dUdi (trong dan chflng), dd ed nhan... te den hdi n h a p qud''c te THUC HIEN DAN CHU VA PHAT HUY QUYEN LAM CHU - Thflc hien on dinh tich ciic, nha''t la chdt eua ehd'' dd xa hdi Trong bfldc tien tri^n cua n h a n thflc dn dinh chinh... a n theo p h a p luat, edng khai, chu hda Trong nhflng t h a n h tUu cua ddi mdi, edng bang, chinh trUc, minh bach, viec thitc hien ddn chu vd phdt huy khdng de xay r a oan sai, tdn h a i tdi