t/ Phu nu- tham gia lanh dao 6* Viet Nam hien Tran Thi Chign" Tdm tat: Hifn nay, vifc giai phong phu nii, tang cudng sir tham gia ciia phu nii vao ddi sdng chinh fri da va dang frd nhiing vln dl d p thilt d Vift Nam va thl gidi Trong nhiing nam qua, Ddng va Nha nudc ta luon ludn quan tam, t^io mpi dilu kifn dl phy nir tham gia lanh d ^ , quan ly dat nudc, quan ly xa hpi Tuy nhien, vi thl ciia phy nii Viet Nam frong nin chinh trj hifn dai vln han chl nhit dinh, anh hudng khong nhd tdi chat lupng nguon nhdn lire ciia dit nudc, anh hudng tdi cam kit ciia Chinh phii Vift Nam vdi cac td chdc qudc te vl thuc hifn Muc tieu phat triln thien nien ky Bai viet tap tmng phdn tfch vln dl phu nu tham gia lanh dao, quan ly d Vift Nam Tit khda: Phu nu; tham chinh; lanh dao; quan ly xa hoi Khung phdp Iy ve ph^ n& tham gia Ianh d^o va quan Iy Vift Nam da thfi hifn cam kit thue dly sy tham gia va dgi difin cua phy nu thdng qua phe chuan cdc Cdng udc qude tfi quan ttpng, bao gdm Cdng ude vfi xda bd mpi hmh thdc phan bift ddi xd vdi phy nii (CEDA'W)*'\ Cdng udc qudc tfi vfi cae quyfin kinh tfi, xa hfii va van boa, Cdng ude vl cdc quyfin chinh tri va dan sy; Vift Nam ciing phe chuan Cuang ITnh Hdnh dfing Bdc Kmh (1995) va cac Muc tifiu Phat triln Thifin nien ky (MDG) eua Lifin Hpp Quoc vd cam kfit dam bao tham gia cua phy nii hx)ng chinh tri (quyen bd phieu, quyfin dng ed, quyen xay dyng va thyc hifin cdc chinh sdch, tham gia vao cac td chdc xa hpi va hifp hpi ttong ddi sdng chinh tri va cfing ddng cua ddt nudc mpt each binh ding vdi nam gidi) nhu la mpt quyfin dupc ehinh phu h5 ttp thfing qua cac can thifip qudn eda Dang vd Nha nudc Vifit Nam Hifin phap Viet Nam la van ban phap ly cao nhat the hifn nguyfin tie chung vfi quyfin bmh ding nam nd Xet tten ITnh vuc chinh tri, Dilu 28 Hifin pbap 2013 cd ghi: "Cdng dan cd quyfin tham gia quan ly nha nude va xa hdi, tham gia thao lu$n vd kiln nghi vdi ca quan nhd nudc vfi cac van de eua ea sd, dia phuong va ca nudc" De hifn thye hda quan diem cua Dang va qui dinh cua Hifin phap, nhieu van bdn phdp ludt dd cu thfi hda quyen tham gia ttong ITnh vuc chinh tii cua phu nd nhu: Luat Bau cd dai bifiu qufic hpi (2001); Luat Bdu ed dai bifiu Hpi dfing nhan dan (sda ddi nam 2001); Lugt Td chde Hpi ddng nhan dan va Uy ban nhdn dan, Bd lugt Lao ddng (sda ddi nam 2003); Lugt Binh dang gidi (2006) Quan diem chi dao va nguyfin tac xuyfin sufit ttong cac van ban Tang cudng su tham gia cua phu nu vao bp may ldnh dgo cac cdp va dam bao quyfin tham chinh cua phy nd la ehu truang nhit **' Thac sT, Tnrong Dai hoc Su pham Ha Nfi DT: 0988870555 Email: chienhyn@gmail.com "* Xem Dieu cua Cong udc, Bdo cdo tong hgp kit qud rd sodt khung phdp ly vipkii nU tham chinh Tgp chi Khoa hgc xd hgi Viit Nam, sd 7(92) - 2015 Id dam bao cho mpi cfing dan (khdng phan bift nam, nii, tdn giao, tm ngudng, trinh dp van hda, nghe nghiep, ) deu cd quyen tham gja vdo ddi song chinb tii, dfiu cd quyfin bdu cd, dng cd dai bieu Hpi ddng nhan dan du tudi qui dinh Dfi hifn thuc hda quyfin tham chinh eua phu nu va tao difiu kifin thuc dly phu nu tham gia mdt each binh ding va cang nhifiu ban vao ITnh vyc boat dfing chinh tri, Ddng Cpng sdn Viet Nam chi ro phai thyc hifn binh ding gidi trudc het ttong cdng tdc can bp: "Lam tdt cdng tac quy hoach vd tgo ngudn can bd, chu y can bp tre, nu "*' Ndm 1994, Ban Bi tiiu da Chi tiii 37-CT/TW yeu cau cac c ^ , cac nganh phai ndng cao nhan thdc vfi van dfi can bfi nd va quyen tham chinh cua phu nd; "Vifc ndng cao ty If can bd nd tham gia qudn ly nhd nudc, quan ly kinh te xd hdi la yfiu cau quan ttpng de that sy thuc hifin quyfin binh ^ng, dan chu cua phu nii, la difiu kifin dfi phat huy tai nang tri tuf vd ndng cao dia vi xd hfi cua phy nii Cbdng idiiing bifiu hifn lech lae, coi thudng phu nii, khat khe, h?p hdi ttong danh gia, de bgt cdn bd nii"*''' Chien lupc qudc gia vfi binh ddng gidi 2011 - 2020 dfi myc tifiu: "Tang cudng su tham gia cua phy nii vao cac vi tri quan ly, ldnh dgo, nhdm tung bude gidm din khoang each gidi ttong Imh vyc chinh tri Phin ddu dat ty If nd tbam gia cac cap uy Ddng nhifm ky 2016 - 2020 tu 25% ttd len; ty lfi nii dgi bifiu Chific hpi, dai bifiu Hpi ddng nhan dan cac cap nhifim ky 2011 2015 txx 30% trd lfin vd nhifim I^ 2016 2020ttfin35% Phdn diu dfin ndm 2015 dgt 80% va dfin nam 2020 dgt ttfin 95% Bfi, ca quan ngang Bd, ca quan thudc Chinh phu, Uy ban nhdn dan cac cdp cd lanh dao chu ehdt la nu Phin ddu dfin nam 2015 dat 70% va din nam 2020 dat 100% ca quan cua Dang, Nha nudc, tfi chuc chinh tri - xd hdi cd lanh dgo chu chfit la nu nfiu d ea quan, td 72 chuc cd ty lfi 30% trd lfin nd can bfi, cdng chdc, vien chdc, ngudi Iao ddng"*^\ Dfi dam bao quyfin tham gia chinh tri eiia phu nu, pbap luat Vift Nam cd chfi tai qui dinh hinh phgt dfii vdi nhung cd hanh vi vi phgm quyfin ehinh tri cua phu nii Cac difiu khoan dupe qui dinh Luat Hinh sy, Phdp lenh xd phat vi phgm hanh chinb Bfin cgnh nhdng quy dinh va bifn phap bao ddm binh ding gidi ttong mpi liiih vuc chinb tii, kinh tl, van bda, xd hpi va gia dinh, Lugt Binh dang gidi eting dua nhung quy dinh xd phat dfii vdi hdnh vi vi phgm quyfin tham gja boat dfing chinh tri cua phu nd Thuc traog phu nv tham gia lanh dao, quan ly d Viet Nam bifn Sd sach Viet Nam cdn ghi lai nhiing tam gucmg sang ngdi vfi tai ba, nghi luc phi thudng cua nhieu phu nd ttong ITnh vuc tham chinh nhu Hai Ba Tnmg, Ba Trifu, Duang Van Nga, Y Lan, Bui Thi Xuan Thai ky chdng Phap, cd nii chifin sT cdng san Nguyen Thi Minh Kbai, Hoang Ibi Ngan Thdi ky chong My, cd nir tudng Nguyfin Thi Dinh Nhifiu phu nii da trudng ttong chifin ddu, ddt nudc hda binh da tham gia vao cdng cufic xay d\sn% dat nudc va tbfi hien tai imng qudn ly ddt nudc Ba Nguyfin Thi Binh, nguyen Phd Chu tieh nudc Cpng hda xa hpi chu ngbia Viet Nam, la mpt nba ngo^ giao thdng minh, kifin nhan, nha hogt dpng chlhh tri tid gidi ttong cae cdng vific ciia nha nudc Trong cdng cudc ddi mdi va xdy dm^ '•" Dang Cgng san Viet Nam (2011), Vdn ki^ Dgi hgi dgi biiu todn qudc lan tint XI, Nxb Chinh tri Rieng ttong khoa XIII, ty lp nft dai biiu Quic hpi \i 24,4% Ben canh dd, chit lupng nft dai biiu Quic hpi mot nang len Cac nft d?i biiu Quic hpi Viet Nam da va dang tham gia tich cue cac hoat dpng cua Quic hpi va ddng gdp quan ttpng vao su phat tri6n kinh ti - xa hdi cua dit nuoc S\r gia tang ntt dai biiu Qiiic hpi co f nghla chinh tri va xa hoi hit siic to ldn Voi ty Ie dai biiu nii Quic hpi chiim tten 25% (tir Quic hpi khoa DC din khda Xll), Viet Nam dupc xip hang thir hai d Chau A, cao hon ca Trung (Juic, Han Quoc va Nhjt Ban a cip tinh/thanh, ty lp nu tham gia dai biiu hOi ding nhan dan cung tang cao, chiem 25,17% (nhiem ky 2011 - 2016) DSc bi^ ty lp nft cao d cac chuc danh chu chot: chii tich chiim 1,64% (1999 - 2004) len 4,76% (2011 - 2016); phd chu tich chiim 8,19% (1999 2004) len 19,05% (2011 - 2016) Ciing nhu vay, d cip quan/huyen, ty le nft tham gia dai biiu h0i ding nhan dan (HDND) chiim 24,65% (nhipm ky 2011 - 2016) Dii vdi cip xa/phudng, cac churc danh chu tich va chil tich ciing dS cd sir phat trien (Bang 3,4) Bang 3: Ty lp nft ttonghpi dong nhan dan cac cap Dan vi tinh: % Nhiem ky 1999-2004 2004 - 2011 2011-2016 Tinh 22,3 23,8 25,17 Huyen 20,9 22,94 24,65 Xa 16,61 19,53 21,71 Nguon: Van kifin Dgi hdi Hfi Lien hifp Phu nu toan qudc 2007,2012 Bang 4: Ty If nfi lanh dgo chu ehdt HDND cac cap Dan Vf tinh: % Chiic danh Chu tich Pho Chii tjch Cap tinh 1999- 20042004 2011 1,64 1,56 8,19 26,5 Capxa C ip huyen 2011- 1999- 2004- 2011- 1999- 20042016 2004 2011 2016 2004 2011 4,76 5,46 3,92 6,00 3,46 4,09 19,05 11,42 19,64 14,09 5,57 10,61 Ngudn: Van kien D^i hgi Hpi Li& hipp Phu nft toan quic 2007,2012 74 20112016 5,76 13,06 Phg nit tham gia Ianh dgo a Viit Nam biin Su tiiam gia cua phu nft he thfing chinh tli d ca khfii ^)ang, chinh quyfin, doan thfi chinh t r i - x a bfii) vd cdp (Trung ucmg, tinh/tiianh, huyfin/qugn, xd/phudng) nhin chung cd chifiu hudng tifin bf Ty If can bp nu cac cap, cac nganh tdng budc duac nang lfin, la cd gdng ldn eua ca he thdng ehinb tri, kbdng chi chuyfin bien ve td chdc ma dac bift la td chuc thyc hifn cae van ban cua Dang va Nha nudc vfi cdng tac can bd nu ndi chung ve cdn bd nft lanh dao, qudn ly ndi rieng Su gia tang so lupng can bp nu tbam gia ldnh dao, qudn ly he thfing chinh tri nhiing ndm qua chdng td nang luc cua can bp nii ngdy cang dupc nang cao Tuy nhifin, ty Ifi phu nu tham gia lanh dao, quan ly khdng fin dinh luc tdng Iuc gidm; tang khdng dang kfi vd v l n chua dat dupc ty If nhu mong mudn (30%) Thue te ciing cho thdy, phu nu ehu yfiu tbam gia d cac linh vyc nhu: Lao ddng - Thuang binh va Xa hpi, Y tfi, Giao due, cdn d nhftng ITnh vyc Tai chinh, Ngan hang, chu yeu nam gidi dam nhiem Ben cgnh dd, nhifiu vi tri d cdc nganh, cac cap khdng cd nft dam nhan Nhin chung, nhftng phy nft da vuan len ndm giu cac trach nhifim trpng yeu ciia ddt nudc dfiu phdi trdi qua qua trinh phan dau khdng may de dang Nhifiu phu nft dd thfi hifn ban linb phi thudng, hoan thdnh xuat sdc nhifim vu hoan cdnh khd khdn de khdc^ dinh khd nang, ndng luc Idnh dao, quan Iy trudc ddng nghifip nam gidi, trude cpng dfing dan cu, dan lam thay ddi nhiing dinh kifin vfi vai trd ciia phu nft xa hpi Song, so vdi yfiu cdu phat trifin cua dat nudc, phu nft tham gia lanh dgo, quan 1^ td cdp Trung uang dfin dia phuang, td cap cao xudng e ^ thdp van cdn d mdc thdp M f t so giai p h a p tang cudng phu nir tham gia lanh dao, q u a n ly M^ Id, rmg cao nhdn thic vi ^ai, cOr^ nhu quyin ciia phu nir tham gut ldnh do), qudn ty Ddi tupng can ehu trpng ndng cao nhgn thdc ve gidi va quyen cua phu nft la can bp ldnh dao Dang, chinh quyfin va cac td chuc chinh t r i - x d bpi Kfit qua can dat d day khdng chi Id nang cao rjidn thuc gidi, ma cdn Id tao trdch nhifim cua ldnh dgo dfii vdi vifc tang cudng phu nft tbam gia ldnh dgo, qudn ly Dfi cd mpt dpi ngu can bp nft ngang tdm vdi yfiu cdu, nhifim vy, trudc bet cac td chuc Ddng, chinh quy^n, doan thfi cdn nhgn thuc sdu sdc vfi vi tri, vai trd cua cdn bfi va cdng tdc cdn bd difiu kifn budc vdo thdi ky cdng nghifp hda, hifin dgi bda (CNH, HDH) ddt nudc; phdi xdc dinh ro cdng tac can bd Id trach nhifm cua cap uy, ngudi ddng ddu ca quan, don vj Hai la, hodn thien cdc ca chi, chinh sdch khiiyin khich phu nir tham gia ldnh dgo, qudn ly, chii trgng phdt hiin nguon, tgo dieu kiin de cdn bg nir tiem ndng dugc ddo tgo, boi dudng dd ndng luc vd trinh dg tham gia lanh dgo, qudn ly Van dfi tao ngufin va quy hoach can bp nft can dupc quan tam mot each thyc chdt vd di vao chifiu sau Rdt khd cd mpt dpi ngu cdn bd nft tdt neu phu nu khdng dupc dua vdo danh sach quy hogch va dao tgo Difiu ndy ddi hdi nhiing no luc rat ldn fu cac cap Dang Thyc te bifin d cac dia phucmg cdn thifiu ngudn can bd nft cd ndng Iuc, trinh dp dfi cd thfi dam nhiem tdt dupe cfing vific ^dupc gjao (dge bifit d cdp huyfn va xd) Ngufin can bp nu sfi tang nfiu cap uy cdc cdp cd kfi hoach phat hifin va bfii duong; nSng lyc cd the dupc ndng cao nhd vdo vifc thuc ddy mdi trudng bfin ngodi theo hudng thugn lpi cho phy nft va nang cao nang lye cho hp thfing qua kfi hogch bdi duang vd quy hogch Can ed cdch giai quyfit mang tinh chu dfing hon la nhin nhdn nhiing ban che cua phy nft nhu rao can "mang tinb truyfin thdng" Bfin cgnh vifie xdy dyng kfi hogch, chien lupc cho cfing tdc can bp ndi chung, cdn thifit phai cd ke hoach dao tao can bfi nft 75 Tgp chi Khoa hgc xd hgi Viit Nam, so 7(92) - 2015 Caa cap uy dang, dodn the can quan tam phat hien, gidi thifu nhiing can bp nft xuat sdc vao Dang, thuc hifn nghifim tiic cbinb sdch cd tuyfin Vfi quy hogch can bp nft can quan trifit sdu sac quan difim, nguyen tac ehi dgo cua Dang ve quy hogch can bp ndi chung va cdn bd nft ndi rieng Ddi vdi nhirng dia phuong md ngudn can bd nu cdn thifiu vd yfiu vfi nang Iuc, thi viec xay dung rifing mpt kfi hoach vfi cdng tac can bp nu la vific lam thifit thuc dfi tao ngufin cdn bp nft Bfin canh do, cdn xem xet vd difiu chinh cdc quy dinh vfi tifiu chudn cho mfim deo, linh hogt va phu hpp ban vdi dieu kifin ddc thu cua can bd nft Ngoai viec dua quy dinh chi tieu cy the ve sd lupng va ty If phy nft tham chinh, cdn quy dinh rd ca che bdo cdo de giam sdt vifc dia phuang cd hoan thdnh chi tifiu hay khdng nfiu khfing thi nguyen nhan vi sao, vd kfi hoach can thuc hifn dgt nhdm chi tieu Ddng thdi, cdn cd chinh sach dai ngd cho phu nft tham gia ldnh dgo, quan Iy, nhdt la ddi vdi can bd nft cap ca sd Ba la, tdng cudng ddo tgo, bdi duang ndng cao trinh vd ndng luc cho cdn bg nu, ddc biit doi vai cdn bg nU cdp ca sa Chu tipng nhiing ndi dung lien quan dfin cac ky ndng ldnh dgo nhu xdy dung va trinh bdy bdo cao, lap kfi hoach, giai quyfit van dfi vd ky ndng lfing ghep gidi vdo kfi hogeh chuong trinh hogt ddng Rd soat, danh gid dling thuc trgng dpi ngii cdn bd nu ldm ca sd cho quy hoach, tgo ngudn, dao tao, bdi du&ng va bd tri, su dung can bd Danb gia dpi ngu can bd nu phdi tifin hanh mdt each cytiifi,ty mi, tranh each ldm dgi khdi Dd la xem xet cdn bfi theo cap, timg vung, timg lihh vyc cfing tac, tung dan tfic Tien hanh danh gia ca vfi sd lupng va chdt lupng, ca cdu vatifiuchuan, tai ndng va dgo due Ddy mgnh dao tao, bfii dudng can bp nft Ddi mdi cdn ban ndi dung, chuong trinh, phuang phdp day va hpc phu hpp vdi dfii 76 tupng dao tao la can bp nft Da dang hda cac logi hinb dao tao phu hop vdi d$c difim ddi tupng Ddng thdi thyc hifn tdt chinh sach khuyfin khich, ho trp dao tao theo quy dinh cua Trung uang va cua dia phuang de kip thdi ddng vien, tao difiu kifin thugn Ipi cho can bp nft tbam gia cac ldp dao tao boi dudng Can bd tri, su dyng dpi ngft can bf nft mdt each hpp ly; xac dinh nganh, linh vyc phu hpp, phat huy tbfi mgnh cua can bf nft va nhftng chuc danh lanh dao, qudn ly can cd can bd nft Doi vdi nhiing can bf nii xudt sdc thi cd thfi dfi bat vupt cip Phat huy vai trd ciia ngudi ddng ddu vifc dinh hudng cong tac can bp nft Vifc tgo dyng long ty tin eho can bf nft la difiu hfit sue c^ thiet Dieu cd the dgt dupc nhd vao vaj trd cua cdc nft can bp cd kinh nghifm Cdc can bd nft eo kinh nghifim khfing chi giiip cdn bd nft tham gia Idnh dao, quan ly ldn ddu cd dupc nhiing ky ndng ma cdn la ngudn ddng vifin, ling hp ve m$t tinh thdn hfit sdc quan trpng Tai lieu tham khao Dang Cfng san Vift Nam (2011), Vdn kipi Dgi hdi dgi biiu todn quoc ldn thit XI, Nxb Chinh tr] qu6c gia Ha Nfi Dang Cfng san Vift Nam (1994), Chi thj 37-CT/TW cua Ban Bi thu vi mgt sd cdng tdc cdn bg nit tlnh hinh mdi Hk Nfi Ban Chi d ^ t6ng kit Chi thj so 37-CT/TW (5/2004), Tdi lieu chinh thic Hgi nghj tdng kit 10 ndm thuc hiin Chi thi sd 37-CT/TW cia Ban Bi thu Trung uang Ddng vi cong tdc cdn bg nit Thu tuong Chinh phu, Chiin lugc qudc gia ve binh ddng gidi (2011 - 2020), Ban hanh kim flieo Quylt dinh s6 235 l/QD-TTg, (24/12/2010) Nghi dinh so 34/2011/ND-CP; Nghi # * so 66/2011/ND-CP; Nghj djnh s6 112/2011/ND-CP; Nghj djnh s6 27/20!2/NEK:P; Lu^t Binh dang gidi Cong u6c Lien H^p Qu6c (1997), Vixda bo mgi hinh thdc phdn biit ddi xit vdi phy m?, Nxb Phy nB, Ha Nfi ... o cac XI CO 02 nu: tham gia Bp Chinh trj (chiim Hnh vuc va cac cip lanh dao, quan ly diu 9%) cip tinh/thanh, ty le can bp nil tham c6 phu no tham gia; ho da tham gia tich gia cap iiy Dang it... Chiin lugc qudc gia ve binh ddng giai (2011- 2020) Ban hanh kfim theo Quyfit djnh s6 2351/QD-TTg, (24/12/2010) Phu nir tham gia lanh dgo & Vi4t Nam hi?nnay dat nuoc, phu nu Vi$t Nam cang co nM6u... nu tham gia vao Ban Chap dong gop to ldn vao cdng tac lanh d?io, hanh Trung uong, nhit la Bo Chinh trj Tuy qu4n ly tir cip vi mo dSn cip co so, til cac vay, phu nu Viet Nam ciing da tham gia