^ a c^ DIA VI CUA NGU^Ofl PHU NlT SAUDI ARABIA ' * TRONG XA HOI HIEN DAI va Thi Thanh* mgt sl quic gia tri viec ap dung nhit luat H6i giao, diln hinh la Saudi Arabia, dia vi phii nir van bi coi nhe Day la kit qua ciia vi^c ap diing luat Sharia vdi nhthig nguyen tac, quy dinh khat khe, eo nhilu khac biet so vdi phan cdn lai ciia the gidi Ben canh Sharia, nha nudc cting ban hanh mot sd lupng it di luat van, nhimg vdn dl vl quyen va dam bao thirc hien cae quyln eiia phu nir vin thudng bi bo ngo Do do, ngudi phu nii Saudi Arabia van phai chiu nhilu thiet thoi va tut hau so vdi the gidi Dia vi cua ngirdi phu nCr gia dinh va xa hgi al-Baz, MC etia mdt chuang trinh Chao bu6i sang da roi vao tinh trang hdn me su danh dap da man eua ngudi chong, the nhimg chlng CO chi bi phat danh 300 roi va phai cham soc eo ba thang sau co su thoa thuan giira co va ngudi chdng vl viec giam an cho va ddi lai cd ta se cd quyln ly hon va nuoi trai cua minh Trong vin dl thira kl, phu nii Saudi Arabia khdng duac hudng quyen thira ke binh dang vdi nam gidi St; phan bd thiia ke dupe ap dat theo luat Sharia va phu nii chi dugc hudng tai san thira ke bang mpt niia so vdi nam gidi Tren thuc te, viec quan ly tai san rieng va lao ddng de cd thu nhap cua ngudi phu nu: cting bi ban chS bdi su ket hgp gitia phong tuc va tdn giao - nhiing quy dinh da an sau bam re tir nhieu ddi Tai Saudi Arabia, vai tro cita ngudi phu nti gia dinh va xa hpi rk nho be Trong gia dinh, hinh anh ngudi phu nii chi nhu mgt ba Ngoai theo quy dinh, phii nii khong me va mpt ngudi quan gia, khong co vi tri ngang bSng vdi nam gidi Ngudi phu nu: dupc tu di lai giiia cae phd hoac khdng CO quyln quyet dinh doi vdi cac vSn de nudc ngoai Phu nii phai dupc su cho phep chung cua gia dinh hay day cai (duoc ghi bang van ban) ciia mpt ngudi than Nhimg van de nhu ly hon, ket hon, ngudi phu la nam gidi dl rdi khdi dat nudc hoac di du nii Saudi Arabia ciing khong dugc quyen lich tren cac phuang tien giao thdng cong quyet dinh, rat nhieu ngudi bi ep buoc phai li cpng d Saudi Arabia Phu nii noi day gidng di chong theo y mudn ciia cha hay ngudi anh nhu vat sd hiiu ciia dan dng mgi hoat trai Hon niia, d vuong qude nay, tinh trang ddng sinh hoat hang cua hp can su cho bao luc gia dinh, lam dung tinh due doi phep ctia dan ong Ddi vdi nhiing viec quan vdi phu nii khong phai la hiem gap Vao nam trpng phai dugc lap van ban hoac co 2004, mgt phu nii Saudi Arabia ten la Rania su tham gia di ciing cua ngudi giam hg Ngudi giam hp cd nghta vu va cac quyln dli vdi ngudi phu nti nhilu khia canh Thac sT Vi^n Nghien ciiu Chau Phi va Trung Dong Tgp chi nghien cu-u CHAV PHI &JRVNG Doyc so 1! (Ul) thang 11/2014 ^•g v!j:ua ngiTOi pnu ntf Saudi Arabia ciia ddi song Mdt bao cao vien dac biet cua Lien hiep qudc cho biet "Giam hg hop phap ciia phu nir Saudi Arabia la ngudi dan ong, dupc thirc hien d cac mtic dp khac doi vdi cudc sdng cua mgt ngudi phu nii" Quy dinh dugc cho la bat nguin tir quy udc xa hgi va dilu nham thi hien tam quan trgng cua viec bao ve phu nii Tiiy thupc vao ngudi giam hd, ngudi phu nii can co su cho phep nhu'ng vin de nhu: ket hon, !y hdn, di du lich nlu dudi 45 tuoi, di hgc, tim viec lam, md mgt tai khoan ngan hang va cac thu tuc y t l ' Mdt vi du cho thay tam quan trgng cua ngudi giam hp la vao thang nam 2013, benh vien King Fahd Al Bahah da hoan phau thuat tay cho mot phu nti bi thucmg nang vi CO khong cd ngudi giam hp nam cho phep lam cac thii tuc phau thuat Gia dinh co bi tai n ^ xe hoi, chdng cd da chet, de lai cd va gai bi thuong nang^ Thang nam 2005, mpt tda an d phia bac cua Saudi' Arabia da ky lenh cho ly hdn ddi vdi mdt ngudi me 34 tuoi da cd hai ten la Fatima Mansour bdi cd quyet dinh ly hon til ngudi chong cua cd, mac dit gia dinh co dang rat hanh phtic va cupc hon nhan ciia co da dupc cha cd (da qua ddi) chap thuan Viec ly hon dupc khdi xudng tir mdt phia ngudi chdng hoac ngudi arJi trai cd gai {ngudi giam hd) Yeu cdu giam hp khong dupc neu phap luat, chting dugc ap dung theo quy dinh cua hai quan va cac ca quan td chiic nhu benh vien, canh sat, ngan hang Giao dich chinh thiic va khilu kien dugc khdi xudng tii phia ngudi phu nii thudng bi bo qua neu khdng co sir cho phep cua ngudi giam hp Cac quan chiic cd thi yeu cSu su cd mat ciia ngudi giam hp nlu mgt ngudi phu nii khong co the ID (chiing minh thu) hoac khdng mac trang phuc che kin toan than (ao chiing) Nhiing yeu cau nhu the lam cho viec khieu nai ve nhutig ngudi giam hg la vd cung khd khan.^ Tuy nhien, mdt sd phu nir Saudi Arabia bao thli lai het sure bao ve quyen giam hp Trong mpt cudc phdng van nam 2010 cua td New York Times, Noura Abdulrahman, mpt nhan vien nii cita Bp Giao due Saudi Arabia da bao ve quyen giam hp cita nam gidi nhu chinh tinh mang eiia minh'^ Noura noi: "Trong van hoa Arab, phu nii phai co tinh toan ven cua hg va mdt cupc song dac biet ciia ngudi phu nii phai la su tach biet vdi nam gidi La mdt phu nir Saudi Arabia, tdi yeu cau phai cd mpt ngudi giam hg Cong viec ciia tdi doi hoi toi phai di den cac vimg khac d Saudi Arabia, cac chuyen di cong tac cua toi, toi ludn di cimg chdng hoac anh trai tdi Hg khdng yeu cau gi ca, hg chi muon dupe di cimg toi Dudi nhan quan phuong Tay, chting toi bi chi phoi bdi nhiing ngudi dan dng, nhung thuc hg da quen di khia canh cita tinh yeu Nhiing ngudi khfing quen vdi Sharia thudng cd suy nghi sai lam Neu ban muon su dn djnh va an toan cugc song ciia ban, neu ban muon cd mgt ngudi chong cham sde ban, ban se khdng tim thay nd d dau, ngoai trir dao Hdi" Vao nam 2008, Rowdha Yousef va nhieu phu nii Saudi khac da dua mdt ban kien nghi co hon 5000 chii ky vdi npi dung "ngudi giam hp cita toi biet nhiing gi la tot nhat cho toi" Ngoai ra, co kien nghi bao ve hien trang va yeu eau trimg phat doi vdi cac nha hoat dgng doi hoi "binh dang giiia nam va nCr, su hda nhap giiia nam va nil mdi trudng hdn hgp"^ Cac nha boat dgng ty thi phan doi sy giam hd, hp khdng can biet phy nii Hdi giao dupc cac dang may rau cham soc nhu thi nao Hp phan ddi tinh trang phu nii Hdi giao Tgp chi nghiin cuu CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 11 (111) thang 11/2014 Dja vj ciia ngudi phu nQ" Saudi Arabia Vli TW Ttianh bi dli xii nhu "cip duoi" va "tre em"° Hg noi, vi nguoi giam hp ma phu nil mat sir nghiep, hoac co nhQng nguai bi mat vi thilu quyln cham soc Nam 2009, mot nguoi Saudi Arabia da phu quyit yeu ciu kit hon vol nguai ngoai bp lac ciia gai minh va phat bing each giri din mpt benh vien tam thin' Cac toa an cong nhan su phuc tiing cha nhu phap luat, ca gai da trucmg Nha hoat dgng Saudi Arabia ,Wajeha Al-Huwaider, cho rang, hiu hit hanh dpng cua nhung nguoi giam hg la hanh dpng quan tam dli vai nguai phu nil, nhung la kilu quan tam dli voi mpt ngucri tan tat hoac doi vol dpng vat Day la mpt kilu quan tam thilu ton trpng* Ngoai ra, dugc phep lai xe la dieu xa xi dli voi phu nit Saudi Arabia Phu nir o dat nuac khong dupc phep lai xe, hoac tham chi di xe dap, va nhirng nguai dan ong khong dupc phep trd phu nir ma khong phai la ngucri than ciia Hien nay, vuong quoc dang doi mat veil mgt van de kho khan la lam the nao de 367.000 nil sinh den dupc truang hgc bang xe buyt ma tai xe la nam gicri Cau hoi dat la: "neu tai xe xe buyt nam khong dupc phep tiep xuc vcii nir sinh-nhiing ngudi khong dupc phep lai xe Vay tai xe xe buyt trd cac nir sinh den trudng la ai?" Giai phap cua Bg trudng Bg giao due hien la tuyen dung cac thu ITnh dao H6i (Al-Ameen) hoac nhiing ngudi dan ong dang tin cay de lam cong viec De tuan theo nhirng luat le mgt each nghiem khic thi that la khd Vi du, vao nam 2002, mgt sl canh sat d Saudi Arabia da danh mit nilm tin cua 15 cap phu huynh hgc sinh nG bdi canh sat da ngan chan khong cho cac nu' sinh rdi khoi trudng hgc mpt vu hda hoan, tham chi cdn danh dap hg, khdng cho rdi trudng vi chua dpi khan chiim diu Kit qua la 15 nii sinh da bi chit dam chay Dieu cho thay, giai phap cua Bg Giao due Saudi Arabia ve phuong tien tdi ttudng cua cac nir sinh rat khat khe va cd chilu hucmg trpng nam khinh nii Mat khac, phu nir Saudi Arabia bi cam lam cong chirc cac cdng sd cua nha nudc theo dung tinh than kinh Koran Phu nii khong dugc tham gia cac cong tac xa hpi, cac td chirc doan the va bi xa hgi phan biet Theo quan dilm truyin thdng, tit sinh ra, tao hoa da khong cho phu nfl- c6 dugc vi tri ngang bing vdi nam gioi, ngudi phu nu- khdng ddng vai trd quan trgng ttong tit ca cac khia canh cua xa hgi nen nhiem vu cua phu nii la d nha va cham sdc gia dinh Ben canh do, dii la phai yeu song phu nii Saudi Arabia khong nhan dugc su quan tam thich dang cua xa hgi Ngudi phu nii phai chiu canh danh dap cua ngudi chong gia dinh nhung lai khdng cd mgt quy dinh nao dugc ban hanh nham bao ve quyen lpi cho hg Tda an d Saudi Arabia khdng san sang tim nhung hanh vi bao lire gia dinh cua thil pham Theo thdng ke, mot trung tam tu van d mgt phd chinh ciia nudc trung binh hang thang nhan dupc khoang 50 don khieu nai ve bao hanh gia dinh va lam dung tinh due d tre em Ben canh do, vao khoang thang diu nam 2008, Hgi ding bao ve trat tu xa hpi Jeddah ciia qudc gia da thu ly hon 250 vu viec vesir dung bao luc gia dinh Con sd tren thuc tl cdn cao ban, song khong dupc xac dinh cu thi thieu dir lieu thdng ke va hiu hit phu nu Saudi Arabia khong cd khai niem vl viec khai bao bao hanh hay lam dung tinh due De ly giai cho tinh trang nay, co thi kl tdi cac nguyen nhan nhu tinh trang tao hdn, su phu thupc den mirc le thupc vao ngudi dan dng gia dinh d Saudi Arabia va dac biet la thieu quy dinh phap luat bao ve quyen lpi cho ngucri phu nii Tap c/ii'ng/i/encd-K CHAU PHI STRUNG DONG so 11 (Ul) thang 11/2014 Vu Thj Thanh Pja Vj Cua ngtroi pnu n u Saudi Arabia , Dja vi cua ngiroi phu nir he thong chinh tri Saudi Arabia la nha nudc quan chii chuyen che, khdng co biln phap cung khong CO qudc hdi Toan bd quyln luc chinh tri nam tay Quic vuong va Hoang gia Kinh Koran la hien phap cita dat nudc va ddt nudc dugc dieu hanh bang luat Hdi giao Sharia cd van chi nhu nhting "vat trang tri" khong cd thyc quyen Mai tdi gan day, Saudi Arabia mdi co nii Thti trudng dau tien phy traeh ve giao due doi vdi phu ntt Ngoai ra, vao thang nam 2011, Vua Adullah cong bo sac lenh phu nii cd quyen bau cir va img cii d cae cupc bo phieu dja phuang vao nam 2015^ Theo sd lieu thing ke, nam 2013, Saudi Arabia da cd 20% ghe danh cho nii Hgi ddng Bp trudng Day cung la diu hieu dau tien the hien y dinh nang cao quyen phu nu- ITnh vyc chinh tri cua Quoc vuong nudc Tuy nhien, su cai thien van qua It 61 so vdi the gidi Ty le nir gidi Hgi dong Bp trudng d Saudi Arabia nam 2000 la 0% Ciing c6 mpt chiit tien bp vdi ti le 1% phu nii Hdi dong Bp trudng vao nam 2009 Tuy nhien, phu nii he thdng chinh tri Saudi Arabia Ben canh dd, cac quyen dan sy ciia phy ciing chi giii nhiing vi tri mang tinh hinh nil qudc gia van cdn ban ehe Bieu hien thiic Tham chi d Saudi Arabia, nhiing quyen ro rang nhat chinh la viec phy nii Saudi chinh tri co ban nhu bo phieu va img eti cua Arabia khong co chiing minh thu, khong phu nii chua dugc dap ting Ddi vdi so it dupc cap bang lai xe, khong dupc tu di phy nii may man co dupc viec lam d cac cp chuyen giiia cae hay nudc quan nha nudc hp ciing khong co quyen giii ngoai Nhu da de eSp d tren, tat ca nhiing vi tri lanh dao Saudi Arabia kiSn tri tri viec lam hg phai can su cho phep cua che dp bdi theo kinh Koran, kinh ngudi chdng hoac nhirng ngudi co quan he ciing la hien phap qude gia, phu nti khong ed rudt thit gan gtii nhu cha, anh, em trai Da cd vi tri ngang bang vdi nam gidi Dap lai su nhiing trudng hgp, ngudi giam hg la em trai, chi trich tir cac qudc gia va to chiic qude t8 chua tdi 20 tuoi va ngudi co quyen ngan ve sy bat binh dang nay, Saudi Arabia cho can chi gai minh-ngudi da cd bang thac sy rang gan day phy nir d quoc gia ciing da khong dupc phep di nudc ngoai Mgt CO vj tri nhat dinh, co vai tro cang quan trudng hpp khac, ngudi ta nhin thay ngudi trpng xa hdi va hp ciing dupc trao mpt trai tudi 14 trd ngudi giam hg cua so quyen chinh tri nhu tham gia vao boat ngudi me da 40 tuoi d san bay Mgt so phu dpng quan ly nha nudc vdi tu each la cac co nu: nudc cho rang, che "ngudi giam van Tuy nhien, theo thong ke, ke tir quy hd" khong gay can trd hp hda nhap vdi xa dinh cho phep phu nti trd co van cua hdi, song phan dong thira nhan rang che dp Hpi ding Bg trudng den nay, d Saudi Arabia mang tdi khdng it bat tien va gay trd khong CO nhieu phy nti dugc tham gia cong ngai cho hp Nhtmg quy djnh ve ngudi giam hp, quyen thira ke duac Saudi Arabia ap viec dung dua tren nen tang eiia kinh Koran Khi dupc hdi y kiln, nhilu ngudi cho nguon luat da co ban mgt nghin nam tudi, rang day la budc tiln quan trpng khang dinh cho nen da cho thay nhiing bat cap d thdi dai vi tri, vai trd ciia ngudi phu nii xa hgi, hien song eiing co nhieu y kien cho rang, cac nii Tgp chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG S6 11 (111) thang 11/2014 Dia VI cua ngtfOi pnu n u bauoi arapia Vij Thj Thanh Hinh 1: Ti le phu nii t h a m gia vao chinh tri (2000-2013) k ^ iriiiiw 0% r^ NguSn: Women in Saudi Arabia: Status, Rights and Limitations: https://disital.Ub washin^ton.edu/ /Rail(han%20'%20Cap tat ca cac noi lam viec ngoai trir d benh vien Dia vi cua ngudi phu n u hoat N I U d dau cd nam nii lam viec chung thi se dong kinh te bi bat va dua v l ddn canh sat gin nhit dl Tai Saudi Arabia, y d ngai d l i vdi sy dpc giam giir, mac dii Bp Luat Lao dpng lap kinh t l va co hoi viec lam cita phu nii khdng cd dilu khoan nao d l cap den viSc chua dupc giai quyit mot each triet dl, dac c i m nam nii lam viec ciing biet la tai quIe gia hien nay, ti le phu nii Quy djnh v l ngudi giam hp dupc Saudi CO trinh dai hpc ldn hon nam gidi Nhu'ng Arabia tuan thii nghiem ngat, ca cac doanh n6 luc cita chinh phii d l h i trp quyln dupc nghiep cdng va tu deu yeu cau phai co su lam viec cita phu nii la khong ro rang, dieu cho phep cita ngudi giam hp thi hp mdi thue khiln nhieu ngudi Saudi Arabia bao thit phu nir iam viec Hien nay, cting c6 mpt so cho rang phu nii nen d nha nha tuyln dung khdng ddi hoi su cho phep Phy nii Saudi Arabia tiep tuc bi gat cita ngudi giam hp doi vdi nhting phy nii ngoai le cita thi trudng lao dgng nudc t u l i lao dpng Tuy nhien, doi vdi nghe Saudi Arabia la quoe gia ed lyc lugng lao giao vien thi phu nii Saudi Arabia van can co dpng nii thap nhat the gidi Phy nii chi chiem su eho phep ciia ngudi giam hd 4% tong luc lupng lao dpng eiia ca nudc va Quyen lam viec cua phy nii cung dugc 10,7% luc lugng lao dpng ngudi Saudi ndi long hon ke tir Vua Abudha len nam Arabia, Hien nay, nhu cau ve lao dpng cita quyen Chinh phit Saudi Arabia da no luc Saudi Arabia tang cao nen ngudi phy nii md cac ldp dao tao nghe cho phy nii va "loai dupe phep khoi nha va tham gia vao thi bd cae trudng ngai vat" ddi vdi su tham gia trudng Iao dpng Tuy da co mat tren thi lao dpng cita phu nii Cac trd ngai bao trudng lao dpng, nhung vai tro xa hpi va gom viec cam nam nir cimg lam viec, bupc quy dinh phap luat nen sy phan biet gidi tinh phai CO su cho phep lam viec cita ngudi giam yong cong viec cung nhu d nhiing noi Iam hp Theo Luat Lao dpng mdi cua Saudi viec van dien tai dat nudc Nhiing Arabia ban hanh vao nam 2005, phu nii duoc cong viec nhu ky su, tham phan, cong t l phep lam viec ma khong c i n su cho phep vien hoac luat su khong danh cho phu nii cua ngudi giam hp Dieu cua Luat Lao Chinh phli thi hanh iuat phan biet gidi tinh d Tgp chi nghien cicu CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG s l 11 ( U l ) thang 11/2014 Oia , ^u,IO ii^uui pnu nu aauoi Araoia,., ddng nude cd ghi "dupc lam viec la quyen ciia tat ca mpi ngudi" va "mpi cong dan deu cd quyen binh dang dl lam viee" Tuy nhien, dilu ciia Luat Lao dpng mdi lai yeu cau "tat ca cdng dan Saudi Arabia phai tuan thil cae quy dinh Iam viec theo luat Sharia", dieu ngu y ring su phan biet gidi tinh vin cdn cd hieu lyc Hon nira, dilu 149 ciia Luat Lao ddng co ghi, "phu nir phai lam nhiing cdng viec phii hgp vdi ban chit ctia hg va khdng bao gdm cac cdng viec co hai cho siie khoe ciing nhu nhiing cdng viec CO nguy CO tai nan cao" Nhu vay, nhiing dieu Iuat da dua nhiing thong tin mo hd, khong ro la ung hd hay phan ddi quyln lam viec cua phy nir Nhiing ngudi ung hp phu nii thi de cap den sy binh dang gidi va quyen dugc lam viec ciia phy nii va hp cung cho rang nhac den quyen lam viec ciia phy nil ma de cap den ban chat cua phy nir va nhiing rui ro cong viec thi chi la nguy bien cho viec chong doi phu nii Iam viec Ngupc lai, nhung ngudi khdng ung hp lai lpi dyng dieu va dieu 149 cita Bg Luat Lao dpng de tir choi quyen lam viee eiia phy nQ nhieu ITnh vyc mgt each hpp phap De giam bdt su khae cua phap luat viec han che co hdi viec lam cua phu nir, chinh phii Saudi Arabia da nd luc cho phep phu nii lam nhirng cdng viec nhu nhan vien ban hang Han niia, nhilu phu nir Saudi Arabia da phan doi vi hg phai mua dd lot d nhirng ciia hang nhiing ngudi dan dng ban Vao thang nam 2006, chinh phii lenh eho tit ca cac ciia hang ban dl ldt phai thue toan nhan vien nu Vao nam 2007, chinh sach dupe ap dyng cho tit ca eac ctia hang ban quan ao Chinh phu da md cac ldp dao tao phy nii ban cac mat hang va ciing dl mdt danh sach nhirng dilu kien lam viec ddi vdi hg Tuy nhien, sy phan ddi chinh sach bat dau tii nhiing ngudi bao thu - ngudi khong ung hg phy nir lam viec d nhiing cira hang ban Ie dudi bat ky hinh thiic nao va chi trich tiln sT Ghazi al-Ghosaibi, Bd trudng Bg Lao dgng - ngudi cd y tudng dau tien thuc day chinh sach viec lam cho phy nil Hem niia, mgt sd phu nir Saudi Arabia cam thay bi si nhyc phai mua hang d mdt noi ma tren cac ctia so cd dan kin giay va cua chinh bi khda lai chi vi ngudi ban hang la phy nir, dd, viec da bi hoan lai mgt nam Vao nam 2008, phu nir lai dupc trd lai ban hang, nhimg phai each ly vdi cac trung tam mua sim Hdi ding Bp trudng la co quan kiem soat tat ca cac ITnh vyc ciia chinh phu da ban hanh mgt chi thi yeu cau tat ca cac Bg md cua ddi vdi phy nii Nam 2009, Bp Ngoai giao ciing co mdt sd vi tri gianh cho phy nii, Bd Giao dye da bd nhiem mdt nii Thti trudng phu trach giao due ddi vdi phu nti Ngoai ra, Bg Lao dpng dy kien tao 200.000 viec lam cho phu nii cac ITnh vyc khac ctia nen kinh te va da khdi xudng dao tao nghe nghiep de giiip phy nii trd nhan vien thu ngan va le tan Tuy nhien, dii co nhieu co hgi viec lam hon nhtmg tinh trang phan biet gidi tinh d noi lam viee van cdn dupc ap dyng d vuang qudc Tren thyc te, phu nii khdng dupc lam viee chung vdi nam gidi ma phai lam d nhting CO sd chi cd lao ddng nir Ben canh do, cac to chiic, cac co quan doan the ciing nhu cac co sd san xuat cung ban che tuyen lao ddng nii Do dd, ty le nii that nghiep cao han so vdi ty Ie nam that nghiep Nam 2013, tong lyc lupng lao dpng ciia Saudi Arabia la 10,6 trieu ngudi, ti Ie lao dgng nam chiem 84,6 % Ti le nii thit nghiep la 33,2 %i, gip lin ti le nam that nghiep Tgp chi nghien cu-u CHAU PHI & TRUNG OONG SO 11 (111) thang 11/2014 Old VI cua nguoi pnu nij aauui wiguia Vu Thj Thanh Mac du, ti le thit nghiep cua phu nO rat cao nhung tten thuc tl sd lugiig phu nit cd trinh dp hpc vin cao vin nhilu han so vdi nam gidi Ti le phu nii tham gia lao ddng cd trinh dp tir cip hai din dai hpc chiem 93%, ttong ti le nam giai tham gia lao dpng cd bing cip hai din dai hpc chi chiem 60% Ty le phu nu thit nghiep cd bing dai hpc chiem 78,3% ttong ti le nam thit nghiep co tir bing dai hgc den cap hai chiem 76% tl cho thiy khdng phai cii tdt nghiep dai hpc la phu nii qudc gia cd the tim dupc viec lam Hien phu nG Saudi Arabia ma dii dupc hueing quyen giao due d tat ca cac cap hgc nhtmg lai bi gidi ban ttong nganh hpc Phu nO chi dugc hpc cac nganh hpc nhu giao vien, kinh doanh, dich vu va y te Ro rang, Bp Giao due da khdng trang bi day dii kien thiic cho phu nir de cd the canh ttanh tten thi trudng lao ddng Day chinh la nguyen nhan \j giai tai ti le nii gidi tdt nghiep dai hpc cua Saudi Arabia cho den hien tang cao hem so vdi nam gidi nhung lai ddng nghia vdi viec thit nghiep cao, dd ti le nam thil nghiep tinh din nam 2013 lai giam di Ti le nit thit nghiep d Saudi Arabia giai doan tir nam 2000 - 2013 tang tit 17,6% len 33,2 % Trong dd, ti le nam thit nghiep cia qudc gia lai giam tir 6,5% xudng cdn 6,1% ttong ciing giai doan Cho tdi thdi dilm hien nay, ti le phu nti Saudi Arabia tham gia thi ttudng lao dgng cd bSng dai hgc chilm 90% Nam 2013, phu nu tit nghiep dai hpc chilm 48,3%i Kit qua giao due diu cua phu nii Saudi Arabia ndi trSn dugc xem la mgt budc tien Icin ciia he thdng giao due Saudi Arabia Tuy nhien, dieu dang noi d day la giao due nii lai khong du dieu kien dap iing yeu cau cua chinh sach phat ttien ngudn nhan luc cua Saudi Arabia Thuc Hinh 2: Tile that nghiep cua nam nir Saudi Arabia (2000-2013) Tl l| that nghilp ciia tiu' gioi J™ Ti le that nghiep cua nam gidi " !• •f 1 2000 ^ ^ H I ^ ^ I ^ H 10 17 20 30 40 10 Nguon: Women in Saudi Arabia: Status, Rights and Limitations httDs://diBital lib Washington, edu/ ./Raikhan%20-%20Cap Ngoai ra, khdng chi bi gidi han ve co hpi viec lam ma mirc luong tra cho lao dpng nir cting thap hon rat nhieu so vai nam gidi Mirc lucmg ttung binh cua mpt lao ddng nii la 5.938 USD/nam so vcii miic lucmg trung binh cua lao dgng nam la 35.137 USD/nam Tdm lai, trudc phu nir d Saudi Arabia chu ylu chi lam cac cdng viec ndi trg va khdng tham gia thi trudng lao ddng dl cd thu nhap rieng Hien nay, cimg vdi xu hudng phat triln chung, phu nu Saudi Arabia cQng cd viec lam, dac biet nhttng nam gin day, Saudi Arabia ciing da cd mpt sl tiln b^ dang ghi nhan vl viec ndi ldng quyln lam viec cho phu nQ Nam 2012, chinh phu da len kl hoach xay dung mot thj moi danh Tap cAingAK/icii-u CHAU PHI & TRUNG OONG so 11 (lll)thang 11/2014 Djo Vj cud nguoi pnu n u sauQi AraPia rieng cho phu nti de hg duge thoa mong muon lam viec va xay dyng sy nghiep Cung nam 2012, nhilu phy nii Saudi Arabia da dupc tuyen lam nhan vien ban hang thay the nhan vien ngudi nudc ngoai d cac quay hang my phim, nudc hoa Nam 2013, lin dau tien, vuong qude co nii sinh vien luat (Araw al - Hujaili) dang ky ten danh sach luat su thuc tap va mpt nii sT quan canh sat diu tien (Ayat Bakhreeba), co ciing la ngudi kiem dupc tam bang thae sT cua Hpc vien Canh sat Dubai va la mdt nii canh sat dau tien ed hpc ham cao Hpc vien An ninh Hon niia, luan van thac sT cua CO vdi ten gpi "Quyen eiia tre em Saudi Arabia" dupc danh gia la de tai nghien ciiu tot nhat cua Hpc vien An ninh Day cung la mgt phan cua sy chuyen ddi de phy nii dit nudc Hoi giao cd co hpi lam viec'" Tuy nhien, viec cai thien van edn qua cham va it di so vdi nhiing gi ma qude gia can phai Iam Nhan xet Qua nghien ciiu ve dia vi cua ngudi phu nir xa hdi Saudi Arabia eho thay, Saudi Arabia la mpt dat nudc Hdi giao bao thii, thi che nha nudc la quan ehu tuyet ddi, luat phap qudc gia duac ap dung theo Iuat Hoi giao Sharia Dac biet, nhihig quy djnh vl phu nti theo kinh Koran va luat Sharia van dupc ap dyng theo diing khuon mau va dupc tuan thii mdt each nghiem ngat Tat ca nhiing dilu da ve len mpt birc tranh Saudi Arabia phong kiln bao thu ma ngudi chju thiet thdi nhieu nhit xa hgi bao thu iy chinh la ngudi phy nir Ngudi phu nii Saudi Arabia bj ban che rat nhieu quyen lpi, hp gap rat nhieu rao can cudc song Mgt nhiing rao can dd la rao can ve xa hdi, phap ly, giao dye va viec lam Co thi ndi ring, vin dl quyen cua phy nii ciing nhu viec lam cua phy nii d qudc gia la mpt nhirng nguyen nhan dan den cupc ndi day nam 2011 Cugc nii day bat nguon tir Tuisia, mdt dit nude ma dai da sd ngudi dan phai chiu dung sy lanh dao dgc tai ctia chinh phli Ben Ali Tuong tu, tai Saudi Arabia, sy ket hop giira luat Hdi giao Sharia vdi mot the che chinh tri quan chti tuyet doi khi^n ngudi dan noi day, dac biet la phu nii bj go bo qua chat che khudn kho Do dd, hg da bieu tinh phan doi chinh quyen Saudi Arabia su dung bg luat Sharia de dieu hanh va quan ly dat nudc nham tri mpt xa hdi ton ti, trat tu, it te nan xa hot, nhung luat Hoi giao Sharia cting chiia dyng nhieu khia canh tieu cue, dac biet van de nii quyen, chinh sach da the va nhtrng hinh phat tan bao, khac luat Nd khien xa hdi Hoi giao noi chung va Saudi Arabia noi rieng bi phan hoa mpt each ro ret, thap than phan eiia ngudi phu nii, ban che nhiing ddng gdp ctia hg cho xa hpi Ngudi phu nii Saudi Arabia khong cd ca hdi phat huy kha nang ciia minh phat trien kinh te, giao due, xa hpi va viec lam Tren thuc te, Saudi Arabia phai thue mpt so lupng ldn lao dgng ngudi nudc ngoai nhung lai khong sii dyng lao dgng nu nudc Ti le lao dgng nir tit nghiep co trinh dp dai hpc lai roi vao tinh trang that nghiep la rit cao Dieu cho thiy Saudi Arabia da vd tinh tao cong an viec Iam cho ngudi nudc ngoai va diy Iuc luong Iao dpng nii ddi dao nudc lam vao tinh trang that nghiep Old thich: ' Zoepf, Katherine (2010), Talk of Women's Right Divides Saudi Arabia, The New York Time Retrieved 19 September 2010, World Report 2013-Saudi Arabia 2013 Human Rights Watch, Retrieved 22 February 2014 Tap chi nghien cu-u CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 11 (111) thang 11/2014 Vu Thi Thanh tjia vj cua nguoi pnu nu sauoi Mrauid ' Erturk, Yakin (2009), Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, il causes and consequences: Mission to Saudi Arabia ' Jawhar, Sabria (2009), Saudi Tribal Customs, Nol Islam, Responsible for Male Guardianship Abuses The Huffington Post United Nation ' Zoepf, Katherine (2010), Tatt D / I f omen'j Right Divides Saudi Arabia, The New York Time Retrieved 19 September 2010 ' Jawhar, Sabria (2009), Saudi Tribal Customs, Nol Islam, Responsible for Male Guardianship Abuses, The Huffington Post ' Wager, Rob L (2010), Saudi Female Jounarlist Tacldes Muslim Steotypes, Sabria Jawhar/News Tilt « p„r Saudi Women, Everyday is a Battle UJA Federation of Greater Toronto IJune 2007, Rettieved 19 September 2010 » Q^-„ ; ^ „ ^^^ ^jjo p/^ ^ j g^udi Araia-Eio phu nir: http://www.phunuonline.com.vn/tliegici/tlie lam saudi-arabia/a71S19.html lo ^^.^ Victoria for Saudi Women: First female lawyer registered: Middle East Online, 2013-0409 Tai lieu tham khao Nguyin Thanh Hiln, Anh hudng cita Islam gido den chinh tri Saudi Arabia, tap chl nghien cim chau Phi va Trung Dong, sd 09 (73) thang 9/2011 Trin Thi Lan Hucmg, Ha Thi Viet Chau, Ludt Hoi gido Shiria vd vai tro cua no ddi song cong cong & cdc quoc gia Trung Dong, Tap chi Nghien ciru chau Phi va Trung Dong, so 1(77) thang 1/2012 Vii Thi Thanh, 2012, Nhimg quy dinh ve dia vi cd nhdn ciia nguai phu nil cdc xd hqi Hoi giao Tap chi Nghien ciru chau Phi va Trung Ddng, thang 9/2012 World Report 2013-Saudi Arabia 2013 Human Rights Watch, Rettieved 22 Febmary 2014, Zoepf, Katherine, 2010, Talk of Women's Right Divides Saudi Arabia, The New York Time Retrieved 19 September 2010 Worid Report 2013-Saudi Arabia 2013 Human Rights Watch, Retrieved 22 February 2014 Erturk, Yakin, 2009, Report ofthe Special Rapporteur on violence against women, it causes and consequences; Mission to Saudi Arabia United Nation Zoepf, Katherine, 2010, Talk of Women's Right Divides Saudi Arabia, The New York Time Retrieved 19 September 2010 Women in Saudi Arabia: Status, Rights, and Limitations, 2014, Master of Art in Policy Stadies, University of Washington Bothell 10 D r Mona AlMunajjed, 2009, Women's Employment in Saudi Arabia, A Major Challenge 11 Jessica Van Wagoner, 2010, Women's Suppression in Saudi Arabia Based on Religious Beliefs 12 Reel Meijer and Paul Aarts, 2012, Saudi Arabia Between Conservatism, and Reform Accomodalion 13 Cybele Cochran, 2009, Women and the law in Islamic Societies: Legal Responses to Domestic Violence in Saudi Arabia and Morocco 14 Education for girl In Saudi Arabia - Saudia Arabia Ministry of Education 15 United Nation report: Promotion and Protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights including the right to development-Mission to Saudi Arabia ro/jc/iingA/cncii-ii CHAU PHI & TRUNG BONG so 11 (111) t h i n g 11/2014 ... 10,7% luc lugng lao dpng ngudi Saudi ndi long hon ke tir Vua Abudha len nam Arabia, Hien nay, nhu cau ve lao dpng cita quyen Chinh phit Saudi Arabia da no luc Saudi Arabia tang cao nen ngudi phy... Employment in Saudi Arabia, A Major Challenge 11 Jessica Van Wagoner, 2010, Women''s Suppression in Saudi Arabia Based on Religious Beliefs 12 Reel Meijer and Paul Aarts, 2012, Saudi Arabia Between... Islamic Societies: Legal Responses to Domestic Violence in Saudi Arabia and Morocco 14 Education for girl In Saudi Arabia - Saudia Arabia Ministry of Education 15 United Nation report: Promotion