0^srri 5?f TAP CHl KHOA HOC SO (19) - 2011 MO HINH KINH TE XA HOI TS.Luu Thiiy Diep* Hifn nen kinh tl thj trudng theo mo hinh tu bin chii nghTa dupc ip dung hiu hit d mpi nudc trSn thi gidi Tuy nhien, ngudi la ciing nhgn la nd c6 nhieu hgn chS va gay khdng it hau qui tieu cyc, nhat litrongquan hf giira ngudi voi nhau, irong 13nh vyc xfi hdi, vi tren mfii trudng thiSn nhien That viy, tit nudc ta dfi md cua dl tilp nhin kinh te thi tnrdng, cua cai xi hdi nhin chung cd gia tfing, nhimg khdng phii mpi vien xa hgi dSu dupc thy hudng cac ciia cii dd Mirc chenh Ifch giau ngheo ngiy cang gia tfing giiia thinh thi va ndng thfin, giiia nhiing thinh phin ciii^ m$t cdng dfing xi hdi Thit nghifp gia ting d3 gat nhilu ngudi bSn le xfi hpi Tinh trang niy gay bit man noi nhiing ngirdi bj day khdi vdng quay ciia kinh te, hofic bugc hp phai chap nhan bat ciir vifc gl, bit chip dao ly va luit phip, dl nudi than vi gia dinh Dilu lam gia ting (e nan xa hpi vi hinh dpng pham phip, gay bat fin cho xa h^i Quan hf giu'a ngudi dupc dieu tiSt chu ylu bing ddng tien, va cung chinh ddng riln li tieu chuan de dinh gii ngudi Phim chat ngudi do bj thoii hoi, biln chat Ngiroi ta chi cdn biel cai lpi trudc mfit cho minh, bit kl ll nghta Ngudi ta cung thilu ci y thiifc cpng dfing nira Vi chinh nhiing dieu mdi li nguyen nhan sau xa gay nen tat ci nhiing xio trfn xi hgi Ngoai ra, sy khai thic qui dp tii nguyen ihiSn nhiSn dl san xuat ngiy cang nhieu hing hoa dfi anh hudng ldn den mfii trudng sinh thai vi tii nguySn thidn nhien khdng phai la vd hgn Va Igi, nhiing chil diii cdng nghiep ngiy cing gia ifingkhdng dupc xu ly dung miic cung giy d nhilm mdi tnrdng va cd tic hai tren siic khde ngudi Do vgy, sy phat triln kinh tl khdng ludn ludn cd nghTa la phil triln vl mat ngudi vi xa hpi, vi nd ciing ching bao dim dupc mdt sy phil trien ben vihig cho cic thi he tuong lai niia Neu tinh den nhirng tdn that vS mfit xi hpi cung nhu mdi trudng, thi se thiy ring tat ci cii Icn vS mgt kinh te chua chic da bii dip nfii cic tac hgi vl hai mat niy Vi cd mpt nghjch ly ma nhilu nhi kinh tl da nSu len: hach loan ciia mfit nSn kinh te thj trudng, chinh cic chi phi phai bdradS siia chira nhiing thift h^ ngudi hay thiSn nhiSn gay cho x i hdi vi cho mfii trudng lai lim gia ting tfing sin phim xi hpi Nhu vay, cd thS ndi la cing gia tfing t$i pham te ngn xa hpi, tai ngn, thiSn tai, dich bfnh, v.v mpt xfi hdi thi mirc tfing trudng cila xa hdi dd cing dupc danh gii ta cao! Miic ting trudng dd dt nhiSn khdng phin inh trung thyc ca sy phit triSn kinh te cLia mpt qude gia, hudng ho li sy phit trien ve chil ciia mdt quoc gia Trong thip niSn 90, trudc nhting bat cap ciia nin kinh tl thi trudng, nhilu nha nghiSn Cliu vl khoa hpe xa hpi thiy cin phii khuySn khich mdi "khu vyc thii ba" ben canh khu vyc Nhi nudc va thj trudng Cd ngudi gpi dd li "kinh tl doan kit'" (economie solidaire), ngudi khic gpi li '-kinh tl da khu vyc" (Sconomie plurielle) ho|c '"tan kinh ll xa hdi" (nouvelle economie sociale) Nlu nhimg khii nifm niy cd khic bift dfii chut, chiing cung chi xoay quanh khai niem kinh te xd hgi nhung vdi nhiing sic thai mdi me hon Viy, mfi hinh kinh ti xa hgi ia gV? I Khat nifm ve kinh texd hpi Tir kinh te xd hgi (economie sociale) duoc sir dung lan diu tien tai Chiu Au vao khoing nam 1830 bdi mfit sd rit nhd cac ly thuylt gia mudn luu y dSn van de luin ly hoic vin dl xi hdi ma "sy tiln bO kinh tS"' da gay Hiu hit cac nha kinh tS hgc khic chi dS y din sy hihi hifu ciia phuang diuc sin xuat mdi vi sy phan chia cua cai tot hon mi nhCmg ly Ihuyit kinh le thdi dd tin duong Nhung khii • rien sy nganh Cdng ldc x5 hfu DH l.w.-an Quebec, Canada KINH li nifm kinh tixa hgi cung chi chiem mdt vai trd rat md nhat rdi lai bi nudt chimg bdi sire mgnh ciia nin kinh IS tu bin chii nghTa Tuy nhien, nd vin thinh thoang xuat hifn lgi lich str kinh tl, dudi nhimg ten gpi vi hinh thirc khac liiy thdi ky, d|c bift la vio moi lan ma cd mot nhdm ngudi mfit tap thi hoac mdt cpng ddng xi hpi, cim nhin rang ca ciu kinh ll hifn cd, cho dil li Nha nudc hay tu nhan khdng thda dupc nhiing nhu ciu cua xa hdi Bfit dau tir khoing dau nhiing nfim 1990, xuat phat tir nhChig khiing hoang dang diln trSn thi gidi, ca d nhung nudc phit trien nhat, khii nifm kinh ti xa hgi Igi tai xuit hifn Nd dupc de nghj nhucon dudng thir ba giiia kinhte nha nudc vi kinh il tu nhan giiia kinh tl chinh thirc vi kinh te phi chfnh thtic Tuy nhien, khii niem hoin loin khdng dupe bilt din da sd cac nudc dang phat trien Va ca tai cac nudc phil trien, nai mi nhieu [^ong trio xa hgi dang sire cd dpng cho nd, thi thudng kinh li xd h^i cung khdng duoc hiSu dOng mirc Theo nha kinh tl hpe ngudi Bi Jacques Defoumy, kinh te xahgi la toin bd nhimg hoat dpng kinh tl cua nhirng doanh nghiep sin xuit ciia cii vadjch vy, hang hda hofic phi hang hda, nhung tat ci deu dya trSn linh than doin kSt, ddc lap va y ihiic cdng din cao Vl hinh thiic phip \)f, mpt doanh nghiep kinh te xa hgi chii yeu la mdt hpp tic xfi, mdt hifp hgi, mgt hdi tuong te, hoic mdt doanh nghifp phi Ipi nhuan Chiing tuin thu nhung nguySn tac sau: - Sy ddc lip ddi vdi Nha nudc vi ddi vdi vdn huy ddng nai cdng chiing; - Sy tham gia ty ciia cic vien; - Mdt ca cau din chii quyen hinh vi quan ly; - Vi tri hing dau ciia cpng ddng, cua ngudi va ciia lao ddng tren vdn; - Phan chia thing du va thu nhgp mpt cich cdng bfing va binh dang; Theo nha kinh le hpe ngudi Phip, JeanLouis Laville thi nhiing