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CHUYSN Mgc KINH T £ H O C - XA HOI HOC FACEBOOK VA V N XA HOI - KHAO SAT MOT S6 NHOM THANH NIEN TAI THANH P H HO CHf MINH NGUYEN XUAN NGHlA HUYNH TH! DI^WI PHU'D'C Bii viet tim hieu twang quan giCra viec sw dung facebook & nien TPHCM va ba /og/ hinh von xa hoi: von xa hdi ring budc (bonding social capital), von xa hqi bac ciu (bridging social capital) va von xa hdi dwoc tri (maintained social capital); mqt so chi bao nhan khau - xa hQi cOa ngw&i sw dung facebook va mdt so biiu hi$n cua von xa hdi nhw si/ hii long doi v&i CUQC song, si/ tin cay vao eon ngw&i va vao dinh ehe xa hdi ed lien h$ v&i tirng /op/ hinh von xa hqi cu thi Facebook, mpt mgng xa hpi, vd von xa hpi deu la nhung v i n de mang tinh thai SU- VI vgy, tim hiiu tuong quan giua mgng xa hpi va von xa hpi la mpt chu d i nghien cdu cd the rat huu ich Nam 2004, M Zuckerberg, D Moskovitz vd C Hughes da tgo mgng xd hdi facebook, d i u tien chf ddnh cho sinh vidn dgi hpe Harvard Sau do, nd phdt trien sang cdc trudng dgi hpc khae vd d i n mua thu nam 2005, 2006 lan sang cac trudng trung hpc d My Nam 2008 co 100 tripu ngudi sd dyng vd d i n cuoi ndm 2013, ed khoang 1,23 ty ngudi sd Nguyin Xuin NghTa Tien sT Tru'dng Oai hoc Ma Thdnh phi H6 Chi Mmh Hui^nh Th| Diim Phudc Cu nhan Tru-ang Dgi hpc Md Thdnh phd Hi Chi Mmh dyng mgng xa hpi nay'' Den thang 8/2013, tgi Vipt Nam da cd 19,6 tripu ngudi dung facebook, chiem 21,42% dan sd vd chiim tdi 71,4% ngudi sd dung internet khoang 27,5 trieu ngudi'^' Hien d Viet Nam facebook Id mgng xa hdi dugc nhieu ngudi sd dyng nhat so vdi cac mgng khdc nhu Zing me, chi cd khoang trieu thdnh vien Trudc day tim hiiu facebook, ngudi ta da nghien cdu xem nhdng ngudi su dung da trinh bay nhu t h i nao v i hinh anh cua minh, can tinh cua minh; nhung v i n d i cdng khai va rieng tu; nhdng md hinh truyin thdng qua facebook va cDng khdng it nghien cdu de cap d i n nhung khia cgnh tidu cyc eua facebook Tuy nhien, vdi tu cdch la mang xa hpi, facebook cd lien quan mat thiet vdi vdn NGUYEN XUAN NGHIA HUYNH THj DIEM PHLfO'C - FACEBOOK VA V N X A H O L : xa hdi (social capital) md nhieu tdc gia cho rang Id k i t qua cua cdc mdi quan he xa hdi, cua mgng ludi xd hdi Do dd nghien cuu ndy se tim hiiu mdi quan he giua viec s u dung facebook vdi vdn xa hdi qua mdt sd bieu hien, dgc trung vd Ipgi hinh T O N G QUAN T A I Lieu VS V N X A HQI Trong vai thdp nien g i n day, khdi niem vdn xa hdi dugc nhiiu nha khoa hpc xd hdi nudc ngoai nhu P Bourdieu (1980), Coleman (1988), Putnam (1995, 2000), Fukuyama (2000) de cap nhiiu edng trinh, bdi vidt Ngay d Viet Nam, vdn xd hdi da dugc ban d i n qua cae tac gia nhu Trin Huu Dijng (2003), Trin Huu Quang (2006), Doan Khae Xuyen (2006), Le Minh Tiin (2006, 2007), Bui The Cudng, (2008, dieh), Pham Nhu Hd (2013) thuc the dan gian ma nhieu thuc the khae nhau, vdi hai yeu td chung: tat ca chung deu bao gdm mdt vdi khia cgnh cua k i t c i u xd hdi va chdng tao s y dd dang cho mdt sd hdnh ddng cOa cdc chu thd - cd the Id ed the hay tgp the - ea eau xa hdi" Cd nhiiu tuang ddng vdi Coleman, theo R Putnam (1993, 2000) ndi d i n vdn xa hpi Id quy chiiu d i n "nhung net cua cac td chde xa hdi nhu cde mang ludi, edc chuan muc vd sy tin cay (trust), chung vdn tgo s y dd ddng cho hanh ddng vd hgp tae nham d i n nhung Igi ich hd tuang" (Putnam, 1993, tr 35) Tdm lgi Bourdieu xem von xa hdi la mdt ngudn lyc cua ca nhan thi Coleman vd Putnam xem vdn xa hpi la nhung dac trung gan vdi mpt td ehdc xa hpi, mdt cdng ddng Quan diem cua Ngan hang T h i gidi hay cua td chde Cd hai khuynh hudng d i cap din vdn xa OECD sau cung chiu anh hudng cua hpi P Bourdieu (1980, tr 2) dinh nghTa vdn xa hpi: "Id tap hgp nhung nguon luc Coleman va Putnam (Tran Huu Quang, 2006, Bui The Cudng, 2008) Them vao hien thyc hay kha t h i cd lidn quan den do, Fukuyama (2000) eho rang vdn xa mpt mgng ludi b i n vdng bao gdm cde hdi la mot thdnh td van hda cua xa hpi mdl lidn he quen biet va nhgn hien dgi, dugc dat eg sd tren ly tinh nhau, it nhidu da dugc dinh e h i hda" Ong CLing quan niem "Khdi lugng vdn xa Coleman vd sau eac tac gia nhu Putnam da dua mpt sd chi bao (ddng hdi eua mpt tdc nhan cy thd nao nhu thdi cung Id mdt sd diiu kien de phat vgy phu thupe vao mdc quy md mang tridn vdn xa hdi) d i ludng vdn xa hdi, ludi cdc mdi lidn he md ngudi dd cd the vi nhu s u tin cay, tham gia cac hogt huy ddng dugc thuc td, va vao khdi ddng dan sy, tham gia eac td ehdc xa lugng vdn (kinh te, van hda hay bidu hdi, sy hdi long, hgp tac, cde mgng lydi trung) cua tdng ngudi ma tac nhan cd lien he" (Bourdieu, 1980, tr 2) Nam xa hpi Trong nghien cuu nay, chung toi se tim tuang quan giua mdt sd chi bao 1988, nhd xa hdi hpc My J Coleman vdi vipe s d dyng facebook (1988, tr S98) dua mpt quan didm khdc ve vdn xa hpi, vdi y mudn ndi k i t Vd cac logi hinh eua vdn xa hpi, Putnam hai ddng t u tudng e i u true luan va cd (2000) la ngudi d i u tidn phdn bipt von xa hQi rang buQC (bonding social capital) vd thd luan: "Vdn xa hpi khdng phai la mdt TAP CHi KHOA HOC XA HQI sd (190) 2014 v6n xa hOi bic ciu (bridge social capital), vdn xa hpi rang bupc tdn tai lien kit giua nhung ngudi "gidng tdi" (like me), d nhung ea nhan cd cac mdi quan hp khang khit, keo ddi, gan lien vdi cam xuc mgnh, chang hgn quan hp cua cdc vien thudc cdc nhdm sa cap nhu gia dinh, bgn than Trcng vdn xa hdi bac c i u thudng dua tren nhung mdi lien kit y i u (weak ties), lien kit gida nhung ngudi "khdng gidng tdi" (unlike me) - mpt quan diem cua Granovetter, la nhung mdi quan he cd t h i cung c i p nhung thdng tin huu ich nhung khdng chiem thdi gian, it ndi dung, cudng dp cam xuc thip vd mdc dp tin cgy khdng eao Granovetter da cho thiy sy phong phu, da dgng, mdi me cua thdng tin dya tren nguyen tac phdt tan cua cac quan he yiu, chinh la sdc mgnh, lam gia tang mgng ludi xa hpi cua cac chu the (Granovetter, 1973; Bhuiyan, Evers, 2008, tr 77-78; Le Minh Tiin, 2007) Trong dd, Ellison, nghidn cdu thyc nghipm, da dua them mpt logi vdn xa hpi la von xa hoi dwpfc tri (maintained social capital), dugc hiiu Id ngudi ta su dyng facebook d i tri nhung mdi quan he vdi nhung ngudi thdn cD (nhu bgn hpc thdi trung hpc), nhung ngudi cung song cdc mdi trudng cO trudc ddy (Ellison, 2007) Trong nghien edu ndy, chung ta se tim hiiu su tdn tgi, mdc dd, tam quan trpng cua ba logi hinh von xa hpi neu tren MUC TI^U V A PHU'DNG P H A P Nhu vHy, nghidn cdu ndy bude d i u nhim tim hiiu mdi lien he gida vide su dyng facebook cua nien TPHCM vd vdn xd hdi Qua dd, sd tim hieu tuang quan gida viec su dyng facebook vd mpt sd chi bao eua vdn xa hpi nhu su tin cgy xa hdi, s y hai Idng vdi cudc sdng; tuang quan giua vide su dyng facpbpok vd ede logi hinh vdnxa hdi Khdch t h i eua nghien cdu ndy Id nhung nidn dang su dyng facebook, tu 16 den 35 tudi dang theo hpc tgi cae trudng dgi hpc hoac dang Idm vipc thudc cde ngdnh nghe khae tgi TPHCM, dgi bp phan cd trinh dp hpc v i n sau tu tai vd tuong duang trinh dp dgi hpc Tong so mdu nghien cdu dugc chpn la 300 ngudi Cach chpn mdu kit hgp djnh ngach va tinh cd, phan deu theo tieu ehi dang di hpc va dang di lam; gidi tinh Ridng 150 ban khao sat cho sinh vien dugc phan deu cho trudng dgi hpc tren dja bdn TPHCM, gdm Trudng Dgi hpc Bach Khoa, Trudng Dgi hpc Khoa hpc Xa hdi va Nhan van, Trudng Dai hpc Kien True va Trudng Dgi hpc Kinh t i Cac bien quan vi cic thang ' Vipc su dyng facebook dugc ludng bing hai bien: 1) Thdi gian sd dyng trung binh mdi (phut); 2) Mpt biin tdng hgp ludng cudng quan hp vdi facebook'^' bao gom cdc bien: a, thdi gian trung binh sd dyng (phut/ngdy); b, sd lugng ban be trdn danh sach facebook; c, "Tdi nhgn thiy minh Id mpt phan cua cac giao tiip tren facebook" (tu 1- rat khdng ddng y d i n 5- rat ddng y); d, "Tdi san sang dung thdi gian cua minh d i tham gia cac hoat dpng chung tren facebook" (tu 1- rit khdng ddng y den 5rat ddng y) - Ve sy hai long cupc song: Sy hdi Idng cupc sdng la mpt cac chi bao de ludng vdn xd hpi Chi bdo ndy NGUYEN XUAN NGHIA, HUYNH T H | DIEM PHU'QC - FACEBOOK VA V N XM^Ol^ va cde chf sd khdc cua chat lugng cudc sdng phan dnh mpt ddnh gia tdng hgp v i mdi trudng xung quanh Id tich cyc hay tieu cyc Thdng thudng, cdc nha nghien edu danh gid sy hdi Idng v i cudc sdng vdi nhdn thdc ehu quan v i hgnh phDc hogc thoa man ed nhdn Cde nghidn cuu thda nhdn rang cdc ca nhan vdi mdc dp eao ve s u hai Idng va hgnh phuc cudc sdng ed nhieu kha nang de tin tudng ngudi khae vd nd lyc tham gia vdo hogt ddng tap t h i han Id nhung ea nhan khdng hdi Idng (Putnam, 2000) De tiin hdnh ludng mue dp hai Idng cudc song eua nhdng ngudi s u dyng facebook, chung tdi su dung thang Likert vdi muc dp td (rit khdng ddng y) d i n (hodn todn ddng y), vdi cac nhgn djnh sau day: 1) Nhin chung, tdi hdi Idng vdi ban than minh; 2) Nai tdi dang sdng r i t ly tudng ddi vdi tdi; 3) Cae dieu kipn sdng noi tdi dang sdng rat tdt; 4) Tdi hai Idng vdi cupc sdng d TPHCM; 5) Tdi da lam dugc nhdng didu quan trpng ma tdi muon Idm tgi TPHCM Vd su tin cay ngudi va xa hdi, chung tdi da thao tac hda qua cac biin sau: Tin cay ngw&l gdm cdc biin v i s u tin eay ddi vdi: 1) "Nhdng ngudi gia dinh, ddng ho"; 2) "Bgn be, nhung ngudi quen biet ngoai thuc t i " ; 3) "Ban be, nhdng ngudi quen tren facebook, mang xa hpi"; 4) "Nhdng ngudi mdi gap lin dau ngodi thuc t i " ; 5) "Nhung ngudi mdi gap lan dau tren facebook"; 6) "Nhung ngudi thupe tdn gido khdc"; 7) "Nhdng ngudi thudc qudc tich khdc" (thang Likert vdi mde dp: 1- hoan todn khdng tin tudng; 5- hoan toan tin tudng) - Tin cay vio djnh chi va cac td ehdc xa hpi, bao gdm cdc biin: v i s y tin cay ddi vdi: 1) "Cdc phuang tipn truyen thdng dgi Chung"; 2) "Qudn ddi"; 3) "Cdng dodn"; 4) 'To ehuc cua tdn gido, tin ngudng"; 5) "Canh sat"; 6) "Chinh phu"; 7) "Doan the quin Chung"; 8) "Qudc hdi"; 9) "Cdng ty, xi nghiep"; 10) "Td chue bao ve moi trudng"; 11) "Hdi Lien hiep Thanh nien"; 12) Hdi Phu nu"; 13) "Td chde thien nguyen" (Thang do: 1- hodn todn khdng tin tudng; 3- hoan toan tin tudng) K^T QUA NGHIEN CU'U 3.1 Mdt sd thdng tin ve m i u nghien cdu Mdu nghien cuu c6 mdt sd dgc diem sau: - Ve gidi tinh, nam chiem 49,7% (n= 149), nu51,3%(n= 151) - Thanh nien dang hpc dgi hpc: 50% (n= 150), dang di lam: 50% (n= 150) - Thanh nien sinh thgp nien 1980 (8X): 35% (n= 105); thdp nidn 1990 (9X):65%(n=195) - Thdi gian trung binh tren internet va facebook (phut/ngdy): 75 phut'''' - Sd ban (friends) trung binh tren facebcok khoang: 210 ngudi - Sd bgn than tren facebook: 14 ngudi Thanh phin ban tren facebook cua ngudi sd dung: 37% thupe trudng dgi hpc, 30% ban trung hpc c i p 3, 11%> thupe nhdm ban than, 7% Id ddng nghiep, ehi 2,5% thupe gia dinh ho hang - odi tugng tuang tdc tren facebook: 31% thudc ban than, 28%, ban trudng dgi hpc, 22% vdi bgn c i p 3, 8% vdi ddng nghiep, 3% vdi gia dinh 3.2 Facebook va s u tin cdy xa hpi (social trust) TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HQl so (190) 2014 3.2.1 Long tin vd mgng xa hdi Ldng tin xa hdi Id mpt nhung thdnh td quan trpng tgo nen vdn xa hdi, bdi vi mpi sy hgp tac, mpi sy giao tiip giua ngudi vdi ngudi chi cd dugc mpi ngudi deu tin cay vdo nhau, tdc mpi sy hgp tae d i u dgt tren co sd eua ldng tin Neu khdng the tin cay vdo thi khdng cd hgp tac va khd ndi den su phdt then cua xd hpi duge Du the nao thi viec tgo dyng long tin can cdng ddng mgng xa hpi ao hoan todn khdng d l Cudc sdng thuc eho phep kiim tra tinh xdc thyc cua thdng tin ca nhdn va neu mdt dd cd dau hipu vi phgm cdc chuin myc thi ngudi se nhgn dugc hinh phgt td cpng ddng, nhp nhat la sy chd bai va ngng ne nhit Id bj t i y chay Trong mgng xa hpi do, khdng phai mpi mdi quan he xa hdi se di den mdt cupc gap mat ngoai ddi, do khdng d i dang kiim tra dp tin cay thdng tin cd nhan cua Va neu mdt dd bj cdng ddng mgng tiy chay vi quan diim, tu tudng khdng phu hgp thi chi vipc tu bd avatar dd, xdy dyng mot avatar mdi vdi thdng tin ca nhan mdi Noi cdch khdc, cupc sdng thuc, mpt ngudi chi ed mpt avatar nhung mgng xa hdi, ddc biet la facebook, mpt ngudi ed the cd rat nhieu avatar theo nhu cau ca nhan Trong ddi sdng thuc te, xay dyng dugc Idng tin td nhung ngudi xung quanh doi vdi chinh minh khdng phai la edng vide de dang Dieu dd cang khd hon ngudl tiip xuc vdi tren mgng ao, chi truyen thdng tin cho qua trang web, qua mang xa hpi Lam the ndo de cpng ddng mgng tin tudng nhdng dieu dugc ddng tai tren facebook la su that? Tat ca nhdng npi dung (bao gdm nhat ky, tin nhan, thdng tin ca nhan ) cua ngudi su dyng facebook se dugc cpng ddng mang Bang 1: Ma tran phan tich nhan to ve mu'C dp tin cgy vao theo ddi va din din dinh ngudi cua cac doi tu'ang s i i dung facebook hinh, gdn nhan cho chu Nhan 16 Nhan dmh tin cay vao nguai cua nhung doi lupng su dung facebook nhan cua thdng tin mpt vai dgc diem tinh NhOng ngu'di mai gap lan dau ngoai thuc te 817 -.150 each nao do, nhung su Nhung ngudi mai gap i l n dau tren facebook 816 -.003 danh gid dd cd t h i Nhung nguai thuoc ton giao kfrac 748 063 khdng khdch quan ma Nhung ngudi thupe quoc tich khae 043 734 lgi theo each ngudi sd Ban be, ngudi quen tren facebook 520 358 dyng muon ngudi khdc Ban be, ngudi quen biet ngoai thuc le 837 159 nghT v i minh Ben cgnh Nfiung ngudi gia dinh, ddng ho -.158 792 do, cdn ed nhdng ldi % pfiuang sai blnh lugn eua mot vdi 39,566 20.961 ngudi bgn xung quanh Nguon: Nguyen Xuan NghTa, Huynh Thj Diem Phu'dc Ket qua cQng ed sdc lan tda it khao sat thang 3/2013 tai TPHCM nhiiu, nhung khd kiem Ghi chu Phu'ang phap xoay nguyen goc cdc nhan to Vanmax chung, den todn the procedure, Chi so KMO= 0.681 cho thay co y nghTa, phan tich nhdn to la thich hp'p cOng ddng facebook NGUY£N XUAN NGHTA, HUYNH TH[ D|£M PHLTO'C - FACEBOOK VA V O N XA HQI 3.2.2 Facebook vd su tin cay vdo ngudi, djnh c h i vd td chde xa hpi Trpng phin ndy, ehung ta de cap den mdi quan hp giua viec sd dyng facebook vd sy tin cgy xd hdi (social trust) De tim hieu v i n de chung tdi su dyng them hai bien dpc lap: 1) Bien vd thdi gian trung binh su dyng facebook/ngay va bien ve "Cudng dp quan hp vdi facebook" Vd sy tin cay ngudi vd xa hpi, chung tdi da su dung hai thang vd "tin cgy ngudi" va "tin cdy djnh chi" dd dugc trinh bay muc d tren • Tin cay vao ngw&i ChDng tdi tien hanh thu phdn tich nhdn td ve thang "tin cay ngudi" (xem Bang 1) Ta tam dgt ten: Nhan td 1: Tin cay vdo nhdng ngudi it quen biit; Nhan td 2: Tin cay vao nhdng ngudi da quen biit, g i n gDi Kit qua cho thay ea nhan td giai thich dugc 60.5%) phuang sai Cronbach alpha'^' cdc bien nhan to 1: 0.780; Cronbach alpha cdc biin nhan td 2: 0.556 giua biin "cudng dp quan hp vdi facebook" va mdc dd "tin cay vac nhung ngudi it quen biit": r= 0.139, p= 0.016 • Tin cay vdo djnh ehe xa hdi Vdn xa hdi dugc dung d l chi nhdng mdi day lien k i t giua eon ngudi vdi mdt edng ddng hay mpt xa hpi Nhung mdl ddy lien k i t chju sy chi phdi quyit djnh cua ede chuin muc va ede djnh c h i dang tdn tgi cdng ddng hay xd hdi ay Do ludng vdn xd hOi Id ludng niim tin eua cd nhan vdo sy cdng bang ddi sdng xa hdi, niim tin vdo ngudi khdc va cac dinh c h i xa hdi Trong phin ndy, chung tdi tien hdnh kiem djnh thdng ke qua cac bien tin cay v i cac djnh c h i , cdc td ehuc xd hdi (xem Bang 3) Trcng bang khao sdt cua ehung tdi (myc 2) ed 13 djnh che dugc danh gia v i muc dp tin cay, nhien d ddy chi dua nhung djnh chd cd diim ddnh gid sutin tudng d nhdm cao nhat vd thip nhat Nhung ngudi s u dung facebook cd mdc dp tin tudng cao nhat ddi vdi cae td ehdc thipn nguyen (2.36) Cae djnh c h i nhu qudc hdi; chinh phu; cdc td chue tin ngudng, tdn giao cd diim trung binh diu Kiem djnh vdi mpt sd phan to (xem Bang 2), chung tdi thay cd tuang quan gida thdi gian trung binh su Bang 2: Tuong quan giua nhan t i tin cay ngudi vd thai dung facebook mdi gian trung binh sii dung facebook vdi nhan td "tin cay vao nhung ngudi it quen Tin cay vao nhu'ng Tin cay vao nhung ngudi ngu'O'i it quen biet da quen biet, gan gui biet" Didu ggi cho Thai gian H e s o R 0.162 -0.055 chung ta nhdn djnh trung binh (Pearson) mang xa hdi la phuang sii dung 0.005 Sig 0.339 facebook each phat triin vdn xa 300 N 300 hgi bang nhdng mdi lien Diem trung binh la diem cong don theo danh gid cua cac doi he yeu tugng SLP dung facebook Nhan dinh tren cDng dung tim tuang quan Nguon: Nguyen Xuan NghTa, Huynh Thj Diem P h u o c K i t qua khao sat thang 3/2013 tai TPHCM TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HQl sd (190) 2014 la 2.32 diem Ddnh gid cua ngudi su dyng facebook ddi vdi djnh ehi cdc phuang tipn thdng tin dgi chDng cd diem thip nhat la 1.92 diim De tim hiiu sy phdn logi vd nhung mdc dp tin cay vdo edc djnh c h i xa hdi cua ngudi su dung facebook bj chi phdi bdi nhung yeu td ndo, bdi viit tien hdnh phan tich nhan td thang "Tin cgy ddi vdi i^nh ehi xa hdi" (xem Bang 4) Chung ta tgm ddt ten: Nhan td 1: Nhdng djnh ehi, td chde eua chinh quyen; Nhan td 2: Nhdng t^nh c h i ngodi chinh quyen Kit qua cho thay ca nhan td giai thich dugc 56,5% phuang sal Cronbach alpha cua cac biin nhan td 1: a= 0.905; nhant6 2: a= 0.529 Oe tim hiiu nhung khdc bipt nhgn djnh cua nhung ddi tugng su dyng facebook vdi sy tin cgy vdo cde (^nh c h i xa hpi, chung tdi tien hdnh sc sanh tren mdt sd phan td sau Kiem djnh tugng quan hai nhdn td tren vdi cdc biin nhdn khiu xa hpi, cho ta thiy khdng cd sy khdc bipt cd y nghTa thdng ke giua biin gidi tinh vd mdc dp "tin tudng vdo nhdng djnh chi ngodi chinh quyen" (trung binh cua nam: 19.5; nu 20.3; gia tri t: -1.7, p= 0.077.) Tuy nhien, nhdng ngudi tre, sinh thgp nien 1990 (9X) cd mdc dp tin cgy vao cac djnh che eua chinh quyin cao han t h i hp cua thgp nien 1980 (8X) (trung binh eua 9X: 20.37, 8X: 19.09; gid tri t= 2.5, p= 0.01) Cung vgy, nhung ngudi edn di hpc cd mde dp tin cgy vdo edc djnh Bang 3: Mdc dd tin cay vao cac djnh c h i xd hpi qua nhgn djnh cua nhung ngudi sd dyng facebook Cac djnh che xa hpi Trung binh To chiic thi$n nguyen 2.36 Quoc hpi 2.32 Chinh Phu 2.32 Cac to chiic tin ngudng, t6n gido 2.32 Hpi Hen hiep nign 2.30 To chde bao ve moi tru-ang 2.30 Cong ty, xi nghiep 2.07 Phirang tien thong tin dai chung 1.92 1- hoan toan khong tin tudng; 3- hoan toan tin tu'ang Nguon: Nguyin Xuan NghTa, Huynh Thj Diem Phu'dc Ket qua khao sat thdng 3/2013 tgi TPHCM Bang 4: Ma tran phan tich nhan to ve tin cgy vao cac djnh che xa hpi cua ngu'di s i i dyng facebook Tin cay vao cac dinh che xa hpi Nhan l6 Canh sat 855 -.013 Quan dpi 845 -.056 Chinh phu 826 086 Quoc hpi 775 185 Cpng dpan 719 121 Hpi lien hiep nien 718 392 Hpi phy nu 698 364 Cac phuang tien TTDC ,651 -.165 Doan the quan chung 521 ,299 To ehuc thien nguyen -.024 802 To ehuc bao ve moi truang 496 639 Cdng ly, xi nghiep 320 536 Cae to ehuc ton giao, lin ngudng -.268 428 44.112 12.402 % Phuang sai Ngudn: N g u y i n Xuan NghTa, Huynh Thj Diem Phudc Ket qua khao sat thang 3/2013 tai TPHCM Ghi chu Phuang phap xoay nguyen g6c cdc nhan to Vanmax procedure; Chi so KMQ= 0.877 cho thay c6 y nghTa phan tich nhan to la tot va thich hgp NGUYEN XUAN NGHIA, HUYNH THI DIEM PHUdC - FACEBOOKVA VON XA HQI Chi eua ehinh quyen eao hpn nhyng 18.75; gia trj t= 5.15, p= 0.000) Vdi kinh ngypi da di lam (trung binh eua nhyng nghigm eua cgge ddi, eon ngydi se ed ngydi di hpc: 21.1, nhu-ng ngydi di lam: nh&ng cam nghiem thyc t l hPn Bang 5: Ma tran phan tich nhan to nhu'ng nhan dinh d l ludng v6n xa hpi cua nien vigc sir dung facebook Nhan to Nhan dinh cua ngudi s u dung ddi vdi facebook 822 022 120 793 -.072 049 Tuang tae vdi nhung ngudi tren facebook giup ldi lam nhieu viec lpi dep han .766 182 177 Tpi sSn sang diing thdi gian cua minh de tham gia eae hoat deng ehung Iren faeebpok 665 284 ,063 Facebpok giup tdi tuang lac vdi nhieu ban be mdi 613 297 028 Tdi ep the d l dang lim vipc lam hoac nai thuc tap nhd s u giup d d cua ban be cu 186 829 125 Tdl cd I h l d l dang lim dupe ban be eu eung ldi tham gia nhung hpat ddng Ihuc t l 275 743 003 Tdl CO the tham vieng va d lai nha ngudi quen, ban be eu tren facebppk khr ldi di du lieh -.064 727 192 Tdi ed I h l tim duac viee lam t i t nha ban be cu 237 494 475 Toi CO the nhan dupc Idi khuyen l u ngudi than, ban be phai CO nhung q u y l l dmh quan trpng 158 160 787 Tdi cd the muan mdl s l t i i n kha Idn gap khd khan -.197 257 706 Toi cam thay thich thu vdi nh&ng gi dang d i i n tren facebook Tdi thay minh la mpf ph§n eua eae giap liep tren facebook Cd vai ngudi ldi rat lin tudng giup ldi giai q u y l l nhung van d l kho khan % phuang sai 355 -.090 674 33.983 15.891 10 886 Nguon: Nguyin Xuan NghTa, Huynh Thi Diem Phudc Ket qua khao sat thang 3/2013 tai TPHCM Ghi chu- Phuang phap xoay nguyen goc cac nhan to Vanmax procedure; Chi so KMQ= 0.806 cho thay CO y nghTa phan tich nhan to tot thich hgp Kef qua cho thay ca nhan to giai thich 6u(?c % phuang sai Bang 6: Ty le % cac loai hinh vdn xa hoi cua n g u d i s d dung facebook Cac loai hinh v i n xa hdi N % 215 71.7% Nhdm - Duy tri vpn xa hdi 19 6.3.0% Nhdm - V6n xa hpi rang bude 66 22% Nhdm - Von xa hpi b I c c l u Ngudn: Nguyen Xuan NghTa, Huynh Thi Diem Phudc Ket qua khap sat thang 3/2013 tai TPHCM TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HQl so (19Q) 2014 3.3 Su hdi Idng va vdn xa hdi Nhu da ndi d tren, su hdi Idng cudc sdng la mdt cdc chi bao de ludng vdn xd hpi Sy hai Idng la mpt chi sd tdng hgp, bac gdm nhung nhgn thuc chu quan ve cd nhdn minh va mdi trudng xung quanh Putnam (2000) thda nhdn nhung ngudi cd muc dp hdi Idng cao cd nhieu kha nang tin cgy vao ngudi khae vd tham gia nhiiu hoat ddng tap t h i han Thang v i chi sd hdi Idng cude sdng da neu myc 2, co Cronbach Alpha = 0.780 Kiim djnh vdi cac bien nhan khiu - xd hpi cho thiy, nam gidi cd chf sd hai Idng cao han nu gidi (trung binh cua nam: 16.00, nu 14.7; gid tri t 2.89, p= 0.007); the hp 8x (da sd cd cdng an vipc Idm) cd chi sd hdi Idng cao han thi hp 9X (trung blnh cua 8X 16.36, 9X 14.81; t: 3.0, p= 0.002); nhdng ngudi dang di hpc vd Id thupe kinh t i vao gia dinh, cd Id lo au ve nghi nghiep tuong lai va it hai Idng han so vdi ngudi da di lam (trung blnh cua sinh vien: 14.57; di lam: 16.13; gid tri t: 3.26, p= 0.001) Chi sd hdi Idng cd tuong quan vdi thdi gian trung binh sd dung facebook mii ngay, cung nhu vdi mgng ludi bgn than tren facebook Ngudi cang cd chi sd hdi Idng trung blnh cang cao thi thdi gian trung binh Idn facebook cang nhieu (r 0.121, p= 0.036) vd mgng ludi bgn than cdng nhiiu ngudi hon (r= 0.238, p= 0.000) Vd facebook, mpt logi mgng ludi xa hpi, dd tgo diiu kipn hinh nhung td chde ddn sy, the hipn cd tuong quan giua su hai Idng va su tin tudng vao nhung djnh ehi ngoai chinh quyen (r= 0.216; p= 0.000) Cudi cung sy hdi Idng cudc sdng cd anh hudng rat Idn ddi vdi sy hinh thdnh cae logi hinh vdn se trinh bay sau day 3.4 Facebook va cae logi hinh vdn (xem Bang 5) Ta dgt tdn cac nhan td: Nhan td 1: Vdn xa hpi bat c i u (nhung mdi quan he Idng leo, bgn mdi) cd Cronbach Alpha: a= 0.816; Nhdn td 2: Duy tri vdn xa hdi (nhdng mdi quan he vdi bgn cu) ed a= 0.741; Nhan td 3: Vdn xa hdi rdng bupc (quan he manh, c6 t h i giup dd gap khd khan: gia dinh, bgn than thiet ) cd 0=0.671 Tiin hanh phan tich cym (cluster) tren ba nhan td cac loai hinh von xa hpi (xem Bang 6) chung tdi thiy hon 70% nien sd dung facebook thudc logi hinh von xa hpi bac cau Hp su dyng mgng xa hpi ndy de phat trien cac moi quan hp xa hpi, cho du cdc moi quan hp khdng sau sac; 22% nien sd dyng facebook d i cung cd cac moi lien kit vdi nhdm bgn than thiit, vdi cdc thdnh vien gia dinh; han 6% nien su dung facebook nham tri mdi quan hp vdi nhung ban be cu, dgc bipt Id bgn be thdi trung hpc Trong cac y i u td tac dpng din cac logi hinh nay, y i u td hai Idng vdi cupc song giu vai trd quan trpng d ca ba logi hinh vdn neu tren Dac bipt, vdi loai hinh vdn xa hdi bde cdu, phan tich hdi quy bpi cho thiy md hinh (Bang 7) cd y nghTa (F= 39.979; p= 0.000) va vdi he sd ^ dieu chinh = 0.343 (giai thich 30% phuang sai) Trong md hinh nay, yeu td hai long ddi vdi cudc song cd t i m quan trpng nhit (Beta: 0.394, t= 8.075, p= 0.000), ke NGUYEN XUAN NGHiA, HUYNH THI D|£M PHUOC - FACEBOOK VA VON XA HQI Bang 7: H6i quy cae biin tien doan vdn xa hpi bic d u Cac bien ddc igp He so khdng ehuan hda He sd chuan hoa Gi4 tri t Ml>e y nghTa 000 B Dp lech chuan Beta Hai Idng 333 047 394 8.075 Tin cay eon ngudi 214 063 173 3.600 000 Thdi gian sCr dung (phut/ngay) 009 003 191 4.020 000 Tin eay dinh ehe dan s u 422 141 187 3.832 000 Ghi chu' Do khdng gian gidi han chung tdi chi dua md hinh cd nhilu bien dpe Igp nhai lien dpan bien phu thupe la von xa hpi bac cau Ngudn: Nguyin Xuan NghTa, Huynh Thi Diim Phudc Kit qua khao sat thang 3/2013 tai TPHCM den sy tin eay vao ngydi (Beta: 0.173, t= 3.600, p= 0.000), thdi gian siJdung (phut/ngay) (Beta: 0.191, t= 4.020, p= 0.000), va cuoi cung tin cay vao djnh ehe dan sy (ngoai chinh quyin) (Beta: 0.187, t= 3.832, p= 0.000) (Xem Bang 7) Vdi cac loai hinh von xa hgi rang bugc va v i n xa hgi dype tri, chung ta da tiin hanh phan tieh hci qgy, nhyng khong the tilp tyc vi R^ dieu chinh nhd hpn 0.10 DP dd, ehi trnh cac tygng quan giya hai bien Kit qua eho thiy von xa hgi rang bude CO typng quan vdi sy hai Idng cugc sdng (r= 0.242, p= 0.000), vdi so lupng ban than nhlt (r= 0.137, p0.000) va vdi sy tin cay vao cac djnh c h i cua chinh quyin (r= 0.104; p= 0.037) Nor Chung, v i n xa hoi rang budc gan vdi cac moi lien kit mgnh, trgyen thong va chinh thu'c, nen cd typng quan vdi sy tin cay vao eac djnh che cua chinh quyin la drIu cd t h i hieu dygc Cudi cung vdn xa hoi dypc tri co typng quan vdi sy hai Idng cupc song (r= 0.272, p= 0.000) va so lupng ban than nhat (r= 0.160, p= 0.003) VAI NHAN XET Cae dD' kien tren eho thay ed tygng quan giya mgt sg net dgc dilm, bilu hien cug vigc sy dgng facebook va cae logi hinh v i n xa hgi Trydc het, cd sy typng quan chat che giCra sy hai Idng d l l vdi cugc sing va viee su" dung facebook Ca ba logj hinh von xg hgi d i g cd typng quan vdi sy hai ldng Chinh sy hai Idng la dieu kipn cho sy tin eay xa hpi, mpt y l u t l khdng the thilu di phat triin v i n xa hpi Sy tin eay xa hgi, co nhu'ng chieu kich khae nhau: tin eay ngydi hay tin cgy vao djnh c h i ; tin cgy ngudi quen hay ngypi it quen; tin eay vap djnh ehi thugc ehinh quyin hay cae djnh c h i dan sy Cac chilg kich khae cDng gan vdi cac logi hinh von xa hdi khae V l cae logi hinh von xa hgi, trydc hit vdi Iggi hinh vgn xa hgi b i c cau, hpn 70% doi tygng khao sat thugc loai hinh nay, nhu'ng ngudi da xem "facebook giup typng tac vdr nhilu bgn be mdi", hg cam thiy thich thu vdi nhyng gi dang xay tren facebeck, thiy dypc ban than minh la mgt phan giao tiep tren facebook Hay ndi each khae, facebook "bic c l u " eho TAP CHl KHQA HOC XA HQl s6 (190) 2014 hp tdi nhung quan hp mdi Facebook da giup hp tgo edc mdi quan he vd tri chung mdt cdch de ddng vdi chi phi rat re Nhiiu nha nghien cdu da gpi day la "nhung lien kit yiu" Logi hinh vdn xa hdi cd tuang quan vdi mde dp tin cdy vdo ngudi ndi chung va tin cay vdo cde dinh che dan sy Day la net cho thiy logi hinh vdn xa hpi cd tinh cdch "md", phi quan phuang Facebook cDng cho phep phat trien cae mdl lien kit tiem nang (latent ties), ed nghTa la nhung lien kit cd san, chi chd dugc kich hogt Vdn xa hdi bic eau Id mpt chieu kich chu yeu cua vdn xd hdi ndi ehung, bdi le so vdi cac logi hinh vdn xd hpi khdc, phan tich hdi quy cho thiy nd cd the giai thich han 31 % phuang sai - t y Ip phan tram cao nhit Loai hinh von xa hpi rang budc xem it huu ich so vdi vdn xa hpi bac cau, nd chi giai thich dudi 10% phuang sai Facebook d i tham gia vd khdng nhit thiet tgo nhung quan hp g i n gui, nhung nd cho phdp cung cd cac mdi quan he mgt thiit da tdn tgi (cd tuang quan vdi sd lugng bgn than) Qua facebook, nhung ngudi thudc loai hinh vdn xa hdi ndy tim dugc nhdng Idi khuydn quan trpng, nhung gidi phdp cho nhdng tinh hudng khd khan gap phai Cudi cung, vdi logi hinh vdn xa hdi duge tri, nhiiu nien da di lam vd sinh vien dang hpe dgi hpc mgc du da thay ddi nai eu tru, vdn thudng xuydn tuang tac tren facebcok vdi cac bgn hpc c i p ba va cdc bgn thdn (40% miu nghien cdu), qua hp cd dugc nhiiu thdng tin, nhieu ngudn luc mdi cd ich cho cupc sdng hipn tgi Nghien cdu cdn nhieu hgn chi, niu cd t h i , cdc nghien cdu sau c i n nghien edu vdn xd hpi cua nhung ngudi khdng su dyng facebook d i cd cai nhin ddi chieu Cung nhu cd the di sau tim hiiu tuang quan giua vdn xa hpi va vipc sd dyng facebook cua nhung nhom nien cy the khde (nhdm hpc sinh trung hpc, nhdm nien tham gia/khdng tham gia cac hogt dpng xa hpi ) va ca cac nhdm xa hpi khdc thupe gidi tinh, nghe nghipp, sd thfch khdc a CHO THICH "'http://www.theguardian com/news/datablog/2014/feb/04/facebook-in-numbers-statistics *^ http://www.tlntuccongnghe.net/news/714-nguoi-dung-internet-tai-viet-nam-su-dung-facebQok.ttcn '^* Y tuang thiet ke bien "Cud'ng dp quan he vai facebook" chung toi chju anh huang bai viet cua Ellison, bai da dan '"' Chung toi chuyen doi tti bien thii bac bien ty so, theo each lam cua Ellison (2007, tr 1149) '^' Cronbach alpha Id mpt h? s6 luang tinh chat che giiia cac muc cua mpt thang Alpha > 0.5 Id tgm chap nhan dugc, 0.7 Id chap nhan dupc, 0.8 la tot 0.9 la tat tot Xin xem Darren George, Paul Mallery, SPSS for Windows, Allyn & Bacon, 1999, tr 279 T A I L i e u TRlCH D A N Bourdieu P 1980 Le Capital Social Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales, Vol Bhuiyan S H & Evers H-D (Bui The Cudng (bien dich) 2008 Vdn xa hgi va phit then bin vOng: cic ly thuyit vi khii ntgm Tap chi Khoa hpc Xa hpi sd 12(124) 26 NGUYEN XUAN NGHIA HUYNH THj D|£M PHU'D'C - FACEBOOK VA VON XA HOI Coleman, J S 1988 Social Capital in Creation of Human Capital American Journal of Sociology, Vol 94, Supplement S95-S120 Doan Khic Xuyen 2006 Vin xa hdi cua Viet Nam nhin td' thirc ti hdm Thdi bao Kinh te Sai Gdn, 6/7/2006 Ellison, N.B., Steinfield, C, Lampe, C 2007 The Benefits of Facebook 'Friends: Social Capital and College Students' Use of Online Social Networt< Sites Journal of ComputerMediated Communication 12, 2007 Fukuyama F 2000 Social Capital and Civil Society IMF, Working Paper 2000/74 Granovetter, M.S 1973 T/ie Strength of Weak Ves American Journal of Sociology 78(6) Le Mrnh Tiin 2007 Vdn xa hoi va ludng vin xa hpi Tap chi Khoa hgc Xa hOi, so Le Minh Tiin 2006 Phan tich mang ludixa hoi Tap chi Khoa hoc Xa hgi, so 10 Pham NhuHo.2013 r/ii} nhin lai vin di Vin xa hoi Tap chi Tia Sing, s l 3&4 11 Putnam, R D., 1993 The Prosperous Community The American Prospect, 4(13) 12 Puttnam R D 2000 Bowling Alone Nev« York: Simon & Schuster 13 Tran Huu Dung 2003 Vin xa hoi va kinh ti Tgp chi Thdi dai, so 14 Tran Huu Quang 2006 7/m hiiu khai niem vin xa hoi Tap chi Khoa hpc Xa hpi, s l (Tiep theo trang 99) CHLP LS VA GIAO DLIC THO'I XLTA Minh Vien Huynh Thuc Khang 1973 Lit hoc khoa cu va lii hoc Ting Nho cd phai la hoc dao Khing Manh khong'' Khing hoc dang Hue Nxb Khai Tri Phan Huy Chu 1960 Ljch tniu hiin chuong loai chi Ha Noi: Nxb Giao due ... http://www.tlntuccongnghe.net/news/714-nguoi-dung-internet-tai-viet-nam-su-dung-facebQok.ttcn ''^* Y tuang thiet ke bien "Cud''ng dp quan he vai facebook" chung toi chju anh huang bai viet cua Ellison, bai... vd thai dung facebook mdi gian trung binh sii dung facebook vdi nhan td "tin cay vao nhung ngudi it quen Tin cay vao nhu''ng Tin cay vao nhung ngudi ngu''O''i it quen biet da quen biet, gan gui biet"... tin cgy vao theo ddi va din din dinh ngudi cua cac doi tu''ang s i i dung facebook hinh, gdn nhan cho chu Nhan 16 Nhan dmh tin cay vao nguai cua nhung doi lupng su dung facebook nhan cua thdng
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