TRIET HOC, SO (277), T H A N G 6-2014 TU ladNG VE GIAI PHONG PHU N O COA SIMONE DE BEAUVOIR VA Y NGHTA COA NO V6L VIEC THUC HIEN BINH OANG GI6I VIET NAM NGUYfiN THI NGA '^ BUI THI TINH "^ Binh ddng gidi vd gidi phong phu nQ Id mgt nhQng muc tiiu Idn cua Bdng vd Nhd niidc Trong bdi viit ndy, tQ viec phdn tich mgt sdtU tUdng cd bdn cua Simone De Beauvoir vi gidi p phu nQ, tdc gid dd chi y nghia cua nhQng tU tUdng dy doi vdi viic thiic hien binh ddng gidi d Nam Tdc gid cho rdng chinh quan diem "hay xem xet ngUdi tU hodn cdnh" dd gdi md cho cugc gidi phong phu nQ trin the gidi cung nhU d nUdc ta ba vdn de: Mgt la di co binh ddng gidi ngiidi cdn xod bo dinh kiin gidi; hai la, dehudng tdi muc tieu binh ddng gidi ngiM khong ch diiu kien kinh te, md cdn cd nhQng thay ddi khac vi cd chixd hdi, quan hi xd hgi; vd ba la, deth hien muc tUu binh ddng gidi, gidi phong phu nQ thi chinh phu nQphdi Id chu the co trdch nhiem nhdn, tich cUc ddu tranh cho sii ton tgi cua minh Thiic te cho thay, den nay, cdng cudc giai phdng va nang cao quyen ldi, vi the eua phu nfl tren khap the gidi da cd nhieu tien bd Cac thuyet nfl quyen ddi da trang bi vu ly luan dau tranh cho phu nfl va dat dUdc nhflng budc tien nha't dinh Mot nhflng thuyet nfl quyen cd anh hudng rdng rai, tao sii chuyen bie'n manh me phong trao phu nfl the ky XX la thuyet nfl quyen cua Simone De Beauvoir (1908 1986) nha van, nha triet hoc, nha nfl quyen Phap Tren lap trUdng triet hoc hien sinh, de cao tU tudng cua C.Mac ve gidi, tU sii phe phan cac quan diem gidi lich sd, Beauvoir chi ring, sU phdn biet gidi khdng phdi Id tiin dinh, cdng Li,-„ L ' - j ->'j>.'-777 ,, khong phai yeu to sinh hgc hay tinh 36 due nhU ngUdi ta da tUng ndi, ma la hien tUdng mang tinh xa hdi dUdc huyen thoai hda, dUde xa hoi, lich sd tri va ap dat sud't chieu dai lich sd Bdi vay, theo Beauvoir, giai phdng phu nfl la c i n xoa bd dinh kien cua lich sd, thao dd nhflng tU tu6ng khdng dung cua cac huyen thoai ve phu nfl Ndi dung dd g i n chat che, song hanh vdi cuoc each mang ma ba goi la "cudc cdch mgng gidi" Cudc each mang gidi dUdc thiic hien tren lap trUdng triet hoc hien sinh r i n g : "NgUdi ta sinh khdng phdi Id phu na md trd thdnh phu nz?' Bdi khdng cd hoan canh dinh sin, ma "moi sii deu cd the neu phu nfl biet (*) P^° 8^^° sit, tien si, Pho Vien tracing Vien Triet hoc Hoc vien Chfnh tri Quoc gia Ho Chf Minh (**) Tie^ si, Khoa Triet hoc, Dai hoc SM pham Ha Noi NGUYEN THI NGA, BUI THI TINH nam tay sd' menh cua minh" Theo Beauvoir, de tao sU binh dang thi khdng khac, chinh phu nfl phai giUdng cao ngon cd tii do, de cao tinh chu the va tu VUdt len chinh minh chd khdng phai trdng chd vao sii giai phdng tu ben ngoai Beauvoir yeu c i u phu nfl tu y thUc ve minh, vUdt len cai tdi thUdng nhat de dUdc tU va tii k h i n g dinh nhan vi Con dUdng giai phdng phu nfl ma Beauvoir dUa hUdng vao viec phat huy tinh doc lap, tii chu cua ngUdi phu nfl, thdi thdc ho tii pha'n da'u vUdn len Phu nfl phai ludn tii chiu trach nhiem ve ban than minh, cudc ddi minh; khdng sd'ng thUa, sd'ng phi, sd'ng nhu cay cd hay chi la vat mua vui cho dan dng Vdi quan diem chu dao khdng hi cd bdn chdt phu na, cang khdng cd "tinh nfl vinh hing", Beauvoir khang dinh: Khdng the dung mot nen dao ly chung chung de xem xet ngudi phu nfl Van de phu nfl cung khdng phai d cai ten hay d quan niem, bdi ne'u cd mdt phu na cu the, tac Id phdi cd mdt hodn cdnh phu na Beauvoir yeu c i u moi ngUdi hay gidi thich phu na bang hodn cdnh cua hg, cha khdng gidi thich hodn cdnh cua hg bdng tinh chdt cua hg Ba nhan manh, de giai thich ban cha't thi cin "vien d i n hoan canh" chU khdng phai di t u mot ban cha't huyen bi Bdi, gifla phu nfl va nam gidi ludn cd mot sii tUdng phan so sanh: "NgUdi ta khdng bao gid cd the tao cdng b i n g ldng sU bat cdng Mot nha cai tri thudc dia khdng bao gid cU xd td't vdi ngUdi ban vay Giai phap nhat la dUng lam dan thudc dia, dUng lam tudng Song ngUdi dan dng khdng the ngan can minh khdng trd dan dng Ho la thu pham ba't die di va thiic hien viec ap bUc b i n g chinh tdi ldi dd, tdi ldi ma ho khdng tii minh pham phai va nhU vay, phai chang ho la nan nhan, ba't cha'p ho the'nao"(l), Theo Beauvoir, chinh sU dd'i choi dd da tao nen cai phi ly cua viec liia chon Dan dng ludn lUa chon ve minh va chiu trach nhiem trUdc moi sii va trUdc ta't ca moi ngUdi Vay, phu nfl cd the liia chon mot each xac thiic moi hoan canh chang? Tra ldi cau hdi nay, Gidi thU hai, Beauvoir da chi vai trd cua yeu td' van hoa, giao due va hoan canh dd'i vdi than phan phu nfl Can cd vao hoan canh cu the cua mdi ngUdi, Beauvoir bac bd cac quyen trUu tUdng va yeu ciu phu nfl phai dUdc binh dang; ddng thdi, ba cung phan dd'i chu nghia cai lUdng mud'n thay the cdng ly b i n g sU binh ding, nghia la, bao dam cho phu nfl viec lam va quyen liia chon, nhUng lai giam gifl ho bd'n bUc tudng cua gia dinh Theo ba, neu chi thay ddi hoan canh kinh te thi se khdng du de lam thay ddi than phan phu nfl \ ^ the, xa hoi phai thiet lap mot nen luan ly mdi va loai bd tU tudng ve nhflng huyen thoai ma dan dng va xa hoi da diing nen Chi nhU the, phu nfl mdi cd nhieu cd hoi lUa chon Tu tudng bao ham y nghia ve "each " ~~~~~ ft.iiwx & & & xU, t u d n g ddi vdi b i n h l i n h c u n g n h U ^^ S.D.Beauvoir Le deuxieme sexe (gidi thii hai), t.2 Nxb Gallimaixi, Paris, tr.642 - 643 ' ~ ! ^ , , , , , , 37 TUTUONG VE GIAI PHONG PHU NU! mang thudng triic", bdi moi thai chan chinh ve luan ly deu ddi hdi phai dUde ap dung va lam di lam lai khdng ngUng Ndi each khac, se khdng cd mot luan ly vinh viln cd the ap dung moi trUdng hdp, moi hoan canh, ma ngUdi ludn phai sang tao va dd'i mdi khdng ngUng Vi the, khdng nen hieu van de gidi chi bing "sii khac nhau'' hay sii khdng ddng nha't, ma cin phai hieu va'n de ca sii gid'ng nhau: "La mot ngUdi, dd la dieu vd cung quan trong ta't ca nhflng sii khac biet dac trUng cua ngUdi Trong ca hai gidi cung cd the xac va tinh t h i n , sii dd'i lap gifla sii hflu ban va sieu viet, ca hai deu bi thdi gian gam nham, hi cai chet rinh rap, gidi nao cung cd mot nhu ciu cd ban dd'i vdi gidi kia"(2) Tu tudng dUde coi la mot chan ly lam cd sd cho moi sii luan chdng ve md'i quan he gifla nam va nfl Tuy hai gidi cd khac biet ve the chat, tri tue , nhUng ho deu la nhflng ngUdi va nhU vay, cin phai dUdc ddi xd binh dang nhU Dd la sii binh ding sU khac biet, sii thdng nha't tinh da dang Mac du vay, tren tinh t h i n hien sinh, vdi thai khach quan, Beauvoir cung khing dinh ring, de giai phdng minh, bdn thdn phu na phdi thiic hien sU tu De dUde tU tron ven, ngUdi phu nfl ludn phai cd trach nhiem vdi ban than minh TrUdc het, phu nfl phai cd trach nhiem vdi chinh minh, tU giai Tinh chu the la sii bieu hien cua ngUdi hien sinh ludn lam chu ban than Trong moi hoan canh, ngUdi phu nii phai hoan toan chiu trach nhiem ve cai "hien la" ma khdng dUdc thd d hay thoai thac trach nhiem cua minh cho ke khac Ndi nhU Sartre, "bUde d i u tien cua chu nghia hien sinh la lam de ngUdi lam chu dUdc minh hien la va b i t ngUdi hoan toan chiu trach nhiem ve cudc ddi minh"(3) va "mdi ngUdi phai til chiu trach nhiem ve minh trUdc moi sii" Tha'm n h u i n tU tudng nay, Beauvoir cho ring, du phai dat md'i quan he vdi tha nhan dan dng, nhUng phu nfl ludn phai cd y thdc vUdn len de khang dinh ban s i c cua minh "Du cho hanh phuc cua mot ngUdi se la cai gi di nfla thi cung khdng phai ngUdi khac quye't dinh va ap dat td ben ngoai Cai thien cua nhflng tha nhan la "muc dich tuyet dd'i"(4) Ban than ngUdi phu nfl phai tii minh y thdc dUdc dieu Ho phai tU vUdt qua than phan cua minh thi ho mdi cd dUdc vi the ngang hang vdi nam gidi Lam dUdc dieu dd, ngUdi phu nfl hien sinh hoc Id "cai tdi" doc dao cua rieng minh NhU vay, de da'u tranh giai phdng minh thi nhiem vu cua phu nfl khdng ddn gian chi la xoa bd dia vi ap bde cua nam gidi, cung khdng phai la dau tranh ddi quyen liic t d dan dng, ma ban than ho phai tU vUdn len quan he vdi p h d n g , t u quye't d i n h t i i c u a m i n h rv-' -» i- ^ j _ , i ^ J \ *^ *>v'V , D e d a t dUdc t u t u y e t doi, ngUdi phui nfl p h a i k h a n g d i n h dUdC t i n h c h u t h e cua ban than ' ' (2) S.D.Beauvoir Sdd., tr.648 (3) J.P.Sartre Hien sinh mot nhdn bdn thuyet Nxb The'^U, Sai G6n,1968, tr.20 • (4) S.D.Beauvoir Pour une morale de I'ambiguite (Vi mot nin luan ly ciia sil ham h6) Nxb Galhmard, Pans, 1947, tr.l42 38 NGUYEN THI NGA, BUI THI TINH tha nhan, khdng phu thudc vao dan dng vdi ba't cd dieu kien hay quy t i c nao Vdi nhflng lap luan sic tren day, y tudng hien sinh cua Beauvoir cang sang td Ba da cUdng quye't dau tranh cho mot the gidi khdng cd gi dUdc dinh sin, cung khdng cd y nghia s i n cd, cang khdng cd tinh na vinh hdng Cudc dau tranh nhU vay the hien niem vui cua ngUdi dUdc "boc Id" ban the Vdi nhflng y tudng doc dao tren, luan ly hien sinh cua Beauvoir dUdc thUa nhan la tien than, md dUdng cho phong trao nfl quyen hien dai Luan ly cua ba diia tren sii phan tich ve tinh tam thdi cua ngUdi va md'i quan he gifla nhflng ngUdi khac biet nhflng hoan canh ca n h a n khac Chinh viec Beauvoir xem xet ngUdi td hoan canh da gdi md nhflng va'n de, nhflng diem hdp ly, tich ciic c i n bd sung cho cdng cuoc giai phdng phu nfl d nUdc ta Mdt Id, de cd binh d i n g gidi, ngUdi c i n xda bd dinh kien gidi De lam dUdc dieu nay, trUdc het, phu nfl phai dUdc vUdt len thdng qua nhflng dii phdng rieng cua minh, bd qua cac dinh kien mang tinh huyen thoai cung nhU sU ap dat vd cd tU lich sd Thiic te cho tha'y, dinh kien gidi phd bie'n khdng chi d gidi nam, ma ca d gidi nfl Dd cung la nguyen nhan d i n de'n sii b i t binh d i n g d ca phu nfl l i n nam gidi Mot nghien cUu cho biet, yeu ciu sinh vien md ta nhflng net tinh each, nhflng dac diem cua nam gidi va cua nfl gidi (ndi chung), thi tU cua sinh vien thudng dap theo khudn m i u gidi dang cd ve nam hay nfl Sinh vien cho ring, nam gidi cd dac tnfng la manh me, quye't doan, lanh dao, tii chu, it ndi, thao vat, linh boat v.v Cdn nfl gidi cd tinh nhe nhang, chung thuy, ling nghe, nhUdng nhin, chiu khd, biet tdn ngUdi khac v.v Tuy nhien, yeu ciu cac sinh vien md ta nhflng net tinh each, nhflng dac diem dac trUng cua minh, thi ket qua cho thay lai khdng he tdn tai sii khac biet tinh each, dac diem cua sinh vien nfl hay sinh vien nam Cd nghia la, ca sinh vien nam l i n sinh vien nfl deu cd g i n bet cac dac diem ma ho cd nghi dd la cua dan dng hoac cua dan ba Nhieu sinh vien nfl ndi ring, ho cd cac dac diem nhU manh me, tii chu, it ndi, kien dinh v.v va nhieu nam sinh vien cung cho ring, nhflng dac diem nhU nhudng nhin, tdn trong, te nhi, biet l i n g nghe v.v la pham chat cd ngUdi ho Dieu cho tha'y, khdng phai tii nhien de ngUdi ta d l dang nhan ring, chinh minh dang mang nang dinh kien gidi Tai Viet Nam, hUdng tdi muc tieu binh dang gidi, nhieu giai phap khac da dUdc thiic hien nhUng dudng nhU chUa thiic sU mang lai hieu qua nhU mong mud'n, nhieu nguyen nhan ve kinh te, xa hdi va dac biet la dinh kien gidi Cd nha nghien cUu cho ring, nhflng chuan miic ve gidi xa hdi qua nhieu the he da "bam r l " vao nhan thdc, neu khdng bi "quat" len, thay ddi thi dau tranh binh d i n g gidi se khd cd ket qua Dieu ddi hdi mdi ngUdi va toan xa hoi phai chu dong, tich cUc va cd nhflng giai phap td'ng the 39 TUTUONG VE GIAI PHONG PHU NU! Cin phai tiep tuc hoan thien hanh lang phap ly, day manh cdng tac truyen thdng, ldng ghep gidi cac chUdng trinh giao due, bdi dUdng cac ca'p de thay ddi dinh kien gidi vd'n da an sau vao suy nghi cua cac the he, khdng chi d ngUdi dan, ma ca tU cua cac ca'p lanh dao, quan ly Van de thiic hien binh d i n g gidi dUdc the hien viec Viet Nam da phe chuan Cdng Udc cua Lien hdp qud'c ve xda bd moi hinh thUc phan biet dd'i xd vdi phu nfl (CEDAW) Dieu cung dUdc the hien cac Van kien Idn cua Dang va tUng bUdc dUdc cu the hoa luat phap, chinh sach nhU Luat Binh d i n g gidi, Luat Phdng, chd'ng bao liic gia dinh, Chien lUdc qud'c gia vi sU tien bo cda phu nfl Dd la nhflng can cU phap ly de dinh hudng nhan thUc va hanh vi cho ngUdi dan cung nhU cho cac nha lanh dao, quan ly Cin nang cao nhan thdc ve binh dang gidi cho ngUdi dan, cho cdng ddng va xa hdi thdng qua truyen thdng Hinh anh nhflng ngUdi phu nfl tham gia cac boat ddng xa hdi d cac vi tri quan hay hinh anh nam gidi tham gia cac cdng viec gia dinh da va dang d i n lam thay dd'i nhan thUc cdng chung ring, nam hoac nfl deu cd the lam bat cd cdng viec gi phu hdp vdi kha nang cua ho n h i m gia tang hieu qua cdng viec, gdp p h i n xay diing hanh phuc gia dinh, dap Ung nhu ciu cua xa hdi ma khdng cd sU phan dinh hoan toan cho mot gidi nao khac 40 Hai Id, hUdng tdi muc tieu binh d i n g gidi, xa hoi khdng chi cin dieu kien kinh te, ma c i n ca nhflng thay ddi khac ve cd che xa hdi, quan he xa hoi de tao cd hdi, dieu kien cho phu nfl c6 the doc lap, tii chiu trach nhiem ca nhan ve tU do, h a n h phuc cua chinh minh Con ngUdi vdi tinh each mot thiic the thd'ng n h a t gifla mat sinh vat vdi mat xa hoi thi khdng the chd'i bo nhflng quy luat sinh hoc tU nhien, quy luat tam sinh ly va cac quy luat xa hoi khac chi phd'i qua trinh tdn tai, phat trien cua minh Ndi each khac, ci gde nhin khac, ngUdi la san pham cua nhflng hoan canh, cua nhflng quan he xa hoi n h i t dinh Nen kinh te tieu ndng g i n vdi van hda lang xa va nhflng chuan mdc dao dUc Nho giao da an sau vao tam thdc mdi ngUdi, hinh anh than phan ngUdi phu nfl chi g i n vdi cdng viec gia dinh, cham sdc cai va le thudc vao dan dng Trong xa hoi mdi, vdi dieu kien kinh te mdi, nhflng quan niem mdi, tien bo ve phu nfl dUdc xay diing, nhflng chuan miic, gia tri mdi dUdc hinh Phu nfl Viet Nam cung da cd nhieu thay ddi Nhieu phu nfl t h a m chinh b cac cap, nhieu nha khoa hoc nfl, nhieu nfl nghe si, nghe nhan n h a n dUdc giai thUcing danh gia, nhieu nfl doanh nhan dat, dem lai ngudn ldi kinh te cho da't nUdc Nhflng tUu cd dUdc khdng chi la qua vUdn len khdng ngdng cua chinh phu nfl, ma dd cdn la qua cua sU thay ddi tich cUc ca gia dinh va ngoai xa hoi Hien nay, cin NGUYEN THI NGA, BUI THI TINH day manh phat trien kinh te thi trUdng de xda bd tan goc cd sd kinh te cua nhiing tam ly, tap quan, thdi quen, ld'i sd'ng lac hau nen san xuat nhd ma xa hdi cu de lai, tao tien de hinh thdi quen, ld'i sd'ng van minh, tien bd Ddng thdi, viec phat trien kinh te se tao nhiing dieu kien khach quan thuan ldi, tao cd hoi nang cao dieu kien sd'ng va lam viec cho phu nfl De cd the phat huy het vai trd va kha nang cua phu nfl, cac dich vu xa hdi danh cho gia ^ n h c i n dUdc phat trien mot each rong rai va phu hdp Tao dieu kien cho phu nfl d i u tU san xua't, kinh doanh, cai thien thu nhap, cd tieng ndi gia dinh va tU dd, it le thuoc hdn vao ngUdi chdng Ba Id, de thiic hien muc tieu binh ding gidi, giai phdng phu nfl thi chinh phu nfl phai la chu the cd trach nhiem ca nhan, tich ciic dau t r a n h cho sii tdn tai cua minh Cong cuoc dau tranh giai phdng phu nfl la sU nghiep cua toan xa hoi, nhung trUdc het, phai la sU nghiep cua ban than phu nfl V.I.Lenin da tUng chi r i n g , phu nfl chi dUdc giai phdng, dUdc phat trien ho tii n h a n thUc dUdc vi tri, vai trd cua minh va cd quyet tam dau t r a n h vi sU nghiep cao ca ay; viec giai phdng lao dong nfl phai la cdng viec cua ban than phu nfl Ban t h a n phu nfl phai tU k h i c phuc tam ly tii ti, tii danh gia thap minh de tu tin hoc hdi, vUdn len binh d i n g vdi nam gidi Hien nay, phu nfl c i n thay dd'i nhan thUe, r i n g vi the tha'p kem cua ho xa hoi khdng phai ye'u to tU nhien sinh hoc, ma b i t ngudn tU nhiing ye'u td' xa hoi Vi vay, mud'n da'u tranh de xda bd sii bat binh ding dd xa hdi, trUdc bet, phai tU chinh ban than phu nfl Neu phu nfl khdng cd du trinh hieu biet, nang liic va kha nang dau tranh de bao ve minh, thi khd cd the van ddng ngUdi khac xa hdi gidp dd ho Yi vay, phu nfl c i n vUdt len chinh minh theo hUdng tich ciic, gifl gin nhiing pham chat dao dde, truyen thd'ng van hda td't dep cua dan tdc, chu ddng trang bi cho minh mot trinh hoc van, mot nghe nghiep dn dinh; trang hi tri thUc ve luat phap va cac chinh sach cd lien quan de'n binh dang gidi Phu nfl c i n biet each san se cac cdng viec gia dinh cho nam gidi de cd thdi gian nang cao trinh chuyen mdn, nghiep vu; dam bao can b i n g gifla cdng viec gia dinh va cdng viec ngoai xa hdi, n h i m tao tien de cho sii hinh quyen tU quye't, tU chu cudc sd'ng cua chinh minh NhU vay, viec thiic hien cac muc tieu binh d i n g gidi, giai phdng phu nfl khdng the diing lai ci cac suy tU ly tinh, cac menh lenh hanh chinh va cac khau hieu, ma c i n phai dUde thay ddi ca nhan thdc l i n hanh vi hien thiic cua cac chu the xa hoi tren nhieu linh vUc khac Cd nhU vay, cdng cudc dau tranh vi binh d i n g gidi tren the gidi ndi chung va d Viet Nam ndi rieng mdi thiic sii dem lai hieu qua nhU mong mud'n, gdp p h i n vao viec thilc hien thang ldi chien lUdc qud'c gia vi sii tien bo cua phu nfl • 41