NBHIEN cuu - TRAUBBI VE TRIEN VONG PHAT TRIEN CUA GIAI CAP CONG NHAN QT CAC NUIDTC TAY AU DEN NAM 2020 BO THi YEN* D udi chfl nghTa tu ban (CNTB) hifn dai, co ehfl t h l efla GCCN Cae sd lifu thdng ke cau giai cap cdrtg nhan (GCCN) bien dpng cho thay, neu v f o thap nian 50 - 60 ( t h l ky XX) sd to idn, sy chuyin bilrt dd la k i t qua tat yeu cfla lao ddng nong nghifp d cac nudc tu ban phat then each mang khoa hpc - cong nghf v f su d i l u cbinb chilm 20% den 30% tdng luc luisig lao dpng cfla efla nha nude tu b i n Qua trinh thyc hifn stt menh eae nude dd, thi d i n thap nien 90, ty If ndy chi edn ljeh sfl, vdi tfl each la mdt lyc lupng chinh trj - xa ttt 2% ddn 5% Song song vdi sy thu hep ty If lao bpi, ijch sfl phong trao cPng nhart (PTCN) rthttng dprtg d ITrth vye ndng nghifp, thi ty If lao dpng h nam qua d cac nudc Tay Au trai qua nhieu nganh dich vy chiem ti trpng cang Idn, d i n cdrtg I l n that bai, biln ddi to Idn, song van ludn 70-75%, ngdnh cdng nghifp e b l tao chilm khoing dupc tri, dac bift d nhttng thdi d i l m cao trao 25%-30% trudc, va sau ehiln tranh lanh Didu dd ty nd Do yeu e i u co cau lai v l kinh t l cac da khang djnh vai trd, vj tn cfla PTCN, cdng doan ngarth va Fnh vyc theo hudng hifn dai, cho nan lao eae nudc tien trtnh each mang the gidi ddng khdng lanh nghl, lao ddng giin ddn hifn tai va tfldng lai Du bao ve trien vpng cang bj thu hep va chldm mpt ty if cdng nho phit triln GCCN eac nudc Tay Au nhttng nam tdi, be eae nudc Tay Au Tde dp cdng nhan hda ed t h l thay ring: Nhang b'ren doi ve (XI cau, soluong, lyc Ifldng lao dprtg xa hpi, tri thfle hoa cdng nhfn d chiliMng Thit nhat' Vdi stt phat triln cfla each mang cac nflde Mn, Phap, Dfle rat nhanh D i n long sd cPng nhan d Phap chilm 92%, d Anh khoa hpe cdng nghf (KHCN), loan c i u bda (TCH) chiem 95,6%, d Dfle chilm 86% lye lupng lao va ndn kinh td tri thflc, nen s i n xuat cdng nghifp dpng xa hpi Nguyen nhan eo ban la syddl mdi tfl eo boa trai qua difn boa tien den ty dpng thilt bi eac ngarth ePrtg - rtPng nghifp va djch vu hoi, thdng tin boa, ket cau nganh nghe cd nhflng truydn thdng b i n g cong nghf cao, phat triln manh thay ddi quan trpng Lao dpng cfla nganh san xuat eae ngarth cdng nghiep, djch vu dya nhilu vao tri phi vat chat tang, cfla nganh san xua't vat chat thflc Tinh d i n nam 2000, khdng edn mdt nudc g i i m d i n g k l ; lao dpng nganh cdng nghiep TBCN phat triln nao ed mdt luong cdng nhSn mdi tang, nganh edng nghifp trayen thdng traydn thdng lam viec linh vue san xuat v i giim; lao dpng tri ittc tang, lao dpng t h l lyc giam van chuyin s i n pbam c h i l m d i n hon 1/6 hoac 1/8 Odng thdi, eung xuat hifn mpt sd Ittpng Idn edng tdng sd lyc ludng lao ddng cfla nudc dd, Trong nhan cd trang, edng nhan ed vang coi lao dpng tri vdng 10 nam (1986-1996) ty If edng rtbin " c l lyc la chinh Tn'nh dp vd tay nghe va thu nhap cfla xanh" cfla Dfle giam ttt 67% xudng cdn 37% Cflrtg hp dupe nang eao rat nhieu, tinh chat edng vifc va thdi gian sd lupng edng nhan "cd trang" dieu kifn sdng dflpe c i i thifn, hp cang thay Phap cung tang lan lan, cdn tfl 1989-2001 tang the cpng nhan cPng nghifp truyen thdng de trd Idp trung gian cfla nudc tang manh ttt ch6 chilm 26,7% tong dan sd tang lan 30%, • Thtic si, TrudngDai hoc Lao dongXd lipi 58 cong nhan " e l xanh" giim ttt 30% xudng 27% TAP CHi GIAO DVC LY LUAN - S 216 (2014) NBHIEN cdu- TRABBUI Theo c i c nha xa bpi hoc Thomspon William va nhieu ngypi sd dd cd c l phin eac cdng Joseph Hickey, GCCN hien dai d cac nude tu ban ty tu b i n (d My cd khoing 30 trieu cdng nhan cd phat triln ndi chung va Tay Au ndi riang ed t h l xdp cd phan, d Anh khoing trifu) d My, tfl nam k)ai nhttng giai tang khac nhu: "cOng 1992, da cd tdi hdn mdt nfla lyc lupng lao dflng nhart c l trang', "edng nhan co vang', "cong nhart (53,5%) cd trinh dp cao dang va dai bpc trd lan ed xarth", "cdng nhan cd Om", Tieu ebl d l phan t i n g sd 106,5 trieu ngudi dang lam viec; lyc loai chfl y l u dya tran nhflng cdng vifc cy t h l ma lypng lao dpng cP trinh dp van hPa cbira bet trang hp dam nhan, trinh dp hpc van, ti'nh ehuyen nghifp hpc tiep tyc giim xudng eon 11,9% tttc la chi va thu nhap hang nam.'" chilm gan 1/8 sd ngttdi dang lam viee" Trtrth dp Vdi sy hinh va phat triln manh me efla van boa, KHKT va ehuyen mPn cfla lyc Ittpng lao n l n kinh t l tri thflc, su phan ePng lao dpng xa hpi dpng nPi chung va GCCN nPi rieng d Nhat Ban, tfl chfl ydu dya vao sy phat trien cfla cong nghifp Phap, Anh, Dfle, Italia, Canada cung g i n tfldng Cd da chuyin sang sy phat trien cfla tri thflc dttdng vdi My Trinh dp van hPa cao, trtrth dp Sy phat triln efla lyc lupng san xuat (LLSX) ttt van chuyen mPn lanh nghf cao va ty If lao dpng tn dc minh cong nghifp sang van minh tri tua dan d i n sang tao la nhflng y l u td lien quan chat che vdi lam thay ddi can b i n cd cau c i c nganh nghl kinh Vi the cfla ngufll cPng nhan dang dupc nang t l - ky thuat va tfl dd, hinh dan mpt GCCN cao mpt day chuyen cong nghf la trinh dp mdi - ePng nhan tri thflc Tbeo sd lifu thing ke tri thflc - van bof efla hp "Tri thflc cfla cPng nhan cfla ILO, d cac nttdc edng nghifp phfl triln, 60 -' trd stte manh d l cai thien dia vj b i n than""' 70% lye lypng lao dpng xa hdi la cdng nhan tri tbttc Bic My va mdt sd nude Tay Au, kinh t l tri thtte chldm 45 - 70% GDP CPng nhan tri thflc ed mpt sd dac dilm cp ban sau: Thay doi ve tinh to chiec va kha nang tap hdp lut: lifiyng l^pt li: Do sy thay doi cd cau kinh Id xa hpi, trinh dp ky thuat, phttdng thtte cdng tae va Cdng nhan dupc dao tao d trinh dp KHCN cao mtte sing cfla edng nhan dang thay doi, Icii Ich lam vifc d nhflng ngarth tao "nhflng s i n pbam npi bp GCCN cang da dang hda, nen kinh t l cd gia tri gia tang eao dfla nhilu vao tri thfle" Sfl dong cam nhan thflc ve giai cap ed bilu hifn bj Cd kha nang thich flng nhanh vdi su thay doi phai nhat nhat dinh Cupe dau tranh ehdng CNTB nghd nghifp Cdng nhart tri thfle phai cd kha nang sang tao tri thflc mdi Thd hai, GCCN d c i c nttdc Tay Au ed sy c i i vdn la mye lieu thdng nhat cfla GCCN trudc day it xua't hifn Myc tieu cua PTCN va lao ddng thudng khdng nhim vao gicri ehu sd hflu tu ban, ma nham vao chinh phfl va cac doan t h l khac thifn manh v l trinh dp hpe van, mtte thu nhap gitta Hai la: Sy suy giim cfla myc tiau thay doi nhttng ngudi lam vife d c i c nganh khac cP CNTB Nhin chung, nhung cupe dau tranh cfla xu hudng gia tang nhanh Dang binb nhttng GCCN it dat van dd thay doi che dp chinh trj, tang ldp lao ddng miJ xa hpi: cdng nhan tri ma chi nhim didu cbinb cac chfl traong, ehinh thtte, tri thflc cdng nhan ma dac tomg lao dpng ca sach eua nha nudc tu s i n Tuy cd mpt sd biln ban la lao ddng sang tao vdi trinh dp KHCN cao dpng cyc bp, nhttng may thap ky qua, nen kinh t l Bd phan cdng nhan " d tring" chfl y l u la lyc luring cfla eae nttPc tu ban pbat trien tuPng d l l dn dinb cdng nhan trd, cd trinh dp hpc van, tay nghe, thu nhap cao so vdi cae bp phan eong nhan khac • Thompson William & Joseph Hickey, Society i Focus, MA Pearson Boston 2007 TAP CHi GIAO DVC LY LUAN - s 216 (2014) - Nien gidm thd'ng ke My 1999-2000, tr 153 - Le Vdn Sdng, Chd nghia tu bdn hien dai- Khod hpc - cdng nghi vd phdt trien kinh ti', tdp 1, Nxb dhinh tri quocgia, Hd Not 1995 tr 76 59 NBHIEN cuu-TRAB BUI mtte sdng cfla ngfldi dan dflpe e i i thifn dfng ke, ddi sdng edng nhan dflpe nang cao tuong flng, Co ttie noi tdi nhOng xu huOng ctia IH'CN TayAu den nam 2020 nhif sau: vife thyc thi chd dp phflc Ipi xdt tren gde dp nao dd - Con dfldng dau tranh each mang thfl nhat ma eung dfla lai c i m giic "an loan kinh t f su on PTCN cac nudc Tay Au co the hudng theo l i eon Srth e b l dp tu b i h Tat c i nhttng dieu ndi tren da dudng each mang bao lyc gianb chlnh quyin ttt xoa diu mau thuin giai cap xa hpi tu ban, mpt nflde t u ban phat trien, thiet lap c h i dp mdi lam giim nhu cau cfla bp phan Idn GCCN d f i vdi Day la xu hudng rat It triln vpng nhifu didu kien su thay ddi chd dp tu b i n ehfl nghia khach quan va chfl quan chi phdi 6a li: Kha nang td chflc dpng vian cfla GCCN - Xu hudng di theo dudng dau tranh chlnh ddi vdi cac hanh dpng tap the giam sflt Gid day, trj, gianh dan ehfl, tflng budc cai thifn didu kifn dpi ngu cdng nhan ed ky thuat eao, linh boat luong sdng va Ifm vifc cho quang dai quan chflng lao eao It ngudi lai chiem vj tri quan trpng Sd ngucri dpng, qua dd tuyan truyen, giic ngp, tap hpp lyc da trd tartg Idp tudng ddi kha gia, khong luprtg, chuan bi tiln de, dilu kien cho each mang edn "man ma" nbu trudc day ddi vdi d i n g cbinb trj, XHCN cfla GCCN cac node Tay Au sau nay, cflng nhtt c i c cdng doan liert quan tdi ehinh dang da va dang trd mpt xu hudng h i i bat Con canh ta Quan d i l m gia tri tap the cfla hp cung dudng chinh trj, dau trarth gianh dan chfl cfla' luPrt bj quart diem gia trj cfla chfl nghTa c i nhan lan PTCN nhfl la mpt tidn df, dieu kifn, mdt ndi dung i t ty If cPng nhan tham gia edng doan cang khdng taeh rdi nhifm vu each mang XHCN la mpt giam, cbinb d i n g cdng nhan gap nhieu khd khan hudng dau tranh ed tinh bieu qua cao va cung la viec td chflc ddng vien cdng nhan triln khai triln vpng cfla PTCN den nam 2020 da'u tranh tap t h l - Dau tranh ehinh trj, gianh dan chfl cfla PTCN Dy bao nhflng thap nian tiep theo efla t h l Tay Au da dua d i n mpt xu hudng kep ty nhien la ky XXI, each mang KHCN cdn tiep tyc phit triln tang cudng lien minh gitta PTCN vdi c i c phong manh me, t h l hifn to ndt cac linh vue: cdng trao ehlnh trj xa hpi tidn bp khac mpt nP lyc nghe tin hpe, cdng nghf phdng sinh hpc, edng nham tao sflc manh tdng hpp chdng ke thu nghe gien, cdng nghf nano, edng nghf lupng tfl, chung la CNTB dpc quylh D i l m dang chfl y cfla cPng nghf vat lifu mdi, cPng nghf vien thohg, huPng nan minh giai cap va tap hpp lyc luprtg d rtang lupng mdi, edng nghf vu try, cdng nghf h i i eac nttdc Tay Au hifn la liert minh gitta eae dudng hpc Su pbat trien cua cac cdng nghf mdi d i n g cpng s i n cPng rthart vdi eae dang xa hpl dan se lam ebo the gicri biln ddi nhanh ehdng tao ehfl Tuy nhien tinh trang khdng thuan nhat vf nang suat lao dpng rat cao, LLSX phat trien ed eau xa hdi efla trao Iflu xa hpi dart chfl va sfl manh khdng ngflng keo theo quan h f s i n xuat van dpng phfle tap cfla CNTB bifh dai ma trao Iflu (QHSX) cflng thay ddi theo hudng qudc t l b p i xa bpi dan chfl hifn dai nam co che dieu cang tang d l phfl hop vdi xu buiSng qudc te chinh cfla nd, lam n i y sinh nhieu khuynh budng boa, toan c i u hda v l LLSX va ttt lifu san xua't khae trao luu nay, rtert lien minh (TLSX) Vi vay xu hudng van ddng efla PTCN d hpp t i c vPi hp, dang cpng sirt va cPng nhan luPn cac nudc Tay Au dupe quyet djnh trudc h i t d sy cd xu hudng phai ddng thdi dau tranh ehdng lai phat triln tinh hinh efla cac nude dd, nhflng lai la nhttng quan dilm tu tudng sai t r i i cfla hp, dae bift mpt khau khong tach rPi va chju s y i n h hudng efla la phai httu Mac dfl vay, bifn kha nang hpp tien trinh each mang chung cfla t h l gidi Oieu tac gifla rthttng rtgflfli cpng s i n v i xa hpi dan chii ed ngbia la sy van dpng cfla PTCN d cae nudc Tay Iran nhilu van de v i n rtgay cang tang Day la xu Au cung chju sy chi phii cfla tinh chat, dae d i l m httdng van dpng ndi bat cfla PTCN Tay Afl thdi cd b i n efla thdi dai ky sau chiln tranh lanh (xem liep (rang 67J 60 TAP CHi GIAO Dye LYLUAN - S 216 (2014) ... ndi chung va Tay Au ndi riang ed t h l xdp cd phan, d Anh khoing trifu) d My, tfl nam k)ai nhttng giai tang khac nhu: "cOng 1992, da cd tdi hdn mdt nfla lyc lupng lao dflng nhart c l trang'', "edng... hda, nen kinh t l cd gia tri gia tang eao dfla nhilu vao tri thfle" Sfl dong cam nhan thflc ve giai cap ed bilu hifn bj Cd kha nang thich flng nhanh vdi su thay doi phai nhat nhat dinh Cupe dau... Tat c i nhttng dieu ndi tren da dudng each mang bao lyc gianb chlnh quyin ttt xoa diu mau thuin giai cap xa hpi tu ban, mpt nflde t u ban phat trien, thiet lap c h i dp mdi lam giim nhu cau cfla