Trao đổi và tương tác xã hội trong đời sống nông thôn

Trao doi va tirong tac xa hoi doi song nong thon Bang Thi Vift Phuvng Be Quynh Nga Tdm tat: Trao doi \k tuong tdc xS hgi la mgt nhixng chu de quan trgng nghien cdu khoa hgc ^ h$i, nhung lgi it nhgn dugc sy quan tam cua gidi nghien cdu nudc Bai vi€t xem xet cac hinh thuc trao ddi va tuong tac xa hgi cua cu dan nong thdn Vi§t Nam tren ca sd dd li§u khao sdt d cac xS thugc tinh Nam Djnh va An Giang Nhutig trao doi, tuong tdc hang giiia cac nhdm hg hang, hang xdm hay b^n b^ la each de ngudi dan tham gia va/ ho§c tri cac lien h$ xa hdi t^i d)a phuang Tu cdch vi€n cua mdt to chdc xa hgi hay v i ^ tham gia cac ho(it dgng cgng dong cilng Id each de hg tich hgrp vao ddi song x3 hgi cua lang va md rgng mang ludi xS hgi vugt qua cdc nhom sa cap nhu gia dinh va hg hang; nhung dac trung cac khuon mau trao doi x3 hgi khdc cu dan ndng thdn Tvr khda: Tuang tac x3 hdi; trao ddi; ndng thon Md d^u Xa hgi hgc nghiSn cdu trao ddi xSi hgi tu gdc dg moi quan h$ qua l^i gida cac chu the xa h$i, Nhiin hgc coi trao d6i xS h^i \k each m& cac ck nhan/ nhdm thuc hi^n nghia vy/ b6n phan cua minh ddi vdi ngudi/ nhdm NhQng trao d6i gifta cdc c^ nhan/nhdm nhu th^ t ^ thftnh cac mang ludi trao ddi xSi hgi Bai vi^t n^y xem xdt cac d^ing thdc trao d6i v^ tucmg tdc xa hgi ddi s6ng ndng thdn; nhung dac trung c^ch thiic cu ddn ndng thdn huy dgng cac lien h? xa hdi vao qui trinh trao ddi nham tdi da hda nhQng lgi ich ma m6i lien h? dd mang 1^ Vi$c xem xdt cSc d ^ g thdc trao ddi xa hgi khdc nhau, cung nhu cdch thdc cac cA nhan d$t minh vdo nhung trao ddi cy thd, cd thd giup chung ta nhin sau hon mot chieu canh cua biln ddi xa hgi ndng thdn Vi§t Nam hign Bai viet sur dvmg CO sd dd Ii?u td kit qua khdo sdt 800 h$ gia dinh tai bdn xa: Giao Tan, Hdi Vdn (tinh Nam Djnh), My An va Hda Binh (tinh An Giang) vdo nam 2014 Trao doi va tinmg tdc xa hgi thdng qua cac cugc gap g&} tiep xuc trvc tiep 2.1 Trao ddi vd tuffng tac xa hpi nhom hp hdng Hg hang vdn van dugc xem la mgt mang ludi xa h^i, cau mgt d^g vdn xS hdi quan trgng ddi vdi ngudi ddn ndng thdn Vigc cd ho|c khdng cd hg hang, ba d gan cOng quyet dinh cac d ^ g thuc trao ddi xa hdi ddi sdng hang Kit qua khao sat t^ Nam Dinh va An Giang cho *'' Thac sT, Vi§n Xa h$i hgc, Vifn Hdn lam Khoa hgc xa hgi Vi?t Nam DT: 0912289693 Email: dangvietphuong@yahoo.com Nghign cuu ndy dugc tdi trg bdi Qu5^ ph^t triln Khoa hpc vd Cdng ngh^ au6c gia (Nafosted) d^ tdi md s613.3-2012.01 * ' ' Vifn x a h0i hgc, Vifn Hdn ldm Khoa hgc xa hgi ViftNam DT: 0912385446 Email: ngabq@yahoo.com 65 Tgp chi Khoa hgc xd hgi Vi?t Nam, sd 10(95) - 2015 thiy, ve ca ban, ngucri tra Idi (NTL) da sinh song tgi dja phuong tu l|ip hd va hSu het deu song gan tat ca ba hg hang cua minh NTL td nai khac chuyin din cimg dong thdi la nhimg ngudi cd it ba hg hang sdng xung quanh Vi?c cd hg hang cung cu tru tgi dia phucmg thugn lgi cho cac trao doi giQa cac vi6n ttong nhdm sa cdp, khoang each dja li khdng phai la mdt trd nggi tuong tac giiia cac vi6n d ca hai tinh, da so NTL la dan ban dja deu cho bilt hg g^p gd hg hang hang tuan Nhdm lam ndng/ lam/ ngu nghiep cd tan suat thdm hdi ba con, hg hdng thudng xuy&i han nhdm thuang mgi djch vy va nhdm nghi khac Khdng cd sy khac bi^t cd y nghia thdng ke gida dilu ki^n kinh tl cua hg, gidi tinh, tudi, tinh trgng hdn nhdn cua NTL, vai ttd ttong gia dmh cua NTL (NTL la chu hg hay khdng) vdi tan sudt thdm hdi ba con, hg hdng cua NTL Tyufrunglgi, cd thi thay nhQng tuong tdc gjQa NTL vdi bd hg hdng Id phd bien hoat dgng s6ng thudng nhgt cua cu dan ndng thdn hai tinh Ngodi vi$c xdc nhdn gdp gd bd hg hdng hdng tuan, dd li^u khdng cho phep xem x6t tinh da dang ciia nhdng ttao ddi xd hgi phdt sinh tu cdc moi quan hg hg hdng thdn thugc ndy, ngoai vigc xem dd nhu Id kenh trao ddi thdng tin Chdng hgn, trudng hgp cd nhdng tuang tac thudng xuyen, bd hg hang vd cac thdnh vi6n gia cQnh cd the ttd thdnh m$t kenh thdng tm dl mgi ngudi chia se vdi tin tuc Nhung nghiSn cuu nay, chi cd chua ddy 10% so NTL cho bilt hg nhgn dugc cdc tin tuc dja phuang tu ba hg hdng vd cac thdnh vien ttong gia dinh Ty 1? d An Giang thip hon so vdi Nam Djnh (7,8% so vdi 12,0%), nhung tuong ddng d tdt cd 66 cac nhdm, du la cd hg hang sdng tai x3 hay khdng Cd ve nhu gida cac liSn minh h? hdng tdn tai cdc dgng ttao doi xa hgi ichac hon la ttao ddi thdng tm Tham khdo them kit qud dilu tra ndng ddn 2009 - 2010*'* co th6 giup gidi thich phdn ndo ve cac quan hf hg hang d ndng thdn hai viing ddng bJng sdng Hdng vd ding bdng sdng Cihi Long Da sd NTL (91,7%) d cd hai vung dfing bdng deu ghi nhgn su hd ttg ciia hg hang gia dinh cd nhQng vide ldn nhu cum xin, gio chap, ldm nhd, v.v CJ ca hai mifin, NTL deu ghi nhdn sy hd ttg cda hg h^g chd ylu id tien m$t va gia dinh c6 vi?c idn, ngudi ttong hg se den dgng vi6n, thSm hdi ho|ic chuc mdng Day Id diem ddng chu y cdc trao ddi va tuong tdc xd hgi giQa cdc nhom hp hdng d ndng thdn Nhung trao dli" thu6ng xuyen giQa NTL vdi cac thdnh vien hg cd the gidp hg thdo go nhung khiic mk, khd khdn tdc thi Hg hdng cd thi Id nguon dgng vien, an di kip thdi moi d6 gap khd khdn khdng the gidi quylt Tuy nhien, lien quan den vi§c vay vdn ddu tu cho san xudt, kinh doanh, kit qud khdo sdt khdng cho thdy su ho ttg ve vdn cua hg hdng nhu la mgt ngudn tai chinh dang chu y d ca hai tinh Nam Dinh va An Giang, ti lg g^ nhu tuygt ddi NTL cho bilt hg khdng diing vfln vay cda bd hg hang dl ddu tu cho sdn xuit, kinh doanh Trong trudng hgp can vay mgt khodn tiln ldn, hau hit NTL (khoing 73% d ca hai tinh) nghi din ngdn hdng ho8c cac to chuc tin dung chinh thiic Chi ci *" Cu$c dilu tra tiln hdnh vdo thdng 1/2010 vdi dji difn 2000 hO gia dinh ndng thon ciz tinh Thii Binh, Hai Duong, H^u Giang vd An Giang Vi^ Hdn lam Khoa hgc xa h$i Vift Nam chu td Tic gii bdi vilt Id thdnh vifn chii chot cua d l tdi Trao ddi vd tuang tdc xd hgi khodng 10% nhQng ngudi dugc hdi cho bilt hg nghi din gia dmh ben chdng ho§^ ben vg (vdi ti lg nghiSng nhilu hon m^t chut vl phia gia (Bnh bdn ch6ng) nhu Id nguin hS ttg tdi chinh hg cd nhu cdu Cd thi thiy rdng nhung ttao dli va tuong tac nhdm hg hdng mang tinh tuong trg lan vd chd ylu hudng tdi nhQng hd tig phi kinh tl 2.2 Trao doi vd tuomg tdc xa hpi nhdm kdng xdm Mdi quan h? vdi hdng xdm cd thi dugc xem nhu mgt chi bdo phan bigt cdc dang trao doi xd hdi khdc giua ndng thdn va thi; d dd ndng thdn thudng dugc xem Id noi vHn tri tit cdc mii quan h$ hdng xdm ldng gieng '*tdi Ida tdt den cd nhau"; cdn khu vyc dd thi lai ddc trung bdi cdc mdi quan h^ xd giao, chuc ndng vd thiSu gan kit Kit qud khao sdt cho thdy, ve co ban, mii quan h§ voi hang xdm hi$n d ndng thdn dugc quy ve mdi quan hg ttSn ca sd giup dd lain nhau, cd di cd lgi Xu hudng quan trigt chung d mgi nhdm hgc van, dilu kign kinh tl, nghe nghigp hay ljch sd cu tni cua NTL Dilm ddng chu y la su chSnh Igch ddng kl vl gid tri ^^ NTL d hai tinh gdn cho mdi lien h? hdng xdm Idng giing: gdn 65% NTL d Nam Dinh vd gin 45% NTL d An Giang cho rdng moi quan h? giua hg vdi hang xdm dya tren ca sd giup dd qua lgi Cung vdi dd, khodng 38% NTL d An Giang vd gan 28% NTL d Nam Djnh cho rdng hg vdi hang xdm cd mii quan hg than thilt nhu ngudi nhd Theo kit qua td mdt nghien ciiu ve vdn xa hgi tiln hdnh cdng tgi xd Giao Tdn ndm 2011'^\ 49% NTL cho rang quan hg cua hg vdi hdng xdm la tten co sd giup dd, dgng vien, khuyen nhu lan nhau; 47% nhung ngudi dugc hdi cho bilt hg giQ quan hg than thilt vdi hdng xdm nhu ngudi nhd; chi 4% cho bilt mii quan hd cua hg d mdc dd chao hdi Sau hai ndm, ket qud khdo sdt cho cung cdu hdi d xd Giao Tan hi£n tuang ling Id 60% NTL cho ring hg quan he vdi hang xdm tten ca sd gidp dd Ian vd 30% cho rdng hg cd quan hg than thiet nhu ngudi nha vdi hdng xdm Su chuyen hudng cdch NTL d Giao Tdn xdc dinh mdi lien he cua minh V(5i hdng xdm cho thiy gid tri cua cdc tuong tdc vdi hdng xdm dang thay ddi Du sy khdc bi$t ttong cdch ddnh gia vl quan h€ hang xdm cua NTL d hai tinh khdng qud ldn, nhung su kign cd the thach thuc cdc nhdn dinh van tdn tgi trudc ve mgt hinh dnh ldng ndng thdn ding bdng sdng Hdng ddng kin vdi cdc mdi lidn h^ b6n chat, than thiet giQa cac vien frong cgng ddng va ve nhung ngudi ndng ddn Nam Bd it bj rang huge vao cac ung xd xa hdi truyen thing Dang trao ddi xa hgi thudng dugc NTL ghi nhgn ttong quan hg vdi hang xdm la cdc hinh thuc trao dli thdng tin Hdng xdm cimg Id mgt kenh ttao ddi thdng tin vl tinh hinh dia phuong Cd khoang 35% NTL ghi nhgn hg biet tin tdc ve dia phuang thdng qua nhimg ngudi hang xdm Ngodi ra, hdng xdm ciing Id nai cung cap nhQng ttg giup tuc thdi tren co sd cd di cd lai, chdng hgn nhu trao ddi nhan cdng nhQng Ide viec sdn xuat can ngudn Iao ddng ldn Vigc dli cdng khdng chi dien ttong cdc hoat dgng ndng nghidp ma cd ttong sdn xuit hang thu cdng *^* Nghifin cuTi "Vdn xd hdi irong phdt triin bin vOng a Dong A " Vifn Xa h^i hgc tien hdnh thdng 3/2011 tai xa Giao Tan vdi 100 d^i difn hg gia dinh, sii dvng phucmg phdp dilu tra bdng bdng hoi T&c gia bai vilt Id thdnh viSn chu ch6t cda dl tdi 67 Tgp chi Khoa hgc xa hgi Vift Nam, so 10(95) - 2015 D6i cong/ v3n cong la d^g trao doi xa hpi dugc NTL ghi nhan quan h? voi hang xom An Giang NWn tit cac hosit dpng s4n xuit, sd 12,6% nhiing ngucri chuyfa ddi hinh thiic canh tac (ching han, chuyin tir trSng lua sang cSy lau nam, chuyin tir luan khoanh sang chuyen canh, hojic chuyin tir trdng trpt sang chan nuoi, v.v ), chi CO 14,5% NTL cho rjng nguyen nhan cua su chuy€n doi la hpc theo ba nong dan xung quanh Ket qua khao s^t cho thdy su chenh 16ch 13 diem phan tram gitta An Giang v4 Nam Binh (19,2% An Giang so v6i 6,5% Nam Dinh) vi^c chuyen doi hinh thuc canh tac theo ba ndng dan xung quanh 2.3 Trag Si va tieffng lac xS h^i nhom ban be Cac trao doi va tuong tdc vol nhom b ^ b6 gia djnh mpt dang lien ket xa hgi mo, vupt khoi cac lien h | voi cac nhom sa cap (nhu gia dinh, hp hang) vi khac biet voi nhfhig lien h? d\ra tren s^r gan gui vl khdng gian (nhu hang xom) Vipc kit ban d(ta tren nhitng tieu chi khac cd thi la cilng so thich, cimg nganh nghi, ho^c cimg chia se mpt khoang thai gian nao dd qua khii Do dd, ca vipc NTL cho biet vl vi$c g?ip gd biin be cOng d5 la m§t chi bao cho mOt dsmg tuong tac xa hOi khac, chua ndi din t ^ suit cua vipc g?p gS Hon 60% NTL d Nam Djnh va hon 50% NTL d An Giang cho bilt hp gjp gd ban be hang tuin hojic hang thang Cd sf khac bipt giita tin suat hrong tac vdi ban b4 hai tinh khao sat ti Nam Dinh, ti lp NTL gap gd b?n hk cao hon An Giang, nhung thien vl vipc gjp vai lin moi thang Cdn d An Giang, NTL lai cd xu hudng gap gd ban bd vii lan moi tuin Cd 35% NTL d An Giang cho biet hp gSp b?n be vai lin/tuin, bit kl 68 hp la ngudi ban dia hay ngudi nhSp cu Nam Dinh tU khac, v i ^ gjp gd b ^ bt thudng xuyen chu yeu roi vao nhdm dan cu ban dia Mac d i cac bing chiing thvc nghi$m khdng cho phep thilt l(ip moi liSn hp cd y nghia th6ng k8 gifla ngudn gic cu tni cua hd gia dinh vdi vi$c thilt l$p mang ludi ban be cua NTL, nhimg sv kipn co the gpi y ve khudn mau kit b^n cua cu dan thupc hai tinh khao sat cac trao ddi va tuang tac nhom b?in be d An Giang khdng don thuin la vi?c gap gd, giao luu tinh cam; ma d dd la vi?c trao ddi cac kinh nghipm iam an, san xudt Tin suit gap gd ban be cua NTL ti 1{ thu$n vdi sd lupng hp hang sdng tai dja phuang Nghia la, cang cd ddng hp hang sing t^ xa thi ti lp thudng xuyen g ^ gd ban be cang ldn nhung nhdm khdng c6 ho$c co it hp hang cu tni tai dia phuong thi ciing it hojc hau nhu khdng gap go bsm be Cd ve nhu vijc md r$ng cac Uen kit nhdm thii cap khong phai la Ilia chon thay thi cho vipc thilu vSng cac lien hp so cap tiung tnidng hpp d c& hai tinh Nam Dinh va An Giang Nhu da ndi d tren, cac tucmg tac nhdm ban be cho thiy mpt dgng lien kit vd trao ddi xa hdi tich c^rc, chu d$ng hon cua cac ca nhan Ngudi ta bupc phai tham gia vdo cac trao ddi cac nhdm so cap (gia dinh, hp hang) va phin nao dd la cac nhom gin giii vl dja vuc (hang xdm); nhung du?c (tuang ddi) tu lua chpn vi^c lien kit v61 cac nhdm ban be Cac lien kit va trao doi xa hpi nhdm ban be vl thi ma mang nhilu diu in ca nhan hon, thi hi$n nhOng khic bipt rd rpt hem vl cac d^c trung nhan khiu - xa hdi cua NTL tham gia vao cac lien kit Ching hgn, dil liSu khao sit cho thiy su khac bipt vl gidi tinh tk suit gap go bgn be Nam gidi nhin chung Trao ddi vd tuang tdc xd hgi thudng xuyen gap ban be han so vdi nu gidi Cd gin 36% NTL la nam gidi so vdi khoang 26% NTL la nQ gidi gap ban be hang ttidn Gin 1/5 sd nam gidi hilm khi/ khdng/ hdu nhu khdng bao gid ggp bgn be; ttong do, t^ 1$ ndy d nd gidi Id gdn 1/3 Ket qua khdo sdt ggi y rdng nam gidi tham gia tich cyc hon vao nhQng ttao ddi xd hgi md va cd v6 nhu hg cung chu ddng hon ttong vigc md rdng cdc lien kit xd hgi ben ngodi nhdm so cdp Du lidu khao sat cung cho thiy mdi lien he khd chat chg giQa ttinh dg hgc van cda NTL vdi muc gap go bgn be cua hg Nhung ngudi cd trinh dg hgc van cao thudng xuyen gap gd ban be hon so vdi nhdm hgc vin thdp Ngugc lgi, t