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TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HQI so (201) 2015 NHU CAu C O A NGU'O'I KHUYET TAT VA HOAT DONG H JRO QUA CAC T CHU'C XA HOI DANH CHO NGU-AI KHUYET TAT TAI TPHCM HIEN NAY NGUYEN THj B A O HA Dira trin kit qui nghien cO'U nam 2014 tai TPHCM vi thuc trang boat ddng cOa eie to chOv xi hgi viec hd trg nhdm ngudi khuyit tit tai TPHCM, bit viit niu nhOng nhu eiu cOa ngudi khuyit tat vi nhung higu qui cung nhu ban chi cua eie chuong trinh hd trg ngudi khuyit tit cua cac td chirc xa hdi tip trung vio cic vin di; giio due, viic lim, tinh thin, luit phip, xahgi Thee thing ke thang d i u nam 2014 eda S d Lao dpng-Thygng binh va Xa hdi TPHCM, tren toan dja ban TPHCM hISn cd 26.898 ngydi khuylt tat Trong dd nhdng quan, huyen cd s l ngydi khuylt tat cao han ca la: Quan (2.483 ngydi); huySn Binh Chanh (1.943 ngydi); quan Gd V i p (1.933 ngydi); quan Binh Thgnh (1.739 ngydi); huyen Hdc Mon (1.695 ngydi); quan Thd Dde (1.421 ngydi); quan Phd Nhuan (1.307 ngydi); huyen Cd Chi (1.258 ngydi); quan (1.166 ngydi); quan (1.150 ngydi); qugn Binh Tan (1.102 ngydi); qugn 10 (1.084 ngydi); quan (1.000 ngydi) Ngydi khuyet tat dygc chia theo tdng dang khuyet tat, nhy van dpng, nghe ndi, nhin, t h i n kinh/tam thin, tri tuS va thee mde dp khuyet tat, nhy dac biet nang, nang, nhe va kheng xac djnh dyge Nguygn Thi Bao Ha Thgc sT Trung tam Tu" vin va Phat trien Vien Khoa hpc Xa hgi vung Nam Bg Trong s l ngydi khuylt tat cua Thanh thi khuylt tat v l van dpng (9.832 ngydi) va t h i n kinh/tam thin (10.240 ngydi) chilm ty lp cae han so vdi cae dgng khuyet tat khae va s l ngydi khuylt tat ed td hai dgng khuylt tat trd len eung kha cae (5.992 ngydi) Xet v l mdc dp khuylt tat thi khuyet tat nang (20.338 ngydi) cd ty IS cao han nhyng mde khuylt tat khae (Sd Lao dpng-Thygng binh va Xa hpi TPHCM, 2014) Nhdng s l lieu thing kS trSn cho thiy s l lygng ngydi khuylt tat tai Thanh p h i kha Idn, dat thach thdc lam each nao gidp nhyng ngygi khuylt tgt hda nhap vap cpng ding, vap xa hdi Nhilu bao cao cho thiy, cae t l chde hogt dpng xg hdi chinh la nhdng trg thd dac lye, ho trg va bao ve quyin lgi eho nhdm ngydi d l bj ton thygng, gidp hp hda nhap cpng ding va tuySn truyen nham xda bo nhdng djnh kiln va s y phan biSt d i i x d vdi nhdm ngygi NGUYEN TH! BAO HA - NHU CAU CCiA NGU'O'I KHUYET TAT Tuy nhien cde t l ehdc xa hpi eda Viet Nam dang g giai dogn dau eda sy phat triln, va cd nhdng hgn che nhit djnh Do dd, qua trinh hoat dpng eda cac t l chde cdn gap kha nhieu khd khan, chya dap dng nhu d u eda nhdm d l l tygng thu hydng NHU CAU TRQ GlOP C O A N G U ' ' KHUYETTAT Giio due: Trong 10 trydng hgp phdng v i n ngydi khuylt tat/ngydi than eda ngydi khuylt tat thi cd trydng hgp la phg huynh cua eae tre khuylt tat, 100% y kiln eda phg huynh tre khuylt tat deu che ring giao dge ludn la v i n de c i p baeh va quan trpng nhit d l l vdi ngydi khuyet tat ndi ehung va tre khuylt tat ndi riSng Hien Thanh p h i chi cd trydng c i p ehuyen biet danh cho cae em khuylt tat, chya ed trydng elp va c i p V i n d l thilu eg sd giap due danh cho ngydi khuylt tat v i n chya dygc giai quylt Phin Idn tre em khuylt tat phai hpc ehung vdi eae em binh thydng Mac du nha trydng, cdc thiy cd giao va bgn bd cdng da ed nhdng bien phap gidp dd chp cac em khuyet tat qua trinh hpc tap, nhyng van cdn nhilu hgn c h l Phg huynh eda tre khuylt tat lo ling cang hpc len ldp eae thi edng khd tim trydng hpc thich hgp che em hp Hp ludn ban khoan khdng bilt tre cd hda nhap dyge vdi trydng Idp mdi, vdi cac bgn hpe binh thydng khae hgy khdng " vl du hl$n mdt sd chiu bdn tnrdng Binh Thanh cOng hit cip rii chuyin qua bin niy, cd nhu'ng chiu khdng thi hdi nhip dugc bdi vl chiu nil khdng tiing, rdi nghe kem, cd nhOng chiu nhin nghe kim, noi khdng " (V.D.Q, nam, phu huynh tre khilm thinh, quan 3) Nhy vay, mdt s l em den d p dl hpe chung vdi cac ban binh thydng khdng hda nhap dygc vdi mdi trydng mdi cac em c6 xu hydng chi thich chai vdi eac bgn cdng eanh nhy minh Mpt ngydi iam eong tae xa hdi eung cdng quan dilm d l : "Hpc ehung vdi ngudi binh thudng Oil ngudi ta hay chge phi hay di dau de cd eie em, eie em hgc kem hon cic b?n chi eie ban in blip de biu Thiy ed cOng la cic em nhieu ndn cic em nd mic cim, cuii cOng no nghi hgc Nd rit sg, cha me ed dua di eung trin khing chiu di, mi nd hda nhip ehung vdi eie ban dd nd eOng khdng cd tiin bd duoe" (P.C.P.T, nd, c l v i n , quan 3) Treng 10 ngydi khuylt tat/ngydi than dyge phpng v i n cd trydng hgp la ngydi khuylt tat; 10 ngydi dygc phdng v i n id quan ly/nhin viSn cua eae t l chde xa h l i (hd trg ngydi khuylt tat) thi ed trydng hgp ban than hp cDng la ngydi khuyet tat Tit ea doi tygng d hai nhdm tren diu ndi rang hp dang/da tdng gap kho khan viSc hpc tap 4/9 ngydi khong hpc den elp Mpt so gia dinh eho ring d i u ty viSe hpe che ngydi khuylt tat la khdng hiau qua, hoac doi gia dinh muln eho ngydi khuyet tat den trudng nhyng khdng cd phyang tiSn giao thdng, nha trifdng khdng gidp dd dygc Ngydi khuyet tat dyge di hpc thydng gap khd khan, vi trydng hpc TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HOl so (201) 2015 thieu dyng cu hd trg ehe ngydi khuylt tgt, thay cd khdng ed k i l n thdc va ky nang lam viec vdi ngydi khuylt tat Vi t h i hp thydng khdng h i trg hoac khong tgo eg hdi d l ngydi khuylt tat tham gia eae hogt dpng nhy nhdng ngydi khae Ngay td lue ban d i u ngygi khuyet tgt da m i t di nhdng ea hpi ma ngydi binh thydng khae xem nhy la h i i n nhiSn vdi he Vdi nhdng gidi han eda minh, dac biSt la d ngydi khuyet tat ve tri tue hogc eg quan thu nhan e l m giac (khiem thinh, khiem thj), kha nang tilp thu tri thde la kha khd khan, ngydi khuylt tgt can mpt hlnh thdc giio due die biit phu hgp vdi aac d i l m khiem khuyet eda minh D i l u ndy ddi hel s y dau ty ve eg s g vat c h i t nhieu hgn se vdi giao dye thdng thydng, de dd n l u khdng cd s y ho trg td phia chinh quyin, nganh giao dgc va ban than gia dinh thi viec dgy tri hpc tap tilp len eao eua ngydi khuylt tat h l u nhy la b i t kha thi Ben cgnh viec hpc van hda thi van d l aao tgo n g h i eung la mong muon eda ngydi khuyet tat trygng Mdc ad tilp nhan thdng tin, kiln thdc eua ngydi khuylt tat edn hgn che Hp phai m i t thdi gian hpc lau han se vdi nhdng ngydi binh thudng thee mde dp khuyet tat eda ban than Giam a l e m|t eg sd dap tgp nhan xdt: "Thuin igi cOng cd mi khd khin khdng phii li It, hg lim vide rat li khd khin, tinh trang khuyit tit, han che, trinh dd van hda, hg mi biit dge biit viit li may, Idp Idp nhung vin xda mO chO' li chuyin binh thudng Cic b^n eim diic ndi Idp Idp giao tiip nhung mi eung khdng chiu ndi Nd ban chi rit nhieu mil, nhin thirc hay sinh hoat eung viy, d gia dinh eung ehua cd giio due, giao tiip rit ban chi ehc nin khdng ed dugc tu tin giao tiip Trinh thap inh hirdng din klning tiip nhin Ngudi binh thudng ei thd hgc hai thing nhung ngudi khuyit tit hai thing mi tiip nhin duge vin di rit li khd, ed nhOng em ea nim trdi chua di tdi dau hit " (V.K.H, nd, giam die, qugn Binh Thgnh) y k i l n eda met ban nd bj khuyet tat tay: " IOc diu vo trudng em hgc vi tinh, nhung mi di xin viic ngudi ta ndi mdt tay lim miy cii dd nd khd, khdng dugc, em ehuyin sang hgc may, mdt hai thing, em vd ehi ngdi chai thdi a, tai miy bgn vd idp, ed ehi kdu ngdi dd, cd chi vii dudng li hit." (N.T.T, nd, khuylt tat tay, quan Binh Thanh) Viic lim: Ngydi khuylt tat d i u muln cd vipe iam: 'Em mudn tuang lai cd edng viee vi cudc sdng dn (Tinh di cd luang thing Cdng vigc thoii mil vi sung sudng, hanh phOe Em cOng mudn lam giio viin hoac lanh dao cung dugc" (N.T.T.T, nd, diec cam, qugn 4) Nhyng h l u h i t nhdng ngygi khuylt tat deu khd khan tim cong viec thich hgp, dd la dilu ma ngydi khuyet tat ludn lo ling Mac du hien cac doanh nghiep cQng da md rdng eda d l ddn nhan nhdng ngydi khuylt tat vao lam viee, nhien khdng phai ngydi khuylt tgt nao eung cd the iam viec mdt cdch hieu q u i va NGUYEN THI BAO HA - N H U CAU COA NGUOl KHUYET TAT theo kjp tiln dp eong vlSe nhy ngydi binh thydng khdc Cd r l t nhilu trydng hgp ngygi khuylt tat vao iam viec ehi vai thang thi nghi viSe khdng theo kjp cdng viee, hoac kho hda nhap iam ehung vdi nhdng ngydi binh thydng Mpt bgn nd liet hai ehan k l : "LOc trudc em ed hoe nghi d Hde Mdn lim hoa dit set, dd eung la cii trung tam day nghi cho ngudi khuyit tit Hoc thi cQng duge mien phi hit vi dugc cip bang Hoc d dd xong thi ban em ed keu di lim ehd mil thdi gian, lim ehung vdi ngudi binh thudng ludn Bd li mdt edng ty rieng Em thiy eOng khdng thoii mii Sau em nghi vi qua day lim." (L.T.M.T, nd, bj khuylt tat hai ehan, quan Binh Thanh) Theo cd T - c l v i n ehe mSt t l ehdc xa hdi ehe bilt hipn cd khoang 95% ngydi diic cam khdng cd viec iam, 6% ngydi diic cam iam viSc chT dyge thang nSm Tinh thin: BSn canh nhdng nhu d u v l hpe tap, viee iam thi nhu c i u v l tinh thin eda ngydi khuylt tat eung ein dyge quan tam De mac cam nen ngydi khuylt tat khSng thydng xuySn tham gia eac sinh hoat cpng ding Trpng dp hien cac chygng trinh giai tri danh cho ngydi khuyet tgt rat it Chi thinh thoang cd buli sinh hogt t l ehdc vde eac djp l l Tit tgi dja phyang, hay t l dan phi nai ngydi khuylt tat sinh sing Oil vdi cac tre khuylt tat thi dilu la mpt sy thiet thdi ldn Cham sdc sire khde: la vipe rit quan trpng d l l vdi ngydi bj khuylt tgt Ho can dyge quan tam ehda bpnh, dygc hydng d i n v l cde phyang phap vat ly trj liSu, kham sdc khce dinh k^ Cac be gai khuyet tat, phu nd khuylt tat can dyge biln cac kiln thdc v l an toan sde khoe sinh san, bae lye gia dinh, Mpt bgn gai cam dile bde Id: "mudn tim hiiu vi cae binh tinh due, binh la nghia la vd sinh mudn biit di trinh thdi' (N.T.T.T, nd, bj cgm dllc, quan 4) Tim hiiu vi luit phip: Da s l ngydi khuyet tat khdng biet nhilu v l luat phap ndi ehung va luat v l ngydi khuylt tat nei riSng hoac chi bilt chdt It Hp eung khong bilt tim kilm nhdng thong tin phap luat l y d dau, can ty v i n v l luat thi cQng khong bilt tim d i n eg quan, dja ehi nao Nhu cau dygc hiiu ve phap luat la c i n thiet: "em mudn hgc phap luit vi cic ky nang di tim each giii quyit rii song tdt sudt ddi Em mudn biit thim vi luit dim eudi, luat kit hdn, luat nha nude niu khdng hgc phip lu$t thi se bi thiit thdi vi thiiu kinh nghiim' (N.T.T.T, nd, bj cam diec, quan 4) Nhilu ngydi khdng nam ro v l cac che dp cho ngydi khuylt tat Nhy mgt ban trai khuylt tat chan ndi.- "d qui tiin trg cip hing thing eOa nha nude mdi diu la dugc 60.000 ddng/thing Id mi thi xi Tuy Hda len thinh phi dugc 120.000 ddng/thing, rdi nd cit ludn, nd khdng ndi eho minh biit If tai sao, tu dgng nd eat, d ling thi cOng co nhiiu ngudi khuyit tit diu duge linh hit, nhung mi tai minh lai bi cit Sau dd vd Sd Lao dgng-Thuong binh vi Xi hdi, thi danh sich trinh lin khdng cd ten thi sac ed tiin, ngudi ta TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HOl sg (201) 2015 ndi khdng ed de trinh danh sich lin thi lim mi biit, mi dau ed xa la gi, xi vdi nhi sit mat bin cd miy trim mit, miy dng lim chinh quyin xi eOng a ling khdng i, miy ong ndi viy dd" (P.N.Y, nam, khuyet tat hai Chan, quan 10) S d dung cic eong trinh cdng edng, tham gia giao thdng: Hien nhieu edng trinh c l n g cdng xay cao ting, rat khd khan che viec di ehuyen eda ngydi khuylt tat, eung la mdt can trd ngydi khuylt tat hIa nhap vdi cpng d i n g Mdt ban k l ve nhdng khd khan vipe len xulng di hpe: 'Khi di hgc a trudng eung gip khd khin ehu chl Thudng li hgc lin liu cao vi cii doan dudng di IOc trude xa, ban chd em di nhung IOc nd rinh thi ehd ed lin em nghi hgc hoic li din tri, em phil chO ddng mgi thir, thdi gian phii sip xip." (P.T.R, nd, khuylt tat hai chan, quan 10) Tham gia giao thdng eung la mpt khd khan vdi ngydi khuyet tgt Hp khdng dygc c i p bang lai xe, khdng dygc lai xe tham gia giac thong phygng tiSn cdng cpng chya thich hgp vdi ngydi khuyet tat, dd Id met can trd cho hp viSe di chuyin Chj T nhan xet: "Khi ndi tdi ngudi khuyit tit thi cOng nghi ho phai chay xe ba binh, nhung diiu niy tOy thudc via mire dd khuyit tat ciia (ung ngirdi Phin Idn ngudi khuyit tit khdng cd giiy phdp lii xe, ei hgc luit eung chua ed nua" (L.T.A.L, nd, q u i n ly, quan 10) " khdng cd bing lii nhung van phii chay thdi, ngudi khuyit tit mudn di thi bing lii, cOng mudn cd bing HI chay xe tren dudng, eii dd li ude mudn eOa hg, khdng biit Nhi nude ed quan tim hay khdng Ngiy trudc cd tham gia idp hgc vi giao thdng, chi ten hgc nhung ma khdng ed thi, hgc xong cip eho chirng chi, chir khdng phii bing, chirng nhin minh da hgc khoa giao thong di dudng, nd ngin han qui " (P.N.Y, nam, khuyet tat hai ehan, quan 10) HOAT DONG TRO GIUP CCiA CAC TO CHCCC X A H O I Qua k i t qua eda cupc khao sat "Xay dung nang lire cic to chOc nhin dan nhim hd trg viee tiip cin tuphip eho nhdm edng ddng din cu dd bi tin thuang tai TPHCM" nam 2012'^' thi ed d i n 45% eae t l ehdc xa hpi dan sy tham gia ho trg eho ngydi khuylt tat, chilm ty le cao nhit so vdi cac nhdm d i i tygng edn lgi nhu ngydi ngheo thj (38%); ngydi sing chung vdi HIV/AIDS (35%); ngydi ngheo nong then (30%); lao dpng nhgp cy (15%); ngydi hdnh nghe mai dam (10%); khae (7%); ngydi dan tpc thilu so (3%) va nan nhan eda hegt dpng budn ngydi (2%) Dieu ndy cho thay sy quan tam eda eae t l chde xa hgi d l l vdi ngydi khuyet tat la rit ldn Ty IS cae t l chde xa hpl h i trg ngudi khuylt tgt hogt dpng td 16 nam trd len chilm den 56%; td 11 - 15 nam la 22%; td - 10 nam la 15% va td nam la 7% T d s l lieu trSn cd t h i t h i y cdc t l ehdc xa hdi da hogt ddng lau nam, ed nhilu nam kinh nghiSm viec h i trg che nhdm ngydi khuyet tat va chdng minh ring NGUYEN THI SAO HA - v i n d l ngydi khuylt tat cDng da dygc cac t l chde xa hdi quan tam yu tien td r i t lau (LIN, 2012) HiSn nhilu to chde xa hpi da cd ehugng trinh hogt dpng tieh eye, gidp ngydi khuylt tat hdg nhap vao cpng dong cae t l chde xa hpl da bd nhieu edng sdc cho cic hogt dpng nay, nhy tim hydng hegt dpng, hydng h i trg, tim kiem cdc nha bao trg va nguin dy an nham gidp dd ngydi khuylt tat mdt each t i t nhit Nhd sy h i trg eda cac t l chde xa hpi ma ngydi khuyet tat ed dygc nhdng ea hpi vipe thye hien quyin, khic phuc nhdng han ehe sinh hogt, tham gia vae ddi sing xa hpi Met s l trung tam xa hpi da t l ehdc dygc nhdng buli sinh hogt thydng nien, hoac nhdng chyang trinh hoat dgng van nghp ehe ngydi khuylt tat VI dg: cd nhyng ldp hpc dgy trgng dilm, cau Igc bp khieu vQ trSn xe lan, eac bull giao lyu van nghp tai cac khu dan ey, nha may xi nghidp, thdng qua nhdng chyang trinh nhim khuyin khich va tge eho ngudi khuylt tat them ty tin hdg nhgp vdi cpng ding, xa hdi " cdn vi bin hgc tip thi minh cOng cd nhirng tap huin ve kf ning nhu kf nang tham van hay ky ning lim vide nhdm, rdi kf nang ndi ehuyin thuyit phuc Tit ci nhung eii ky ning dd diu giOp ich cho ngudi khuyit tit Cd day thim vi cic Idp ngoai ngu; miy thiy cd thi toin tinh nguyin vien, rii mgt Idp khleu vu Thirc miy ldp dd li khdng thudng xuydn VI du liu tiu cd miy anh chi day trang diim hg tdi NHU CAU C U A N G U O I KHUYET TAT ma cic chi em phu nO cd nhu eiu thi minh sip xip mdt cii Idp khoing mdt hai ngiy gi dd, diiu niy vio thiy ed tdi diy day Cic ban rit li thieh vi xuit phit tir nhu ciu ' (L.T.A.L, nd, quan ly, quan 10) T l ehdc xa hpl trg gidp ngydi khuylt tat bing each danh gia nhu eau eda d l l tygng, d i n g thdi quan \c LIN v^ Vi$n Khoa hpc Xa hpi vung Nam B6 Nguyen Thj Bao H^ 2014 Dh tai Th^JC tr^ng ho?t ddng cOa cdc to chuc xa hoi viec hd trg nhdm nguai khuyit tdt t?i TPHCM, chu tri dg tai: Vi#n Khoa hgc Xa hpi vung Nam 86 Sa Lao dpng-Thu-ang binh va Xa hpi TPHCM 2014 Biiu tong hgp doi tugng dugc cap giiy xdc nhdn khuyit tdt thdng diu nam 2014 ... bin hgc tip thi minh cOng cd nhirng tap huin ve kf ning nhu kf nang tham van hay ky ning lim vide nhdm, rdi kf nang ndi ehuyin thuyit phuc Tit ci nhung eii ky ning dd diu giOp ich cho ngudi khuyit... gian thim dd nhu eiu cua ngudi khuyet tit thi minh thiy eie ban tdi du hgi thio thi eie ban eung lo ling vd vin di viec lam Bdi niu nhu khdng cd vide lim thi hg NGUYEN THI BAG H A - NHU CAU CpA... thiy quang cio sin phim thi minh huin ngln nggi tuyin cho hg cich makerting, biy gid cOngi khdng ed tu tin di tdi du hdi thio ciia minh td ehCrc Qua tim hiiu mdi thay thi minh da kit nii vdi cic
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