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DIIN BAN TRAO odi VAI TRO CHIEN Ll/OfC CUA Dl/dNG HO CHf MINH QUA DANH GIA CUA BAO CHf VA CAC NHA NGHIEN CUU PHUONG TAY ThS L E DINH HUNG Hpc vien Chinh tri Cong an nhdn ddn Dudng 559 • dddng mon Ho Chi Minh la dinh cao cua sdc sang tao chien tranh nhan dan Viet Nam khang diien chong My, cdu mrdc, dUdng gop phan quyet djnh vao thang Itfi ciia cuoc diien Nghien cdu ve Dudng 559 gop phan qiiki ma sdc manh diien tranh nhan dan Viet Nam, qua gi^i thidi them ve sU that bai cda mot dao quan manh bac nhat the gidi K hdng {diai din hdm nhu cau tim hieu dudng huyCT flioai mdi bit diu, ciing khdng phai din hdm mdi dupc ddi phuong dat diing vai trd ciia nd Chinh nhflng ngudi biet nhieu, sdm ve dudng Trudng Son - Aidng Hd Chi Minh la cae ehien binh ciia Hoa Ky - nhiing ngudi tiing dung 60 vdi luc lupng " V ^ Cdn^' canh gju dudng mdu Ilia Bdi vi the ciia dudng chien tranh, nfin hang trieu binh si Hoa Ky fliam chi&i d E)dng Duong, cd nhieu ngudi chua hanh quan chien diu tren dudng nhung hp ciing bilt, ciing hinh dung ve dudng Nhan dan My, tit Tong thdng den ngudi dan binh fliudng, bit Cli quan tam din cupc chien ma em hp dang tien hanh d Vet Nam, deu biet dudng Hfi Chi Minh Chinh cac phdng vien chien ttanh cua phuong Tay la rfliung ngudi sdm mieu tive dirdng Hdu h ^ cac hangfliraigtin nditiengcua phuong Tay, dai t n q ^ thanh, t n ^ ^ Iflnh ^ cd phdng vim ciia minh d Ddng Duong va nhiing nha bao xuit sic cua|diuongTay dki quan tam din "dudng mdn Hd Chi Minh" Hang Roita (Rafloirs), AFP, cdc phdng 58 vien chien tranh ciia Hoa Ky dd viet ve Aicmg tli nita diufli%)IQ'60 the ky XX Dua tin nhanh va nhieu rfliit van la cdc hang tiidng tin, bao ehi phuong Tdy noi tieng nhu cdc hdng Roita, bdo La Phigatd (Le Figaro), Thdi bdo Niuode (New York Times) Cdc bai bao dua tin ve chien trudng Ddng Duong ndi chung va duong mdn Hfi Chi Minh ndi rieng ngdy cang ifliieu, ty le tiiuan vdi muc dp Hoa Ky tdng cudng leo fliang chi§n tranh d Vet Nam Neu nhu cae phdng vifin phuang Tay dua tin thdi sy nhieu va nhanh ve "dirdng mdn Hd Chi Minh", thi cae nha nghien ciiu viet ve de tai tii gdc dp lich su n ^ e thuat quan sy, tap tnmg xem xet vi tiie eua nd cufic ehien Trong nhflng cdng tiinh ngjiien oiu ve Dudng Hfi Chi Minh dupc joiit ban cd npi dung klia sau sic: Cudn Con Arang num: Du&ng mon Ho Chi Minh vd cuoc chiin tranh a Viet Nem (The Blood Road: The Ho Chi \Snh Trail and the Vietnam War) eua t ^ gia Gidn Pra ddt (John Prados), xuit ban nam 1998 lai Niu Ode Tde gia da khing dinh (SrtJT^ mon la tity&i dudng h i ^ mach thuc sy eua TAPCHfUCH SdOANG 12-2015 chien thing cua "cdng san" cufic chien tranh VetNam Cufin Hogt dpng cda Idiong qudn a vitng "cdn xoong" Neon Ldo (RLG Operations and Activities in the Laotian Panhandle) Xfitchay Vfingsavanh (Soutchay \tmgsaranh), mpt quan nhan vilt (Washington DC: US Army Center of Mflitaiy History, xuit ban nam 1980) Tdc phim tap tnmg phan tieh cdc cudc hanh quan va bin phd cua ^ i phuong ddi vdi phin dudng mdn "vimg can xoon^'tten dit Lao CobtiCwc chien ciia Idior^lwchof^xe van tdi a Nam Ldo 1968-1972 (TheWtjrAgmistTndts, Aerial Intadttion in Souffwrn Lcx}s, 1968 -1972) Becna C Nanty (Bernard C Nahy) vk (Wadiington DC: US Air Force Histoiy and Musoims Program, 2005), md ta nhiing cd ^ n g ciia luc hipng Idifing quan Ididng luc Hoang gja Lao va Ididng quan My didng lai hic hipng lien quan Pafliet Ldo \ t Quan ^ i Mian dan Vet Nam, |iidhoa dbw^mdn d i ^ T a y djfyTradng Son Cudn Mua lua, chiin tranh trin khong 1969197S(RmnofFire Air War 1969-1973)cmUomco Gidn (Morocco John) (Boston PubUshing Con^iany, 1985), vilt vl chilnttianhkhdng quan cua Hoa Ky dDfing Duong tai chien ttudng Lao va Campuchia Cay Nfilan (Keifli Nolan) vilt vl cude hanh quan Lam Son W\9 (Tnto Lcm: The Story of Dewey CmyonTI/LcmSon719, Vietnam 1971)cdn^idmg chiln dich bjt dudng mdn d Dudng - Nam Lao (Novato CA: Presidio Press, 1986) Phrank Snep (Frank Snepp) vdi cudn Khodng each hgp ly (Decent Interval) (New Yoric Random House, 1977), da nhin lai cufic chiln nd da kit fliuc va ttxmg bdi canh dd tdc gja noi vai ttd cua t u y ^ "dudng mdn Hd Chi Minh" tttmg cudc chien tianh kfe dai hai fligpky Cd till neu mpt sfi npi dung nghim ciiu chinh ma ttuyln flifing vd cdc hpc gid phuang Tay vilt vl "dudng mdn Hfi Chi Minh" nhu sau: 1.LJdisdoondU£(ng Bao ehi va cdc cdngttinhnghien ciai cua phuong Tay neu sa lupc sy phat trien cua dudng Hfi CM Minh nhu sau: E)udng mdn Hfi Chi Minhraddi vao 19-5-1959 lich sir Nhungtiiycradudngmdn cd tir cufic chien tt:anh Dfing Duang lin fliii nhit (cufic khang chien chdng thyc dan P h ^ ) (1945 1954); cd mdt cung doan d miln Trung Qihin fliupc Nam Khu 5) tiing dupc dat ^ la dudng Hd Chi Minh Sau nay, thdi gjan thyc hien 300 ngdy chuyen quan tap kit, lyc lupng vu trang Vet Minh da men theo ehan nui phia Ddng Tnrdng Son mien Bac May nam sau, mfit sd ngudi da quay ve mien Nam bing cdch di lan ngupc lai dudng hp tiing ti^ k i t Dd la doan dudng diu ti^ ciia dudng mdn HdChi Minh nhiing ndm tii 1959 den vdi ndm ddu thap ky 60 'Trong nhiing ndm diu ciia chien tranh Ddng Duong, V ^ Minh da sir dung he thdng dudng mdn ndy lam dudng nfii Uen Bac - Nam, mfit ttxmg eac tuyen dudng dua can bO di chuyen gjiia hai mien de ttianh sy tiny quet cua quan P h ^ Thang 5-1958, cac lyc lupng tiiufic Quan dpi Nhan ddn V?t Nam (QDNDVN) va Pafliet Lao da ehilm gifl cac nut giaoflifingtai Sepdn {Tchepone), tren dudng fliupc dia phan Lao"' Trong thdi gian diu, nd tiiyc sy la dudng mdn ndi tii dia ban phia Nam ciia mien Bac din deo My Gia Khoang tti \ma 1961 ttd di, "Doan 559 3a ehuyin cac tuyln giaoflidngeua minh sang sudn Tdy cua day Tnidng Son"^ Tic "vimg can xoong" din nga ba Atdpa, sau xudng phia Ddr^ Can^uchia rdi vao Vet Nam Tir nam 1961 din nam 1967, hetiifingdudng phdt ttiln d vimg Nghe An din sdt bien gidi Canqiuchia Ndm 1967, mfit nhanh khac ndi tii cdng Xihanucvin tien len phia Bic Canpuchia Day la nhanh duofng Hd Chi Minh tt:en dit Canpuchia va hiyen ndi vdi tuyen phia Bdc xudng, tao nen he flidng dudng Hd Chi Minh kha hoan ehinh d Ddng Duang 59 DIINSAN TRAO BOI Sau Slt ld?ii dao chinh a Campuchia nam 1970, hai he thfing chinh la Arong to va dirong bO Theo he thfing dutmg H6 Chi Minh toe noironga vimg tu lieu ting kit cua Hoa Ky, duong to nfii tir phia Tay BSc va Dong Canpuchia D&i nam 1973, he Tay Nghe An din lan vung Mo Vet (Tay Ninh) M n g duong H6 Chi Minh da co nhieu lan du6ng Duong fi to bam phia Tay Tmong Son va cfi iihieu n6i til miin Bac vao kh^p cac chien Irucmg mi6n nhanh re tir true chinh xufing cac linh mien Nam Nam "bao g6m mot Aiong (iai soi va da voi) Song song voi duong van chuyin bSng phuong tien rgng hai lan xe, chay tu cac ciia khiu a BSc Trung CO gioi, la he thfing duong di bfi va gui mang vac Bo 161 day Chu Pong o miSn Nam >Bm 1974, da So voi h^ Ihong van chuyin CO gifii, duong di bg CO CO lan hoan chinh tir Tay Nguyen dSn tan tinh Tay phin bo sat vao phia Tay day Tniong Son va tham nhEip sau vao ngi dia mien Ninh phia Tay B5c Sai Gon Duong ong din d3u Nam He thfing duong di nhit ffi timg kit thlic tai bg xuySn Tniong Son co Sir that bai cua cu6c cKien chong thung liing A S&i bao gom nhieu nhanh noi ngang vao 'xam nhap" noi chung va cuoc chien tuyin duong ong (duong chia cal New Yoric Random House, 1977, p.l09 16,17, IZ.i^DgVixjagiS^/dngmdnHdOiiMinh, Nxb Tri thirc, H, 2008, tt.35,35,50 65 ... 2005), md ta nhiing cd ^ n g ciia luc hipng Idifing quan Ididng luc Hoang gja Lao va Ididng quan My didng lai hic hipng lien quan Pafliet Ldo t Quan ^ i Mian dan Vet Nam, |iidhoa dbw^mdn d i ^... dudng Hd Chi Minh Sau nay, thdi gjan thyc hien 300 ngdy chuyen quan tap kit, lyc lupng vu trang Vet Minh da men theo ehan nui phia Ddng Tnrdng Son mien Bac May nam sau, mfit sd ngudi da quay ve mien... (Nam Vi?t Nam) van chuyen quan va hdng hda vao Vimg chidnfliuatva Mat ttan B3 Can cii 609 gjii vai ttd quantttpng,do mang ludi dudng dday cd tiid dimg de van chi^ai quan nhu mua mua* Vao nua