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ANH HirdNG CUA NGUON LlfC SINH KE DEN THU NHAP CUA HO DAN PHU THUOC VAO R U X G TAI KHU Vl/C VUNG CAO TINH BAC KAN Nguyin Hai Niii Khoa Ki todn vd Qudn tri kinh doanh, Hgc viin Ndng nghiep Viet Nam EmaU: hainui(a},gmail.com Nguyin Quoc Chinh Khoa Ki todn vd Qudn tri kinh doanh, Hgc vien Ndng nghiep Viet Nam Email: nqchinh99@gmaU.com Do Quang Giam Khoa Ki todn vd Qudn tri kinh doanh, Hgc viin Ndng nghiep Viet Nam Email: giamdq hua(a),gmaU com Nguyen Thanh Lam Khoa Mdi truang, Hgc viin Ndng nghiep Viet Nam Email: lamkku(a),gmaU.com Ngaynhan: 12/6/2016 Ngay nhan ban sua: 15/7/2016 Ngay duyet dang: 25/7/2016 Tdm tat: Nghien cim ndy nhdm xem xet dnh hu&ng ciia ngudn luc sinh ke den thu nhgp cita hp ddn phu thupc vdo rimg tgi vimg cao tinh Bdc Kan Dii lieu dugc thu thdp thdng qua phdng vdn ddi vdi 218 hp ddn sdng gdn rimg a huyen Na Ri vd Ba Bi Phuang phdp thdng ki md td, phdn tich hdi quy da biin, ANOVA mpt chiiu, kiem dinh T-test vd Chi binh phuang dugc sit dung Kit qud nghien cim cho thdy muc dp phu thupc vdo rimg cua hp cdn lan; ngudn luc sinh ke cua hp phu thudc cao cdn nhiiu hgn chi so vdi hpphu thupc thdp; hp vai ngudn luc mgnh, thu nhgp cao cd xu hu&ng it phu thupc vdo rimg; su tdc dpng ciia ngudn luc sinh ke tdi thu nhgp ciia hp Id rat ro rdng Di thuc thi cdc chinh sdch cdi thien thu nhgp bdi cdnh hgn chi tiip can ngudn tdi nguyen rimg, Nhd nuac cdn cd gidi phdp gidm su phu thupc vdo rimg, ddng thin ndng cao ngudn lite sinh ki, dgc biit Id ngudn luc nguai vd tdi chinh cho hp Tir khda: Ngudn lyc sinh kl, phu thudc vao rimg, Bac Kan Impacts of livelihood capitals on the income of forest dependent households in upland areas of Bac Kan province, Vietnam Abstract: The aim of this study is to assess the impacts of livelihood capitals on income of forest-dependent households in upland areas, Bac Kan province The data were collected from 218 households living near forests in the districts of Ba Be and Na Ri The methods of descriptive statistics, multiple regression, one way ANOVA, student T-test and Chi-squared test were applied in this study The results reveal that the households are still strongly dependent on forest The more the household are dependent on forest, the lower their income The impacts of livelihood capitals on 'Households' income are significant To enforce the policy for the increase of the income while restricting access to forest resources, the State should adopt measures to reduce reliance on the forest, while improving the livelihood capitals, especially human and financial capitals for the luniseholds .'{evwords: Livelihood capitals, forests dependence, Bac Kan ^^229(n thdng 7/2016 67 KinliteJ'liatlilen Dat van de Rfag ddng vai ted vd ciing quan tegng sinh kl cua ngudi dfa ngheo tai cac nude dang phat trien Sy quan trgng cua rii-ng dugc the hien d ca khia cafa kinh tl va xa hdi Rung cung cap cac sfa pham va djch vy mdi trufag cho phat trien sfa xuat va ddi sdng, cung cap noi d, viec lam, tao sinh ke dn djnh (Kamanga & cdng sy, 2009) Tuy faien, mii'c phy thudc vao rfag la khac giila cac fadm hd (Xu & cdng sy, 2015) Trong failu nam qua, tiep cfa sinh ke dugc sir dyng nhieu cac vfa de phatteienndng thdn ddi vdi cdng ddng ndi chung va nhdm hd dfa phy thudc vfa rfag ndi rieng Ngudn lyc sinh ke va ket qua sinh ke la hai hgp phfa quan trgng tiep cfa sinh ke bfa vfag Trong do, thu nhap dugc xem xet la chi tieu nghien cfa khdng the thieu cua ket qua sinh ke Cai thifa thu faap cho vimg cao la mdtteongnhfag qudc sach hfag dfa ciia Dfag va Nha nude Bac Kan la tinh mien nui, difa tich dit lam nghiep la 432.387ba, chilm 89% (Nifa giam thdng ke tifa Bac Kan, 2016) Trong nhung nam gfa day, ngfah ndng - lam nghiep ddng gdp hon 1/3 GDP tofa tinh; hon 70% lao ddng cua tifa la lao dpng ndng lam nghiep, teong do, lam nghiep chiem khofag 13% Do vay, cai thifa thu nhap cho hd dfa phu thudc vao rfag d Bac Kan se gdp phin quan tepng vao chuong teinh xda ddi, giam ngheo cua qudc gia cung nhu giam su tac ddng tieu eye tdi vfa de tri va phat triln difa tich ru-ng ted thafa phuong phap chu dao teong viec thyc hien cac dy fa phat trien va cac nghien cfa lien quan (Scoones, 2009) Khung sifa ke bfa viing teifa bay cac yeu td chinh afa hufag den sinh ke cua ngudi dan va cac mdi quan he difa hifa gifta chfag Khung bao gdm bdi cfab de bi td thuang, ngudn luc sinh ke, cau true va qua trinh bien ddi, chien luge va ket qua sinh ke Tiep cfa sifa ke dugc sit dung nghifa cfa de xem xet fah hufag cua ngudn lyc sinh kl tdi ket qua sifa ke nhu la each thiic xay dyng khung nfag lyc cho hg Ngudn lyc ty faien bao gdm cac yeu td lien quan tdi tai nguyfa thien nhifa nhu dien tich dat, tai nguyen rfag, nude Ngudn lyc ngudi dai difa cho ky nfag, kifa thirc, nfag lyc lao ddng cua ngudi, la ngudn lyc trung tam Ngudn lyc vat chat dugc xem xet dya tefa co sd tang fau nha d, phuong tifa sinh boat, sfa xuat Ngudn lyc xa hpi phatteienthdng qua mang ludi xa hdi, thi hifa sy tin tufag gfa ket mdi quan he xa hdi Ngudn lyc tai chifa bao gdm ngudn sfa cd fau tilt kiem, tiep cfa tin dyng va cac ddng tien khac Nhu vay, cd nhieu chi tifa de dafa gia ngudn lyc sinh ke cua hd Tuy nhien, dac thu viing nghien cfa cd nhfag chi tifa ddng deu gifta cac nhdm hd Ddng thdi, qua teinh phfa tich dft lieu, cd nhieu chi tifa khdng cd y nghTa Do do, trfa co sd tdng hgp cac nghien cfa cd lien quan, ket hgp vdi dac thu vung nghien cfa, ap dyng phuong phap loai biln, nghien cu-u su dyng 20 chi tifa de dafa gia ngudn lyc sinh ke cua hd Trfa the gidi va d Viet Nam, da cd nhilu nghien cfa ve cac ylu td fah hufag tdi thu nhap cua hd nhu Hifa nay, cd nhilu quan diem vl thuat ngft phu Kamanga & cdng sy (2009); Chu Thj Kim Loan & thudc vfa rfag Theo Dinh Dfa Thufa (2005), cdng Nguyin Van Hufag (2015) Kit qua nghien cfa cua ddng phu thugc vaoritoigla cac cdng ddng, thdn/ban hp cho thay ngudn lyc sinh kl ddng gdp quan tepng den lgi ich cua hd va tac ddng rit Ifa tdi thu faap cila Hinh 1: Khung phan tich hd, hp cd the cai thifa thu nhap ciia minh thdng qua viec phan bd su dung ngudn lyc sinh kl hgp ly Tuy NGUON LUC SIINH KE faien, ngudn lyc sinh kl cua cac hd la khdng ddng fait (Bebbington, 1999), cac nghien cfa cu thi vl viec cai thien thu faap cua hd dfa phu thudc vfa rirng bj thieu hut Do vay, sy hilu bilt vl afa hufag cua ngudn lyc sinh kl tdi thu faap cua ngudi dfa, dac biet la sy hilu bilt ddi vdi fadm hd phu thudc vfa rfag la cfa thilt cho ca viec bao tdn va thyc hien cac chinh sach phat tiiln rfag Nghien cfa nhim xem xet fah hufag ciia ngudn lyc sinh kl tdi thu nhap cua hd dan phu thudc vao rung dl ta dd dl xuit mdt sd giai phap kha thi nhim phat triln sinh kl bin vu-ng, tang thu nhap cho hp Phu-ffng phap nghien cu-u 2.1 Phucmg phdp tiip can Tiep cfa sinh kl bin vftng tir nhu'ng nam 1990 da Sd 229(11) thdng 7/2016 Ngudn: Tdng hgp cita tdc gid tren casa (Chambers & Conway, 1992; DFID, 1999; Scoones, 2009) kiniityiiiit trien Bfag 1: Mo ta biln muc phu thudc vao rii-ng ciia ho Bien Dinh nghia Ty trpng thu nhap ta rfag so vdi tdng thu nhap Ifa han 40% "bu thupc cao Phu thupc tmng binh Phu thupc thap Ty tepng thu faap ta rfag so vdi tdng thu nhap tir hon 20% tdi 40% Ty trpng thu nhap ta rfag so vdi tdng thu nhap nhd han hoac bang 20% Nguon: Tdng hgp cua tdc gid tren nghien cim ciia Babulo & cpng su (2008); Xu & cpng su (2015) ngheo d viing sfa, cung cao, khu vyc bifa gidi sdng gfa rtog/dat rimg Tuy nhien, mdt sd khac lai djfa nghTa sy phu thugc vao boat ddng sfa xuit tren co sd CO cau ngudn thu nhap cua hd Tu do, xac djnh mfa dp phu thupc vfa boat ddng ndng nghiep (Xu & cdng sy, 2015), rfag (Babulo & cdng sy, 2008), chfa nudi (Alary & cdng sy, 2014) Nghien c f a ap dung each tilp cfa ciia Babulo & cdng sy, miic phu thudc vao rfag dugc xac djnh tren co sd ty tegng thu nhap to rfag Theo dd, mfa phu thudc vao rirng dugc phfa thfah ba nhdm: cao, te^ng bifa va thip Thu faap ta rfag cua hd bao gdm thu faap to go va lam sfa phi gd Phuang phap "cho dilm CO cfa thu faap" dugc ap dyng thdng qua viec yeu cfa hd dfa ta phfa bd 25 hat ngd (hdn da) vao cac d tedng tegt, chan nudi, lam nghiep, phi ndng lam nghiep, khac tren co sd mirc dp quan trgng tdi sinh ke cua hd Ket qua cho thay khdng cd sy khac biet giua hai phuang phap dugc ap dung Dilu ngu y sy phil hgp cua chi tieu ty trgng thu nhap to rfag ddi vdi viec dfah gia muc phu thudc vao rfag cua hd tai dja bfa nghien cfa 2.2 Chpn diim nghien cieu vd thu thdp sd lieu Nghien c f a dugc tien hanh tai hai huyen dai dien vung cao vdi difa tich rfag va che phu rung Ifa ciia tinh la Na Ri va Ba Be Tai mdi huyen, nghien cfa chgn hai xa diem thudc vimg cao Tai mdi xa Mirc phu thuoc vao rii-ng nghien c f a dugc thyc hien d nhung thdn/bfa vimg cao - noi hd dan cd quyln su dyng dit rfag va co hdi tilp cfa ngudn tai nguyen ta rung Do sd hd khdng nhilu nen nghifa cfa tiln hanh dilu tra toan bd hd tai moi t h d n ^ f a khao sat bing phuong phap phdng vln tryc tilp 218 hd dfa Ndi dung khfa sat tap tiomg vao cac chi tieu ngudn lyc sinh k l va thu faap cua hd 2.3 Phuffng phdp phdn tich Phuang phap thdng ke md ta dugc sii dung &h md ta ngudn lyc sifa kl cung fau thu nhap ciia hd Cac sd trung bifa, lech chuin dugc sir dung vdi chi tieu phfa td la mfa phy thudc vao rfag dl tdng hgp, phfa tich va phan afa ddng thai, tifa chit cua tong chi tieu ngudn lyc sinh kl Phfa tich ANOVA mdt chilu, kilm djfa T-test va Chi bifa phuang dugc sii dyng &k dafa gia sy khac biet cua cac chi tieu ngudn lyc sifa kl D I dafa gia sy fah hufag ciia ngudn lyc sifa kl den thu nhap cua hd, chfag tdi sii dung md hifa hdi quy da biln Biln phy thudc la logarit thu faap, biln ddc lap la cac chi tieu ngudn lyc sifa kl va mfa dp phy thudc vao rfag Cac tham sd dugc tifa tofa, udc lugng bfag phfa mem Stata 12.0 Kit qua nghien cii-u 3.1 Thu nhgp vd miec dp phu thupc vdo rung cua hp Trong tdng sd 218 hd dugc khfa sat ngiu nhien Bang 2: Thu nhap theo miic phu thuoc vao rirng ciia hp Nguon thu nhap (trieu ddng/hd/ndm) Sdhd Phi nong(ho) Trong trot Chan nuoi Rimg Khac 1am nghiep Tong thu nhap Cao 56 6,45 (418) 0,64 (3,47) 10,66 (8,12) 0,76 (2.18) 0,14 (0.45) 18,66 (11,03) Trung binh 69 9,55 (5,10) 5,01 (4.91) 7,83 (474) 4,77 (11.54) 0,41 (1.65) 27,57 (17,33) Thip 93 13,60 (8,38) 8,52 (8,90) 4,22 (3,34) 22,56 (37,54) 2,54 (8,56) 51,44 (51,63) Tinh chung 218 10,48 (7,14) 5,39 (7,36) 7,02 (5.96) 'j 229(11) thdng 7/2016 11,33 1,25 35,46 (27,14) (5,77) (38,17) Ghi chii: Sd ng ogc dan Id dp lech chudn Ngudn: Phdn tich titsd lieu phdng vdn hd (2015) 69 Kiolityiiatti'ien thi cd tdi ban 1/4 sd hd cd muc phu thudc vao rfag cao Tinh chung, tytegngthu nhap tit rimg la 27,9%, sd kha toong ddng vdi fafag nghien ciiu khac nhu Babulo & cdng sy (2008) tai phia bac Ethiopia Miic phy thudc vfa rfag kha cao nhtmg khac faau giua cac nhdm hd Binh qufa tai dia diem nghien cfa, thu faap ta rfag ciia bp dat khofag 7,02 teieu/nam va cd sy khac biet rd net giua cac fadm hd Tuy nhifa, thu nhap ta rfag cua hd chu yeu la cac san vat phyc vy fau ciu gia dinh nhu cac lam san ngoai gi nhu cui, rau, mang, thu faap bing tien rat han chl Viec khai thac cac lam sfa ngoai gdnay dugc thyc hien tai cac khu rfag ngudi dan dl tiep cfa, khdng phfa biet la rfag cdng ddng hay thudc sd huu cua Cd thi thiy ring, sd lugng hd phu thudc faieu vao rfag cdn cao va nd se tao nhfag ted ngai nhat djfa cho chuong trifa ban chl tilp cfa rfag faam bao ve va tri dien tich rfag cua Nha nude Nhin chung, thu nhap ta ndng nghiep nhu liia, ngd, lgn, ga va cac sfa pham ndng nghiep khac chilm tdi 46% thu nhap cua hd dfa dia ban nghifa cfa Ty tegng thu faap to ndng nghiep gap gfa lin so vdi ty trgng to rfag Them vfa dd, ngudn thu nhap khac fau to boat ddng phi ndng lam nghiep cd xu hufag thip din to fadm phu thugc cao tdi fadm phu thudc thip Tdng thu faap binh quan cila hd nam 2015 la khoang 35,5 trieu Kit qua kiem djnh T-test chi ring, thu nhap bifa qufa cua fadm hp phu thudc thip la cao hon ca vdi miic y nghTa thdng ke % NIU coi tdng thu nhap la mpt chi tieu quan trgng dafa gia phuc lgi cua hg, ket qua khuyfa cao ring hp cd mfa dp phu thudc vfa rirng cao se de bj tdn thuang hon so vdi nhdm hd cdn lai, cfag fau hp se chju failu tac ddng tieu eye to nhftng ban che tilp cfa tai nguyen rfag thuc thi chinh sach bfa ve rfag ciia Chinb phu 3.2 Thuc trgng ngudn luc sinh ke cua ho Nhin chung, ket qua kiem dinh cho thay sy khac biet cd y nghTa thdng ke giua cac fadm hd, dac biet su khac biet ro net giita fadm hd phu thudc cao va thap Mfa dieu tra tap trung vao hd sdng gfa rimg, khu vyc vfag cao, chu yeu la ddng bao dan tdc thieu sd vdi ty le bd ngheo Ifa Sinh kl ciia ngudi dan cdn nhilu khd khfa, cd tdi gin 60%> sd bp cho rfag thu nhap cua hp chua dap fag dugc nhu cfa co ban Hp van cd nhfag bua fa khdng du no va tinh trang diit bfta vin cdn tdn tai Mfa dp tilt kiem la rat thap (13%), dd chii ylu la tilp kiem teen co sd mua sim cdng cy sfa xuit, sy tilt kiem bing tiln mat hay gui cac td chiic tin dung hiu fau la khdng cd Tifa trang mic ng cua ngudi dan la rat cao (78%) vdi viec hp phai ng cac cua hfag vat ta ndng nghiep Mdt tin hieu tich eye d chi tieu muc da dang ngudn thu faap, vdi 58% sd hd tra Idi ring hg khdng chi don thuin phy thudc vao boat ddng tedng tegt, chan nudi va rfag Hg cung bit diu cd cac boat dfag sinh ke khac fau budn bfa, lam thue Tuy faifa, cac chi tieu ngudn lyc tai chinh cd sy khac biet rd net va tin cay gifta fadm hd phy thudc thip va hai fadm cdn lai Nhin chung, fadm hp cd ngudn lyc tai chifa mafa thi hp se it phu thupc vfa rtog, hg cd xu hufag da dang ngudn thu faap cua mifa ta cac boat ddng phi ndng lam nghiep Ddi vdi ngudn lyc ngudi, tinh chung cho toan bd miu dilu tea, 31% sd hp cd it nhat mdt thfah vien cd thu nhap dn difa Tbafa vien thudiig la fafag ngudi tham gia lam cfa bd chifa quyen dja phuong, cdng nhfa cua cac xufag sfa xuat, faa may tai dja phuang Hp la thafa vien ddng vai ted quan trgng sinh ke hg gia dinh ca ve sd lugng va sy bin vftng Do dd, hp cd lao ddng vdi thu nhap dn djfa cd xu hufag it phy thugc vfa rtog hon Trifa cda chu hp hiu hit la mdi bgc xong cap va cd sy khac biet gifta cac fadm hd Nhdm hd phu thudc cao thufag la fafag hd vdi tiinh thap hon Dilu cd thi dugc giai thich la chu hd cd teifa dp thip it cd CO hdi tilp thu kiln thiic, ky nfag de da dang hda ngudn thu faap Hg cd xu hufag tiep can va khai thac ngudn tai nguyen rfag faieu bon; quy md hd bifa qufa la 4,63 ngudi/hd vdi tadi bmh quan cac tbafa vien la 29,14 va khdng cd sy khac biet giila cac fadm hd Ddi vdi ngudn lyc tir faifa, ngoai tru dien tich dit rfag thi cac chi tieu cdn lai cua cac fadm hd la Bfag 3: Quy mo trdng lua binh quan cda hd dfa if xa Thai Nguyen So ho Dien tich gieo liia Sd thua/ho (ho) (sao) (thira) Quy md nhd (10 sao/nam) 41 17,0 2,3 3,2 4,3 3,4 Tieu chi Tmng binh Sd 229(11) thdng 7/2016 9,8 Ngudn: Sd heu dieu tra, 2016 70 liinliteJIiattriCn ding dh va CO sy cdng bing phan chia theo dinh miic nhan khau tir chinh quyen cac d p Ben canh do, sir dl dang tilp can ngudn tai nguyen rii-ng khong anh hufag tdi mfa phu thupc vao ru-ng Tuy nhien, chi tieu dien tich dit rimg lai cd sy khac biet ro net, nhdm hg phu thudc thip lai sd hfa dien tich rung Idn hon hai nhdm hg cdn lai Ngudn lyc vat chit dugc lufag bing chi tieu diem so nha d va tai sfa ciia hp Trong nghien cfa nay, chiing toi su dung each tiep cfa theo quy trinh Bang 4: Thuc trang nguon luc sinh k i ciia hp Nguon lu-c sinh ke Tinh chung Phu thupc cao Phu thuoc trung binh Phu thupc thap Gia trj P Idem dinh 38,53 19,64 31,88 54,84 0,0000,009"* Nguon luc tdi chinh ly le hp cd thu nhap dam bao nhu ciu tdi thilu (%) Ty le hp cd tich liiy (%) 12,84 3,57 10,14 20,43 Ty le ho hien dang mac ng (%) 77,52 71,43 79,71 79,57 0,448"" Ty le hp co nhieu hon ngudn thu nhap (%) 57,80 30,36 53,62 77,42 0,000'" 30,73 7,14 20,29 52,69 0,000"' Nguon luc ngu&i Ty le hp cd lao ddng vdi thu nhap dn dinh (%) Chua hpc xong cip (%) 4,59 7,14 4,35 3,23 Da hpc xong cip (%) 33,03 42,86 43,48 19,35 van cua chii hp lOa hpc xong elp (%) 38,07 41,07 28,99 43,01 Da hpc xong cap trd len (%) 8() vien cda hd (ngudi) 24,31 193 23,19 34,41 4,80 4,77 4,49 5,04 0,045" luoi binh quan vien cua hd (nam) 29,14 42 28,15 29,09 0,403™ Uien tich dit ndng nghiep (ha) 0,54 0,53 0,50 0,59 0,138"^^ Uien rich dat rfae thai 3,66 1,94 1,85 6,03 0,000'" 44,95 41,07 46,38 46,24 0,000'** "^63776" 71,43 60,87 61,29 0,383° Trinh dp hpc 0,001* Nguon lu-c tu- nhien Ty le hp cam nhan dl dfag tiep can vdi cac ngudn tai nguyen rfag (%) Ty le hd tiep cfa ngudn nude dam bao ve sinh (%) NguSn luc vat chdt Ki&rcd7%) Tinh teang nha d cua hd Ban kien cd (%) Nha tam (%) 43,58 30,36 39,13 54,84 54,13 69,64 55,07 44,09 2,29 0,00 0,005* T6t(%) 18,35 17,86 14,49 1,08 21,51 '^^^f^^f^S^ Kem (%) 73,39 8,26 75,00 78,26 !,82 7,14 7,25 ~Dilm sd tai san sinlfao?l^cuaJip^^ ~ D i i „ r i d l i i l i n phuc vy san_xuat cua hp (diem) 32^94 24;41 28^6 44^55 0^000™" 18/13 14^80 1M8 2U35 0,000"* Ngudn lure xd hpi Ty lg hg -,: "gia d a y f a j ^ c u p c hpp thdn (%) 97,71 94,64 98,55 98,92 0,204"' - r y l e h ^ l a manirW6r5il6bao ve rimg (%) 44,04 32,14 43,48 51,61 0,068 l y i f i ^ ri5rfaq^^ygi^
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