Nghien ciiu chinh sach an sinh xa hoi cho gia dinh Viet Nam D$ng Nguyen Anfa ' Vi$n Hin lam Khoa hpc xS h6i Vift Nam Email: dang3nhphatl609@gmail.com Nh$n ngiy thing nim 2017 Chdp nh|ln ( ^ g ngiy thing n^m 2017 Tdm tdt: Nghien ciiu an sinh xa hpi (ASXH) ttong bdi canh hifn dgi hda va hpi nhgp quoc te d Vift Nam doi hoi phdi chu y din chinh sach an sinh ddi vdi cac gia dinh Tuy nhien, cd rdt it chinh sach an sinh xa hpi danh rieng cho gia dmh, lay gia dinh lam don vj thy hudng hay can thifp d Viet Nam Trong do, cdc chinh sdch an sinh xa hpi ddnh cho ddi tupng cy the hay nhung vien xac djnh ttong mdi gia dinh Igi co kha nhieu Thyc te phan anh sy thieu hut cac chinh sach an sinh cho gia dmh hifn TiJr kh6a: An sinh xd hpi, gia dinh, chinh sach an sinh xa hpi, Vift Nam Fhan togi nganh: Xa hpi hpc Abstract: The study of social protection in the context of modernisation and intemational integration in Vietnam requires that attention be paid to the social protection policies for femilies However, there are now in the country only a few of such policies, which are targeted at families and take them as beneficiaries or objects of interventions Meanwhile, there are many other social protection policies for specific groups of people in the society or members in the family That fact reflects the lack of such policies for families today Keywords: Social protection, family, social protection policy, Vietnam Subject classification: Sociology D^t vdn de An sinh xa hOi duac xay dung tren md hinh quan Iy nii ro, c6 ba chiln lupc: phdng ngira nii ro, gidm nhe rui ro va khdc phuc rui ro Hf thdng ASXH dupe hidu la toan bO cac chinh sdch nhd nude nhdm giiip dd cdc cd nhdn, gia dinh vd cac nhdm x§ hpi qudn ly cdc riii ro, bdt trdc ciia minh va hd tro cho nhung Khoa hpc xahpi Vift Nam, sd 8-2017 ngudi nghdo, yeu thl nhdt MOt he thdng ASXH tdt se gdp phdn quan trpng vdo sy phat ttiln cua qudc gia M^t khdc, thdng qua cdc chinh sdch ASXH, nha nude ciing thyc hifn pfadn phdi lgi thu nhgp vd djch vy cho cdc nhdm xd hOi de bj ton thuang vd cac gia dinh thu nhdp thap, gdp phan gidm nghdo vd chdng nguy co tdi nghdo, tiln tdi thu hpp bdt binh ddng xa hOi C6 thl nhan thdy ASXH Id mpt nhttng hpp phdn quan trpng cdc ehuang ttinh xd hdi ciia cdc qudc gia nhdm mye dich dn dinfa x9 fapi, gidm phan hod gidu ngheo, dieu tidt qud trinh phan tdng xa hpi, tgo ndn sy ddng thuan giiia cac giai tdng, cdc nhdm ddn cu tiln trinh phdt ttidn Do do, ASXH vita cd tinh kinh tl, vira mang tinh xa hpi vd nhdn vdn sdu sdc Cd sy nhdt tri rdng m^t hf thdng ASXH tdt dupe thl hifn d khd nang vd cdc bifn phdp bdo vd cdc cd nhan vd cac nhdm xa fapi trudc nhihig riii ro, tdn thuong tdc dfng thien tai, hay nhung tdc dpng bat lpi vd kinh te - xd hdi, nhdm tri dupe miic sdng vd dilu kifn sinh kl thilt ylu ASXH la mOt chinh sdch xd hpi ca bdn ciia nhd nude nhdm thyc hifn cdc chiic ndng phdng ngita, han chl vd khdc phyc riii ro, bdo ddm an todn thu nhgp vd cu$c song cho ngudi dan Chiln lupc ASXH cda Vift Nam giai dogn 2011-2020 ndu ro: "An sinfa xd hpi Id sy bdo ddm md xd hpi cung cap cho mpi thdnh vidn frong xd h^i thdng qua vifc thyc thi hf thdng cdc ca che, chinh sdch vd bifn phdp can thifp trudc cdc nguy ca, riii ro cd the dan ddn suy gidm hogc mat di ngudn sinh kd" [5] Bdi viet chi nhihig khodng trdng nghien ciiu ASXH cho gia dinh, dl tir dd cd nhting giai phap chinh sach nhdm 12 tdng cudng an smh gia dmh vd gpi md mdt sd hudng tiep c|n phii hprp vdi chd dd nghidn ciiu cap tfailt ndy Dam bao an sinh x3 hdi cfao gia dinh 2.1 An sinh xd hgi cho gia dinh Cdc nghien ciiu xd hpifapcquoc te dd chi vai trd cda gia dinh nhu m^t ngudn ASXH ddnh cho cdc tfaanfa vidn cua minh Cherlin [7] dd xem xdt sy tuong ttp lan gia dinh, d^c bift giita eha m? vd cdi Con cdi trudng thdnh s5 giup dd cha mp, nhung nhin chung cdi cung nhgn dupe sy chdm sdc tir pfaia cha mp Theo tdc gid, mdi quan hf tucmg trp qua lgi ndy thd hifn sy thda thudn "bao cap ngam" gia dinh, giiia cha mp vd cdi Tuy nhidn Cherlin ciing luu f rdng, qud trinh cdng nghifp hda diSn mgnh me vdo cudi the ky XIX d Tdy Au da kdo cdc thdnh vien, ma trudc tidn la nam gidi, rdi sau dd Id phy nii, khdi eac gia dinh CuOc sdng cua cdc thdnh vidn phu thupc nhilu vao tiln cdng lao dfng mang Igi Nhihig sy kifn nhu dau dm, tai ngn, ho§c mat vifc Idm, sinh kl c6 thd khien cho cdc vidn vd hO gia dinh roi vdo tinfa trgng khdn khd, tdc dOng tidu cyc din cupc sdng cua fap Ngay tir nhftng ndm 50 ciia thl ky- trudc, Parson vd Bales [10] xem xet qua ttinh chuyin giao hp thdng chdc ndng an sinh vd chdm sdc ciia gia dinh truyin thdng sang cdc thilt chl xd hOi cd chiic ndng chuydn nghipp nhu trudng hpc, bfnh vifn, nhd dudng Ido, trung tdm ttdng gift ttd Qud trinh ndy dupe thyc hipn hifu qua sS gdp Dgng Nguygn Anh phan gidm nhe gdnh ngng chdm sdc cua cdc gia dinh vd tgo didu kipn eho thilt chd ndy thuc hifn tdt han cdc chiic ndng cdn lai Cdch tiep can chuc nang ndy van cd dnh hudng ttong nghien ciiu gia dinh d Viet Nam hipn Trong xd hOi phuang Ddng, gia dinh la mOt thidt che ASXH truydn thdng, cd vai ttd quan ttpng ttong vide chdm sdc vd ddm bao ddi sdng cho cdc thdnh vidn Ngudi dan Vipt Nam ludn dya vdo cdc quan he gia dinh vd ngudi thdn dl tim sy ttp giiip rui ro [3] Ngodi nhung rdng buOc vd phap Iy, dd cdn lattdchnhipm, nghia vy vd bdn phdn vp chdng, cha me vd cdi, ttdch nhifm cua ngudi ldn ddi vdi ttd em, ngudi khde vdi ngudi ylu, ngudi khuylt t^t, ngudi ttd vdi ngudi gid, ngudi c6 khd nang lao dOng, c6 thu nhap ddi vdi ngudi mdt kha ndng lao dOng, khdng cd thu nhdp ttong gia dinh [4] Ngudn trp giiip trudc tidn g^p khd khan ttong cuOc sdng ddn tir nhting ngudi than ttong gia dmh, sau dd md rpng hp hang, be ban, cpng ddng vd chinh quyen Nhd nude thyc hifn phdc lpi xa hfi thdng qua phuemg thdc phan phdi va tai phan phdi ngudn lyc, thyc hifn cac cfainh sdch dudi hinh thdc trp cdp, ho ttg djch vu xd hfi ddi vdi cdc nhdm xd hpi ydu the Do vdy, nai nao gia dmh ho ttpr tdt cho nhung thdnh vidn khdng ty Io dugc cfao ban thdn, nai d6 gdnh nang ASXH se dugc gidm bdt Mdi quan hf gifta gia dhih, nhd nude vd ASXH khd phiic tgp, bdi dd khdng chi dan thudn la mdi quan hf bd sung cho ma cdn phy thupc vdo Nhiing thay ddi ttong thiet chl gia dinh se cd nhihig tdc dpng den an sinh cua cdc thdnh nidn va ddn sy on dinh xa hOi Sy van hdnh cda hf thdng ASXH ciing tdc dOng tryc tilp ddn cdc thdnh vien gia dmh, nhdt Id ttd em va ngudi cao tiidi Ngudi gia vd ttd em ttong gia ifinh ciing cd nhftng ddng gdp nhdt dinh ddi vdi phiic Igi cua cdc thdnh vidn khdc Day Id ca che giup cho ASXH ciia gia duih bin viing, vd dugc tidp ndi qua cac the hf Tuy nhidn, cdng vdi thdi gian, gia dfinh truyin thdng bj tdc ddng va suy ydu bdi qud trinh cdng nghifp hda, dotiijhda Dieu ndy ed thl thdy qua cdc bilu hifn: I) cdng cd nhidu thieu nidn rdi ndng than thdnh phd hpc tgp va lao ddng kiem sdng, vd pfadn ldn sd ndy kfadng quay vl ndng thdn; 2) difnti'chddt canh tae ngdy cdng bi thu hep khiln cho sd lugng lao dpng bj mat vifc ldm tdng Idn; 3) qud trinh cdng nghipp hda thdc ddy cdc ddng di cu nude vd qudc tl, khiln cho tf ttpng cac gia dfinh thilu khuylt tdng ldn va quy md gia nin - QOnsficooicHutlvfli^c - Mitdicicqianbgxai^i ' n i l t n g h i ^ - v A l h i ^ v i ^ lim ' Luong khdng dil Nfl ' Cin d i i m soc cai v i cham; ' Khdng cham s6c duflc cii ' Phin b i ^ gioi tinh ' B ^ l^c gia dhih Hinh Md hhih an smh xd hpi theo chu trinh vong ddi gia dinh [1] - Tiep can vdn hda Do tinh da dang ciia gia £ n h Viet Nam gdn vdi cdc dac tnmg phong phu cua van hda ddn tpc, tap qudn, loi song vung midn, ddi sdng xa hOi, ndn cdc nghidn cftu can cfau y den yeu td van hda danh gia tfayc trgng va luan chdng cdc mye tidu, djnh hudng, gidi phap cung vdi kiln nghj chinh sdch Cach tidp can vdn hda cdn chu ttpng tdi nhftng d^c diem da dang vdn hda cua gia dmh, cpng ddng ciing nhu su chenh lech kha ldn ttong trinh dp phdt tridn kinh td - xd hpi gifta cdc viing midn, khu vyc hidn Ben cgnh do, loai hinh gia £ n h da van hda dang cd xu hudng gia tdng d Vift Nam, ddi hdi cdch tidp can vdn hda ttong ngfaidn ciiu - Tiip can liin ngdnh, xidyen ngdnh Cdc hgp phan ASXH vfta cd quan hp tuong hd vdi nhau, vira cd mdi quan faf vdi nhihig Imfa vyc khdc (nhu kinh td, x3 hOi, dSn sd, sdc khde, tdm Iy hpc ) Sy phdt tridn (hay suy gidm) cua moi ITnh vyc (yeu td) ddu tdc dOng den yen td (la nguydn nhdn va hp qud hodc song hdnh diln biln) Mac du tilp cgn xd hOi hpc la pfad bien vd hifu qua cao ttong nghidn ciiu vd gia £ n h vd ASXH cho gia dinh, nhung tilp cgn nhdn hgc va dan tgc hgc giup tim failu cdc Khoa hpc xd hQi Vift Nam, sd - 2017 tfayc hdnh ASXH tmyln thdng cua cdc dan tdc d Vipt Nam Kmh td hpc gidp udc lugng va gidi thich cdc md fainh tfaong kd dinh lugng vd tdc d^ng cda chinh sdch ASXH cfao gia ^nfa, ciing nhu xac djnh cdc ylu td dnh hudng din an sinh gia ^nh Nghidn cim ddn sd, sftc khde cho phdp ddnh gid, phdn loai chu- trinh vdng ddi cua gia ^ n h gdn vdi nhu cdu ASXH cua tftng giai dogn cufc sdng Gan day, tiep c ^ xuydn i^dnh (transdisciplinarity) xda bd ranh gidi vd sy tdch biet giiia cdc chuydn ngdnh, vdi sy tham gia cda cdc chu thl ngodi cpng ddng khoa hpc ttong timg giai dogn nghidn ciiu nhdm dua dugc gidi pfadp chinh sdch ddng bd, khd thi ddi vdi nhftng van de ASXH cua tiiyc tl - Tiip cdn so sdnh Vifc so sanh sy thay ddi vd dinh hudng chinh sach gifta cdc thdi k^ vd giai dogn phdt tridn cua Vift Nam giiip eho vifc phdn tich, ddnh gid, dl xudt sdu sdc han, rd rang hon vd khdch quan hon cdc khuydn nghi chinh sdch Bdn thdn cdc chlnh sdch ASXH (bao hidm, djch vy cdng, luong, ttg cdp, ) cho cdc gia dinh can dugc n h ^ difn, ddnh gid, phan tich theo nhiing hgn che, tdn tgi, vd nhftng nguydn nhan cua nhihig hgn chd Han nua, cd thl nghidn cftu so sdnh theo cdc kilu loai gia ^tah, dja bdn nai cu trd dl tft dd dl xudt nhftng chinh sdch phu hgp Chinh sdch ASXH cho gia dinh khdng the "m§c ddng pfayc" dp dyng chung cho cdc logi hhih gia ^ n h khdc nhau, noi cu tini khdc nfaau Kit luSn M|c du fap tiidng ASXH Vift Nam da vd dang tiing bude dugc md rOng vl pham vi, ddi tugng va mftc thy hudng, song hp thdng ndy chua phdt triln ddng bf vd chua ddp ling dugc nhu cau xd hOi Nhilu nghidn cftu da cho thdy mftc dO bao phu ASXH thyc te cdn thap, khd nang tiep cgn cdc nhdm ddn cu ttong mft sd chuong trinh, du dn cdn ban cfal Cdc cfainh sdch dugc ban hdnh nhidu ve sd lugng, song bat cgp, thieu ddng bO, it lidn kit, chua sft dung hifu qud ngudn lyc vd chua bdo ddm dugc tinh bin vung MOt nhftng nguyen nhdn cda hgn chl ndi ttdn Id cdc chinh sdch ASXH van thidn ve cac cd nhdn md chua xem xdt d edp df gia (tinh nhu mpt thiet che quan trpng bdo vp vd an sinh ddi vdi cdc thdnh vidn Dudi tdc dpng cua qud trinh cdng nghifp hda, hipn dgi hoa vd hOi nhdp qudc tl, vd bdi cdnh mftc sinfa gidm nfaanfa vd qud trinh di dan - thj hda gia tdng, quy mo gia £ n h Vift Nam khdng chi cdng nhd han, md cdc quan hd giiia cdc thl hf vd cdc thdnh vidn ciing trd ndn ldng leo faon Sy suy gidm chftc ndng tmyln thdng cda gia dinh ttong vifc chdm sdc vd bao vf cac thdnh vidn din den nhiing khd khdn, thach thftc ve chinfa sdcfa de cd thl dam bdo ASXH cho gia dinh hifn Thach thdc dang ddt vdi cdng tae chdm sdc vd ttp giup xd hdi, tri thu nh|ip cho gia £nh vd cfadm sdc sftc kfade cho ngudi cao tudi nhdm nhdn khau cd tdc dO gia tang nhanh nfaat d Vift Nam faifn Budc sang giai doan 2017-2020, ydu cdu faodn thifn chuifa sdcfa ASXH ttd nen bdc thiet nhdm thyc hifn mye tidu phdt trien nhanh vd bin vftng Cdc nghidn cdu can £ sdu n h ^ difn vd tim liilu cdc vdn dl liSn quan den ASXH cho gia dinfa, de xudt cdc gidi phdp chinh sdch phft hgp, nhdm phdt huy hipu qud, dp cfae pfau vd hodn thifn hf tiidng chmh sdch ASXH cho gia dhih Vift Nam, ddng tfadi tdng cudng tinh ben vimg cda thilt chl xd hOi quan ttpng ndy Cdc chinh sdcfa ASXH cho gia dmfa pfadi hirdng tdi phyc vy tryc tiep cho nhu cdu phdt triln D$ng Nguyen Anh cua gia £iih va cac tfadnfa vidn, tfadng qua dd gdp pfadn dn dinh chinh trj xa fagi Vdi mye dich do, bai viet budc ddu chia sd kinh nghiem, dd xuat each tilp cSn ngfaidn ciiu phu hgp, gdp pfadn md mOt gdc nhin mdi vd chinfa sdch ASXH cho gia ffinfa ttong tiidi ky cdng nghifp hda, hipn dai hda vd hOi nhap qudc t l d Vift Nam hgc Nxb Khoa hpc x i hOI, H i Nfi [5] Vifn Khoa hpc Lao dfng v i J S hOi (2009), "Chiln lupc w smh xa hfi V i ^ Nam Hiin kf 2011-2020", T ^ dil iflo dj^f^gvaJHApj, s6 19 [6] D$ng Nguyfin Anh (2014), "Social protection in Vietnam: Issues, challenges and prospects", Vietnam Journal Studies [7] Private Tai lifu tham khao [2] Ding Nguyfn Anh (2014), "Dim b i o an sinh Public and - An Introduction, The Giang Thanh Long (2010), Toward an Aging Population: K(eq>ping the Reform Process in the Public Delivery Nam: dinh htidng, md hinh v i g i ^ p h ^ " , Taip Services in Vietruan, Baclc^t)tmd paper for chi Nghien cuu Con nguoi, sd the 2010 Vietaam D ^ g Nguyen Anh (2016), "Ho^t dfng tu thifn Report, VASS and UNDP, Hanoi c^ngdoa^'',T9pchiX3hgihge, sd3 VQ M?mh Lpi, Vu Tudn Huy v i ding n ^ f p [9] of Social Human Protection Development Ochiai, Emiko (2009), "Care diamonds and welfare regimes in East and South-East Asian societies: bridging family and wel&re (2006), Bdo cdo De tdi cdp Vign: Vai trd vd sociology", nhu cdu cda gia dinh vi an sinh xd hgi, Vifn Japanese Sociology, No 18 x a hfi hpc H i Nfi [4] Families xS hfi vl mvc ttfu phit triln ngufri d Vift ciia ngudi dan qua mft khio sit x& hpi hpc a [3] and Gender Andrew (1999), McGraw - Hill Conqunies, Inc [8] [1] of Famify \ol.9,}^o.l Cherlin, J Intemational Jourruil of [10] Parson, Talcott, Robert F Bales (19SS), Le Ngpc v a n (2002), "Miic sinh v i Phiic lgi Family, Socialization and Interaction Process, gia £iih", Gia dinh tdm guang xd hgi Free Press ... ro Didu ndy cho thdy vai tro quan ttpng cda gia dinh ddi vdi ASXH Song, ciing can nhfn thay nhiing gidi ban ciia phuemg thiic "ty an sinh" qua tdi vl tfadi gian, ngudn luc ddi vdi gia dmh ttong... ttp giup xd hdi, tri thu nh|ip cho gia £nh vd cfadm sdc sftc kfade cho ngudi cao tudi nhdm nhdn khau cd tdc dO gia tang nhanh nfaat d Vift Nam faifn Budc sang giai doan 2017-2020, ydu cdu faodn... Ding Nguyfn Anh (2014), "Dim b i o an sinh Public and - An Introduction, The Giang Thanh Long (2010), Toward an Aging Population: K(eq>ping the Reform Process in the Public Delivery Nam: dinh htidng,