V& KINH NCHlim - THI/C TliN i GIAM NGHEO DA CHIEU: TtTTHUC TIEN T H A N H PHO HO CHI MINH Trfldng Quang Khai* Pham Ngpc Hoa ** Tom tat: ThdnhphoHd ChiMinh (TP.HCM) dUdcxem Id diem sdng ve cdng tdc xda ddi,gidm ngheo Tii ndm 2016-2020, thdnh bat dau chuyen sang giai doan mdi hUdng tdi gidm ngheo hen vUng, tiep can da chieu theo xu hiidng chung cua cdc nUdctren the gidi Ddy la phUdngphdp tiep can mdi, tien bd hdn, cd tinh nhdn vdn, tdc ddng todn dien hdn den ngUdi ngheo, nhUng cdng Id ihdch thdc md TP.HCM dang phdi ddi mat Tiikhoa: chi so lUdng; gidm ngheo da chieu; ngheo da chieu Abstract: Ho Chi Minh City (HCM) is considered as a bright spot on hunger eradication and poverty reduction From the year 2016-2020, Ho Chi Minh City began to move to a new phase towards sustainable poverty reduction, multi-dimensional approach to the general trend of countries around the world This is a newer, more progressive, more humane and comprehensive approach to the poor, but also a challenge that HCM must face up to Keywords: metrics; multi-dimensional poverty reduction; multi-dimensional poverty Ngdy nhdn bdi:31/7/2018 NgdysiCa bdi: 15/8/2018 Ngdy duy$t ddng:15/9/2018 Gidng nhfl mdt qua trinh phdt trien, din trfldng, de bi tdn thfldng trfldc nhflng sfl ngheo ddi la mdt khdi nilm cd tinh da chieu Trong eiing mdt thdi diem, ngfldi ngheo ed kien bat Idi nam ngoai kha nang Idem soat eua hp Hp thfldng bi cdc the ehl cua nhd nfldc va t h i phdi ddi mat vdi nhieu bat Idi khae nhau, ed the la nhflng khd khan kham, chfla xd hpi ddi xfl tdn te, bi g^t ria nen khdng ed tieng ndi va quyen Ifle cdc t h i ehe dd" benh, hpe hanh, nhd d, dat dai, nfldc sach [2].Uy ban Kinh t l - xd hpi khu vflc ehau A - ho|.e dien thap sang Sfl dung mpt tilu chi thu nhdp (hay ehi tilu) khdng du d l nam bat Thai Binh Dfldng (ESCAP) cho rang: "Ngheo ddi Id tinh trang mdt bd phdn dan efl khdng dfldc tinh trang ngheo thi^c te cua ngfldi dan [1] Danh gid ngheo can dflde tilp can rdng dflde hfldng vd thda man nhflng nhu cau cd bdn cua eon ngfldi da dflpc xa hdi thfla n h | n hdn tfl chieu canh phdt trien todn diln eon theo tinh hinh kinh t l - xd hdi va phong ngfldi Bdi vi, theo Td ehfle Lien Hdp Qudc: tue tap quan cua cae dia phfldng" [3] Day "Ngheo la khdng ed nha cfla, quan do, dm dau va khdng cham sde, mfl chfl vd khdng dflpc dflpc xem Id dinh nghia ehung nhat ve ngheo ddi, mang tinh chat hfldng dan eho mdt * TS, Hoc vien chinh tri Khu vUcIV - Hoc vien Chinh tn Qu6c gia Ho CM Minh 59 I Tap chi Khoa hpc Npi vu KINH NGHIEM'THUC TliN /// nhdm tilu ehi thu nhap ma bang ea nhom tieu ehl "phi thu nhap", bao gdm khd nang tiep can eae dich vu y te, giao dye, nha d, nfldc sach, ve sinh mdi trfldng vd thdng tin Hay ndi each khae, dd la qua trinh chuyen doi tif giam ngheo ddn chilu (dfla vao chuan ngheo Nhfl vay, quan nilm ve ngheo cua cac td ve thu nhap) sang giam ngheo da chieu ben chflc qudc t l tfl dau da cd tinh da ehilu vflng Nhfl vay, ngheo da chilu Id each tilp Bdi vi, vl ban chat ngheo la mpt hien tfldng can mdi nham ban ehe vile bd sdt nhflng doi xa hdi ed tinh da chieu, tinh trang ngheo can tflpng khdng ngheo vl thu nhap nhflng dflpc nhin nhdn la sfl thieu hut, hay ndi dung lai ngheo vl cdc chilu canh khae Cai ngheo hdn dd la sfl khdng dflpc dap flng, khdng khdng chi gan lien vdi sfl thieu thon thu nhap/ diiicic thda man cae nhu cau cQ ban cua ehi tieu ma cdn la thda man cdc nhu eau cd ngfldi Tuy vay, viec nhan thflc vd Ifldng bdn Chuyen ddi each tiep can Ifldng ngheo ngheo da chilu de xay dflng chuan ngheo theo hfldng da chilu se tao dilu kiln de nhan theo phfldng phdp tilp can da chilu nham diln doi tflpng ngheo chinh xac hdn, dap flng bdo dam mflc sdng tdi thieu cho mpi ngfldi la da dang hdn cdc nhu cau xa hdi cd ban cua van dl mdi Dilu ed nghia la ehuan ngheo ngfldi dan [4] Day la cd sd quan trpng cho dd phdi dam bdo nhu cau mflc sdng tdi thilu viec xdy dflng cdc chinh sach vi md bao triim va dap flng nhu cau tilp can cae dich vu xd hdi xa hdi, tflng bfldc giam dan mflc dp thieu hut vl dich vu xa hdi ca ban gifla cac nhom edban (giao due, y t l , nhdd, ) Den thing 6/2008, khai nilm giam ngheo dan cfl, vung mien va tang hieu qua eua cac da chieu dflpc Liln Hdp Quoe de cap chinh ehinh sach hd trp Cd the ndi, phfldng phap thflc Theo do, "ngheo Id thieu nang Iflc tdi tiep can giam ngheo da ehilu la cudc doi thay thilu dl tham gia hilu qua vao cdc boat dpng Idn quan diem ve edng tdc gidm ngheo xa hdi Ngheo cd nghia la khdng cd du an, d Viet Nam ndi chung vd TP.HCM ndi rilng du mac, khong dfldc di hpc, khdng dflpc di Thflc hien giam ngheo da chieu h kham, khdng ed dat dai de trpt hoac TP.HCM khdng cd nghi nghiep de nudi song ban than, Trong nhflng nam qua, TPHCM luon eo khdng dflpc tilp can tin dung Ngheo cung cd toe dp tang trfldng kinh te cao va dn dinh, nghia la khdng an toan, khdng cd quyln va binh quan 8,2% GRDP binh quan dau ngfldi bi loai trfl Ngheo cd nghia la de bi bao hdnh, tang tfl 5.200 USD/ngfldi nam 2015 lln 5.945 phai sdng ngodi le xa hpi hoac cdc dilu USD/ngfldi nam 2017 Vai trd kinh t l ngoai kiln rui ro, khdng dflpc tiep can nfldc sach va nha nfldc ngdy cang dfldc phat huy, hien dong edng trinh vl sinh an toan" Theo khai mem gdp 38,5% tdng dau tfl todn xa hdi vd 53,61% nay, ngheo khdng ebi dflde Ifldng bang GRDP La mdt trung tam kinh tl, van hoa, phfldng phdp danh gia, nhan dien net ehinh yeu eua sfl ngheo ddi vdi cac tilu chi edn dl ngd vl mat dinh Iflpng Quan niem hat nhdn ed dinh nghia Id nhu eau cd ban eua eon ngfldi, tflc la nhflng ylu td thiet yeu de tri sfl sdng cho ngfldi nhfl an, mac, d 60 I Tap chi Khoa hpc Npi vu VA KINH NGHliM-THUC TliN i khoa hpc vd edng nghe; dau mdi giao Iflu khu vflc va qudc t l l d n eiia ed nfldc, TPHCM ludn gifl vai trd quan trpng chien Iflde phdt trien kinh te - xa hdi cua khu vflc Nam Bp va ed nfldc Ddng thdi, Thanh phd tiep tue gifl vflng vi tri trung tdm tdi chinh Idn nhat ea nfldc, ddng gdp 29% huy ddng vdn va 27% cho vay cua ea nfldc [5] Day cung la dia phfldng di dau cd nfldc cdng tac giam ngheo va da dat dflpc nhflng ket qua an tflpng hdn 25 nam qua nhd vdo cae ehinh sach giam ngheo nang ddng va hilu qua CJ TP.HCM chfldng trinh giam ngheo da trai qua bdn giai doan (giai doan 1: 1992-2003; giai doan 2: 2004-2009; giai doan 3: 2010-2015; giai doan 4: 2016-2020) Cho din nay, TPHCM da ehu ddng dilu chinh sau lan ve mdc chudn ngheo (trong giai doan 2, giai doan va giai doan cd xac dinh mflc ehuan hd can ngheo Thanh phd) cua hd ddn thdnh cho phu hpp vdi thflc te tinh hinh phat trien kinh te - xa hdi Kit qud qua giai doan 3, TP.HCM dd giup dd dfldc 150.000 hd thoat ngheo Hien nay, chuan ngheo cua Thanh phd da vflpt mflc binh quan thu nhdp 16 trilu dong/ngfldi/nam, qua gdp phan giam dan chenh lech vl mflc sdng gifla cae nhdm ddn cfl xa hdi [6] Nlu tinh theo tilu chi thu nhap, eho den cudi nam 2013, TPHCM da khdng cdn hd ngheo theo chuan quoe gia, ddng thdi da hoan thdnh mue tieu xda hd ngheo theo tilu chi giai doan trfldc thdi ban nam Dae bilt, TP.HCM da thflc hiln tdt cdc chu trfldng, chinh sdch giam ngheo giai doan 2014-2015, ket hpp eung vdi chfldng trinh xdy dflng ndng thdn mdi va phat huy y thflc tfl vfldn len thoat ngheo cua dai bd phan ngfldi ngheo, hd ngheo, hd can ngheo Song song dd, TP.HCM da huy ddng eae nguon vdn tfl Ngan hang Chinh sach xd hdi, Quy giam ngheo, Quy quoe gia vile lam, Quy 156 (Quy hd trd dao tao va giai quyet vile 1dm cho ngfldi bi thu hdi dat de thfle hiln cae dfl an dau tfl tren dia ban TPHCM) Cdng tac dao tao nghe va giai quylt viec 1dm eho ngfldi ngheo dfloc TP.HCM quan tam Giai doan 2014-2015, so lao ddng ngheo dflpc ho trp ddo tao nghi khoang 1.500-2.000 ngfldi/nam; gidi quyet viee lam nfldc eho khoang 12.000-15.000 lao ddng thude hd ngheo/nam Nhin chung, TPHCM da nd Iflc thfle hien tdt edng tac giam ngheo, tflng bfldc tang hd kha, giflp ddi sdng eua ddng ddo ngfldi ngheo dflpc nang lln Tuy nhien, cdch tiep can ngheo ddn chilu theo thu nhap eua TP.HCM ngdy cang td bat cap khdng the nam bat dflde thieu hut ve cdc khia canh quan trpng ddi song ngfldi Vi vay, ty II hd ngheo chiem gan 20% tong sd hd dan TPHCM, khoang cdch gifla nhdm hd giau nhat vd hd ngheo nhat chenh leeh hdn 10 lan Theo nghien eflu cua UNDP nam 2010, ty le ngheo cua Ha Npi (4,6%) cao hpn TPHCM (2,1%) Tuy nhiln, neu xem xet eae chieu canh y te, gido due, nhd d tbi ngheo da ehilu d TPHCM lai eao hdn Ha Ndi [7] Mae du cae chinh sdch gidm ngheo da bao phu dflpc nhilu mat ddi sdng cua ngfldi ngheo (nhfl ho trp sinh kl, ho trd tilp can dich vu cham sde sfle khde, giao diic va dao tao, dieu kiln va mdi trfldng song, trd giup thdng tin, ), each tiep can theo thu nhap hien tai da gdp phan gay tinh trang bd sdt ddi tfldng, nhdn dien ngheo va phan loai ddi tflpng chfla ehinh xae, hd trd cao bang vd 61 I Tap chi Khoa hpc Npi vu KINH NGHIEM-THI/C TliN Iff Bang Chuan nghio is Vif t Nam v4 TP.HCM giai doan tir nam 1992-2020 Stt Giai doan Viet Nam Giai do^n TP.HCM 1992-2003 Npi thinh: 3.000.000 dong/nguai/nam I 1993-1995 20 kg gao/nguoi/thang 1995-1997 25 kg gao/nguai/thatig 1997-2000 1.080.000 d6ng/ngii6i/nam 2001-2005 1.800.000 dong/nguoi/nam 2006-2010 3.120.000 d6ng/ngutri/nam 2004-2009 2011-2015 6.000.000 deng/nguai/nSm 2010-2015 Ngoji thinh: 2.500.000 dong/nguoi/nam 6.000.000 dong/nguoi/nam 12.000.000 dong/nguai/nam Den n3m 2015 da dat: 16.000.000 dong/nguoi/nam 2016-2020 15.600.000 dong/nguoi/nam 2016-2020 21.000.000 dong/nguoi/nam Ngudn: Nghien CUU cua Ngd Quang Trung (2018) chfla dung nhu eau Ddng thdi, eae chfldng ddi va eae vdn dl khdc lien quan den dich vu, trinh vd chinh sach ho trd giam ngheo bi nhat la dich vu eho nhflng bp phan dan cfl chdng cheo ve doi tflpng vd npi dung hd trp, de bi tdn thfldng TP.HCM dang xdy dflng va phan tan va manh mun, gay kem hi^u qua thfle hiln cdc chinh sach cu the de giai quylt Ap dung cdch Ifldng va tilp can ngheo da nhflng thieu hut vl thu nhap vd ehilu xa chieu khdng nhflng giup xfl ly cae thilu hut hpi, tang cfldng sfl tham gia va vai trd eua cac chieu canh ngoai thu nhap cua eupe ngfldi dan, edng ddng va chinh quyen eae cap, song md ngfldi dan cang quan tam, cdn to ehfle Idng ghep muc tieu giam ngheo da gdp phan tranh bay thu nhap trung binh, thuc ehilu vao edc k l hoaeh, chfldng trinh va ngdn day kinh te tang trfldng bin vflng va dn dinh sdch thfldng xuyln xa hdi Tfl nam 2016-2020 Id giai do^n chuyin Dl khae phuc nhflng han ehe eua each tiep tiep ciia chfldng trinh gidm ngheo bin vflng can ngheo dpn chieu theo thu nhdp, vao ddu tai TRHCM, sfl dung song song gifla phflpng thang 12-2015, Chfldng trinh gidm ngheo ben phdp Ifldng ngheo theo thu nhap vd theo vflng va Chuan ngheo giai doan 2016-2020 da chieu vdi ehilu xa hpi Tieu ehi xac dinh cua TPHCM da dflpc thdng qua TPHCM hd ngheo, hd can ngheo dflde ap dung eho hiln dang dan dau ca nfldc cdng tac ngfldi dan cd hp khau thfldng tru hoac t^m thi diem ngheo da chilu de giai quylt ngheo trfl KT3 tai TP.HCM Theo dd, chieu xa W 62 I Tap chi Khoa hpc Npi vu vew KINH NGHliM-THUC TliN i bao gdm 11 chi so Ifldng mflc dp thieu hut tilp can cac chieu xa hdi co ban: (1) Trinh dp giao due cua ngfldi Idn; (2) Tinh trang di hpc cua tre em; (3)Trmh dp nghe; (4) Tilp can eae dich vu y te; (5) Bdo hiem y te; (6) Vile 1dm; (7) Bao hiem xa hdi; (8) Nhd d; (9) Nflde sinh boat; (10) Sfl dung dich vii vien thdng; (11) Tiep can thdng tin TP.HCM danh phan ddu dfla chuan ngheo thu nhdp lln 21 trieu ddng/ nam, eao hdn chuan ngheo qudc gia gap 1,5 lan (Bang 1) Mue tieu cua TP.HCM giai doan tdi la tiep tpc day nhanh tien dp gidm ngheo, khdng de tdi ngheo, tao dieu kiln cho hd ngheo, hd can ngheo tiep can mdt each tdt nhat cdc dich vu xa hdi c0 ban (gido due va dao tao, y te, vile lam, bdo hiem xa hdi, nhd d, dilu kiln sdng, thdng tin) nham cai thien va nang eao mflc sdng, dilu kiln sdng vd giam ngheo ben vflng vi mdt cd chat Ifldng sdng tdt, van minh, hi^n dai, nghia tinh Mpt sd giai phap cd ban giai quylt ngheo da chieu d TP.HCM Mdt Id, cac cap, eae nganh ciia Thanh phd phai xay dflng ke hoach gidm ngheo hdng nam tren cd sd nhflng nguyen tac vd ndi dung thdng nhat Tang cfldng manh me tinh tdc ddng, ho trd eao vl san xuat, ddo tao nghe, gidi quyet vi|c lam, tao mdi trfldng thuan Idi cho ngfldi ngheo, hd ngheo, hp cdn ngheo an tam, tfl tin td ehfle 1dm an, sinh sdng giam ngheo ben vflng Day manh thdng tin tuyin truyen ve ngheo da ehilu thfldng xuyln vd sau rdng ndi bd eae cap cac ngdnh, den nhan dan nhat la ngfldi ngheo De lam dflpc dieu do, Thanh phd can tiep tuc hoan thien va sfla doi cC ehl, ehinh sdch "giam ngheo ben vflng" theo hfldng hilu qua, thiet thfle vd dinh hfldng rd rdng, theo phfldng phdp tilp can ngheo da chieu vd cd Id trinh thieh hdp; Hai Id, ehu trpng ndng cao nhdn thflc cdc sd, ngdnh vd quan, huy?n, phfldng, xa, td tfl quan den eae hd dan ngheo, hd can ngheo vl viec tilp can phfldng phap Ifldng ngheo da chieu de rut kinh nghilm td chflc thflc hien vd triln khai, nhdn rdng eae doi tfldng hd ngheo, hp can ngheo vl thfle biln chfldng trinh giam ngheo bin vflng cua TP.HCM giai doan 2016-2020, gan vdi chfldng trinh xay dflng ndng thdn mdi nham ddm bdo muc tilu gidm ngheo ben vflng Ddi mdi tfl va phfldng phap tiep can Ifldng ngheo da chilu, xdy dflng cdc chinh sach gidm ngheo va phflpng phap da chieu, dd eae ehinh sach hd trd giam ngheo edn gan vdi ehinh sdch thuc day tang trfldng kinh te, cdc chinh sach ho trp "giam ngheo bin vflng" can dflpc thi ehe hda dam bdo sfl thdng nhat vl cd che hd trd, mflc hd trd gidng ddi vdi cae doi tflpng gidng nhau, tranh trflng lap eung nhfl bd sdt ddi tfldng; Ba Id, can nghien cflu xay dflng chuan ngheo va ehinh sach theo phfldng phap Ifldng ngheo da chilu nhdm tang tinh ben vflng chinh sach gidm ngheo Tiep tue soat, phan edng dau mdi chiu trach nhiem, theo do, thu gpn ddu mdi, thflc hiln eae chinh sach giam ngheo theo chflc nang, nhiem vu eua eae sd, nganh nham tap trung ngudn Iflc, ban che sfl chdng cheo gifla eae ed quan, ddn vi Giam dan cdc chinh sdch hd trd cho khdng, tang cfldng ehinh sach ho trp cho vay ed dilu kiln, ed thdi ban de khac phue tinh trang khdng muon thodt ngheo Ddng 63 I Tap chi Khoa hpc Npi vu KINH NGHliM-THUC TliN Mf thdi, thfle hien vile phan cap manh eho dia phfldng viec chu dpng tham dinh dieu chinh va qudn ly nguon von, tranh tinh trang cham tre, vfldng mac nhfl triln khai thflc hiln ngudn vdn chfldng trinh muc tilu qudc gia gidm ngheo; cde dich vu xa hdi cd ban, tflng bfldc gidm ngheo ben vflng cho ngfldi ddn Bdn la, phat huy vai trd chu ddng, sang tao, y thflc tfl chu, tinh than tfl Ifle eua ngfldi dan qua trinh thfle hien cac ehinh sach gidm ngheo nham ndng cao tinh hilu qua va tinh bin vflng cua cdc chinh sach Khuyen khich sfl tham gia eua ngfldi ddn de thuc day gidm ngheo ben vflng Tang cfldng tieh luy tdi san eho ngfldi ngheo thdng qua hd trp dat dai, dau tfl giao due; tang them mflc Ipi suat tfl nhflng tai san thdng qua sfl kit hpp eae hanh dpng mang tinh thi trfldng vd phi thi trfldng Ben canh dd, tang cfldng an sinh xa hdi nham giam bdt nguy cd de bi tdn thfldng cua ngfldi ngheo trfldc dm dau, mat mua, thiln tai, b^o Iflc, ddng thdi giup hp ban che dfldc cdc eu sde bdt Idi ehung xdy den Pham Ngpc Hda (2017), Mot s6 gidi phap gidm ngheo da chiiu d Viit Nam, Tap chi Lao d6ng vaxa hoi, Sd 7-2017 Ngan hang The gidi (2000), Bdo cdo vi tinh hinh phdt trien the gidi 2000/2001, Tdn cdng doi ngheo, Nxb Chinh tri qu6c gia Ha Npi, tr.l9 Kit lu^n Ngheo da ehilu Id each tilp can mdi phii hpp vdi xu thi phat triln cua t h i gidi hien Vile tiep can vdi phfldng phdp Ifldng ngheo theo da chilu giup TRHCM ban ehl vile bd sdt nhflng ddi tfldng khdng ngheo vl thu nhdp nhflng lai ngheo ve edc chilu canh khac Cai ngheo khdng chi gdn lien vdi sfl thilu thdn thu nhdp, ehi tieu ma cdn la vile khdng dflpc thda man cae nhu eau dich vu xa hdi Cd ban Vile ehuyen ddi ddnh gid ngheo tfl ddn chieu sang da chieu cua TPHCM dd khac phuc dflpc nhflng bat cap, ban ehl ehinh sach gidm ngheo hiln nay, giup bao dam mflc sdng tdi thieu, ddng thdi dap flng 64 I Tap chi Khoa hpc Npi vu TAI LI|U THAM K H A O Dfldng Phii Hiep, Vu Van Hd (1998), Phdn hoa giau ngheo d mdt s6 qudc gia khu vUe ehau A - Thai Binh DUdng, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi Ha Npi, tr 12 Dang Nguyen Anh (2017), Ngheo da chieu: Cdch tiep can vd van dung thUc tiin Viit Nam, Tap chi Thdng tin Khoa hoc xa hoi So 3-2017, tr.4-5 Nguyen Thien Nhan (2018), Khdi day tinh sdng tao, trien khai cdc cd hieu qud cdc gidi phdp ddc thii phdt triin Thdnh pho, Bao Sai Gon giai phdng So 14764, 5-7-2018, tr.2 Ngo Quang Trung (2018), SU thay doi cdch ddnh gid chudn ngheo cua TP.HCM qua 25 ndm thUc hien chUdng trinh xda ddi gidm nghk hen vang (1992-1997), Tap chi Phat triln nhan lUc.Sd 3-2018, tr.67 UNDP (2010), Ddnh gid ngheo th d Ha Ndi vd TP.HCM, Hd Ndi, cap nhat tai http://wwv,' vn.undp.org, 12/7/2018 Ngo Quang Trung (2018), Su thay doi cdch ddnh gid chudn ngheo cua TP.HCM qua 25 ndm thUc Men chUdng trinh xda doi gidm nghio ben vang (1992-1997), Tap chi Phat trien nhan Iflc, So 3-2018, tr.68 ... nang eao mflc sdng, dilu kiln sdng vd giam ngheo ben vflng vi mdt cd chat Ifldng sdng tdt, van minh, hi^n dai, nghia tinh Mpt sd giai phap cd ban giai quylt ngheo da chieu d TP.HCM Mdt Id, cac