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Trao do! nghiep vu Xahgihgc,s6 3(I43).20l8 GIAM NGHEO DA CfflEU DE PHAT TRIEN BEN V C N G YUNG VEN DO H A NOI TRAN NGUYET MINH THU' Tdm tdt: Viec chuyen hudng chien luge gidm ngheo theo cdch tiep can da chieu dd vd dang dua Viet Nam tien gdn han vdi xu hudng quae te, no luc dgt tdi muc tieu phdt trien ben viing Gidm ngheo vdn luan la vdn de tru tien hdng ddu, song dg phii duac md rgng hon, khong chi co thu nhdp Bdi viet tim hieu qud trinh phdt trien viing ven Hd Ngi, nhdn dien ngheo da chieu qua khdo sdt thuc trgng, xdc dinh vai tro cua cong tdc gidm ngheo nhiing dinh hudng tru tien cho phdt trien, nhiing tdn tgi vd thdch thitc cUng nhu cdc vdn de xd hgi dgt tgi vimg ven gidm ngheo da chieu, hudng tdi muc tieu phdt trien ben viing TH khda: phat trien ben vimg, dd thi hda, vung ven dd, ngheo da chidu Ha Ndi Nhgn bai: I3/7/201S Gin phdn Men: 20/7/2018 Duyet dang: 13/9/2018 Bat van de Phat trien ben vimg la nhu cau cap bach va xu thd tdt ydu tidn trinh phat trien chung, vdi tieu chi ludng, danh gia' gdm ndi dung chinh: 1) Su tang trudng kinh td dn dinh; 2) Thuc hien tdt tien bd va cdng bSng xa hdi; 3) Khai thac hgp ly, sd dung tiet kiem tai nguyen thien nhien, bao ve va nang cao dugc chit lugng mdi trudng sdng Khai nidm "Phat tridn bdn vimg" xuit hien tit nhirng nam d i u thap nien 70 cua th^ ky 20, dugc Lien hgp qudc (1987) djnh nghia: Id suphdt triin ddp ung dugc nhitngyeu cdu cita hien tgi, nhung khong gay trd nggi cho viec ddp dng nhu cdu cita cdc thi he mai sau; qua trinh phat tridn cd su kdt hgp chat che, hgp ly, hai hoa cua phat tridn kinh td, phat tridn xa hdi va bao vd mdi trudng, dd trgng tam ciia ngi dung phat tridn xa hdi la "thuc hien tien bd, cdng bang xa hdi, xoa ddi giam ngheo va giai quydt vi?c lam" (1992) Day la co sd cho viec xay dung cdng Chuang trinh Nghi su chung cho toan the gidi, gin vdi timg thdi ky phat tridn cua lich sil Trong the ky 21, Chuang trinh dugc mang tdn Chuang trinh Nghi su 21 (Agenda 21) Cac qudc gia vien, sau nay, trdn ca sd khuydn nghi chung da xay dung nhihig Chuong trinh Nghi su 21 cip qudc gia, cd Viet Nam Vien Xahdi hoc, Vien Hdn Idm Khoa hoc xahdi Viet Nam ' Tieu chi dmrc xic dinh tai Hoi nglii Tliirong dinh Trii dit vJ Moi tririmg nam 1992 v4 HSi nghi Tliucmg dinh The gi4i ve Phat trien bin vSng nam 2002 Thong tin trieh til Chuang trinh Nghi sir 21 ciia Vi?t Nam Trdn Nguyet Minh Thu 81 Viet Nam, cling vai qua trinh thuc hien muc tieu phat trien ben vung dat nuac, nhiSu chi thi, nghi quyet cua Dang, van ban quy pham phap luat cua Nha nuac da duac ban hanh, dan di vao cuoc s6ng va tra xu thi tdt yk\^ Gin day nhat la Quyet dinh s6 153/2004/QD-TTg, 17 thang nam 2004 cua Thu tuong Chinh phu, ve viec Ban hdnh Djnh huang Chiin lucre phdt triin bin vitng a Viet Nam (Chuang trinh Nghi sir 21 ciia Vidt Nam) Chidn luoc phat tridn bdn virng cua Vi?t Nam duac phe duydt tai Quydt dinh s6 432/QD-TTg 12 thang nam 2012 Day la chidn luoc khung gdm nhimg dinh huong Ion, lam ca so cho sir ph6i hop hanh dpng, nhiim bao dam phat tridn ben viing dat nuoc the ky 21, dfing thoi thd hidn sir cam kdt cua Viet Nam voi quoc te Theo xu huong chung cua thd gioi, b6i canh cac Muc tieu phat tridn ben viing (SDGs^) tidp n6i cac Muc tidu phat tridn thidn nidn ky (MOOS'*), sir chuydn huang chidn luge giam ngheo theo each tiep can da chidu da dugc khang dinh la huong di diing Su dinh huong kip thcri ciia chinh sach, each tidp c|n mai giam ngheo da dua Viet Nam tidn gan hon vai xu huong quoc td vide dat toi cac muc tieu phat tridn ben vung Theo do, van dd ve giam ngheo van luon la uu tidn hang ddu, song tidu chi xac dinh ngheo can mo rgng hem, khong chi co thu nhap Ngheo la van dd xa hgi mang tinh dgng va bidn doi theo thai gian Von xa hgi ciia nguai ngheo, kha nang tidp can dich vu co ban doi bi han chd chinh boi loi song khep kin o thi, sy: mac cam, tu ti bi loai trii Hg da thoat ngheo vin c6 thd lai roi vao ngheo doi, khfing ngheo hidn tai khong co nghia la se khong ngheo tuong lai, ty Id hg ngheo co the giam nhanh song nguy ca tai ngheo van la mgt thach thuc (Dang Nguydn Anh va TrSn Nguyet Minh Thu, 2017) Thuc td cho thAy kdt qua giam ngheo chua thuc su bdn viing boi nhidu Iy khach quan va chii quan Didu khien cho no lire giam ngheo da chidu vo hinh chung van la bai toan kho, dac bidt t^i khu vuc vung ven do, theo nhirng dac thii phat tridn kinh td-xa hgi, su giao thoa van hoa gin vol nhung ydu cau ve vide thich nghi, hgi nhap, tang trudng bdn viing dd phat trien ben viing Qua trinh dd thj h6a va mo^ rgng n$i dd Ha Ngi Do thi hoa la khai nidm hay dugc dd cap noi tai sir phat trien kinh td-xa hgi ciia mgt thi, day "la qua trinh t6 chiic lai moi trucmg cu tni cua nhan loEii, a ben canh mat dan s6 dia ly co mat xa hgi, mgt mat rat quan trgng ciia van dd" (Trinh Duy LuSn, 2004) Ngoai su thay d6i co c4u dan cu, t6 chiic lai moi truang cu tni, qua trinh thi hoa dugc thiic day boi cac dong luan chuydn, trao doi lao dgng, tien td, hang hoa, thong tin va nhidu ydu to khac (Nguyen H&u Minh, 2003) Cac thj Vi?t Nam truac d6i 'Baogfim: Quylt dinh s6 187-CTnani 1991 Kg hoach quoc gia v6 Moi truimg v i Phdt triln ben vthig giai do?in 1991-2000; Chi thj s6 36-CT/TW nSm 1998 "TSng cu6mg cong tSc bao vf moi trucmg th&i ky cong nghifp hoa, hien dai ho4 dat nu6c"; VSn kifn D^i hpi D^i biSu t o ^ quoc ^ thir IX cua D ^ g ; Chiln lupc Phit trien kinh tl-xa hpi 2001-2010; Quyet dmh s6 160/QD-TTG cua Thii tu6ng Chfnh phu nam 2013 vl vifc Phe duyet ke hoach hinh dpng qu6c gia vl ph^t trien ben vihig giai doan 2013-2015 ^ SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals) dyra trSn siu chii de: nhSn pham, nguiri, h^nh tinh, quan hf d6i tac, c6ng ly" va thinh vugng; g6m 17 m\ic tieu chung (trong 36 x6a ngh6o la myc tifu s6 1), 169 myc tieu cy thi, 232 chi tieu •" MDGs (Millennium Development Goals) g6m myc ti6u chung (trong d6 x6a d6i giim nghfio la myc tieu s6 1), 18 myc tifiu cy thi (Target), 48 chi tif u (Indicator) 82 Gidm ngheo da chieu dephdt trien ben vUng mdi phat tridn cham, sd dan chi chidm 7,4% (nam 1930), 10,96% (nam 1955) va tSng khdng dang kd 30 nam tidp theo Thdi diem dd, quy md dd thi nhd be va tinh chat khdng thuan nhat (Tap chi Cgng san, 2007) Hon thap ky qua, Viet Nam da gjn kdt qua ttinh dd thi hda vdi tidn trinh cdng nghidp hda, hien dai hda ddt nudc va dat nhidu tm quan He thdng dd thi Viet Nam da tang vd sd luong, phat tridn vd chat lugng Theo Binh hudng Quy hogch tdng thi phdt triin he thdng tht Viet Nam din ndm 2025 vd tdm nhin din ndm 2050, duoc Thu tudng Chinh phu phd duyet tai Quydt dinh sd 445/QD-TTg 07 thang 04 nam 2009, nam 2015, du bao ty id dd thi ca nudc la 38%, nSm 2020 la 45%, nam 2025 la 50% Dd se la nhicng khu vuc tap trung ddn cu sinh sdng co mdt cao va chit yiu hogt dgng linh vuc kinh ti phi ndng nghiep, Id trung tdm chinh tri, hdnh chinh, kinh te, vdn hod hod chuyen ngdnh, cd vai tro thiic ddy su phdt triin kinh te-xa hgi cita quoc gia hoac mgt vitng ldnh thd, mgt dia phuang, bao gdm ngi thdnh, ngogi thdnh cua thdnh phg; ngi thi, ngogi thi cua thi xd; thi trdn (LuSt Quy hoach dd thi, 2009) Ha Ndi trudc nhiing tac ddng ciia qua trinh phat tridn chung, tren pham vi ca nudc va tai cac khu vuc lan can, cau tnic khdng gian dd thi hoa ciia thii ciing dang diin su chuydn bidn mjnh me Miic dd thi hda cd thd dupc nhan thiy trudc tien va rd rang nhit qua sir md rdng khdng gian, lanh thd va ty id tang dan cu dd thi ttong tdng sd dan Vd khdng gian dd thi, Ha Ndi tu quan ndi va huyen ngoai nam 1990 da phat tridn 12 quan ndi thanh, thi xS va 17 huydn ngoai thanh, vdi dien tich 3.358,9 km^ (TCTK, 2016) Cd thd thiy rd su md rdng khdng gian, lanh thd; phin dinh ranh gidi dd thi-ndng thdn; chuyen ddi vi tri vung ven, bidn khu vuc ven dd dd thi va khu vuc ndng thdn lan can vung ven v.v qua cac su kien sau: Nam 1996 lap quan Thanh Xuan va Cau Giay theo Nghi dinh 74-CP; Nam 2003 lap quan Long Bidn va Hoang Mai theo Nghi dinh 132/2003/ND-CP; Nam 2009 lap quan Ha Bdng theo Nghi quydt 19/NQ-CP; Nam 2013 lap quan Nam Tu Liem va Bic Tir Liem theo Nghi quydt 132/NQ-CP; Du kien den nam 2020 tiep tuc lap cac quan Thanh Tri va Hoai Diic (Trgng NghTa, 2016) Tren binh dien miic tang dan sd, sd lieu ciia TCTK cho thiy dan sd ngi Ha Ngi khdng ngimg tang ldn timg nam Vdi viec sat nhap Ha Tay cii vao Ha Ndi nam 2008, ddn nam 2010, Ha Ndi da phat tridn mdt phd cd dien tich va quy md rit ion Nam 2011, dan sd trung binh tten dia ban phd Ha Ndi la 6.761,3; tang din 6.865,2 nghin ngudi nam 2012; 6.977,0 nghin ngudi nam 2013; 7.095,9 nghin ngudi nam 2014; 7.216,0 nghin ngudi nam 2015 Chi tinh ridng nam 2017, dan 7.654,8 nghin ngudi, tang 1,8% so nam 2016, dd dan sd thi la 3.764,1 nghin ngudi, chidm 49,2%, tang 1,7% so nam 2016; dan sd ndng thdn la 3.890,7 nghin ngudi, chidm 50,8%, tang 1,8% Qua trinh md rdng ndi dd Ha Ndi, md rgng dja gidi, tang trudng dan sd, s\r phd bien cac gia tn van hda va ldi sdng thi da tao nhimg xung ddng manh me, tac dgng tdi Trdn Nguyet Minh Thu 83 khu vuc nong thon ven do, tao buoc chuydn ca vd ciu true kinh tl-xa h6i va khong gian lanh tho Qua dSy ciing co thd th4y dugc tinh dgng ciia khu vuc Qua trinh thi, thi hoa xam lan nong thon se tao nen nhihig xung dgng, tac dgng da chieu tai khu vuc nong thon giap ranh, lam ca so cho vide tidp tuc mo rgng, vucm toi cac khu vuc nong thfin can kd dd chuydn hoa vung ven moi, chudn bi cho nhiing giai doan tiep theo ciia qua trinh thi hoa Vung ven va nhihig d}nh hirong vu tien nham phat trien ben virng 3.1 Bac trumg cua khu VHT ven Tir goc nhin xa hgi hgc, co thd th4y ven la dia ban giap ranh thi, thuong xuyen bidn doi va da dang trdn nhidu phucmg dien Theo mgt so nghidn cuu ve thi va phat tridn thi, vung ven noi chung va vung ven Ha Ngi noi ridng co the dugc nhan dien theo ba dac trung sau: Dgc trimg vi ranh giai: DSy co thd dugc ggi la virng ban ngoai vi hay vung dem, la khu vuc tiep giap, chuydn tidp trdn duong lan toa, xam lan cua ngi do, gan voi qua trinh thi hoa (Trinh Duy Luan, 2000) Ngucri ta cung xac dinh ranh giai ciia vung ven dua vao cac nguyen tac quan ly hanh chinh, cac chinh sach quy hoach thi Day la khu vuc can kd vai ngi do, bao phii ranh gioi ngi Ha Ngi, giiia hai phia cua ranh gioi hanh chinh vai mgt bdn la phuong/quan ngi va mgt bdn la huydn/xa ngoai khac Dgc trung vi cdu true: Viing ven khong ton t^ dgc lap ma chi co y nghia m6i quan he qua lai, lien thong cua ba khu vuc la thi-ven do-nong thon (Nguyen Hthi Minh, 2003) Boi tinh dgng, phu thugc vao sir mo rgng ngi nen ranh gidi ciia vung ven khong c6 dinh va cang bi day xa hon so voi khu vuc trung tam Viing ven nam giiia khu vuc ngi va khu vuc n6ng thon ngoai Dgc trung ve tinh chdt: Viing ven timg buac mang nhung dac tinh cua thi va viing thi, co m6i quan he cang mat thidt vai khu vuc ngi ve ket noi kinh td va h£i t4ng Day la dia ban da dang trdn mgi phuang dien nhu kinh td, van hoa, xa hgi va moi trucmg Boi la vimg dem, vung chuydn tidp ndn vimg ven lu6n co tinh chSt Id thugc, dd bidn d6i theo sir lan toa, xam lan cua thi, gan voi qua trinh thj hoa 3.2 Nhirng dinh hir&ng uu tien nhdm phdt trien ben vung Trong nhirng dinh huong mi tidn nham phat tridn bdn viing Viet Nam giai doan 2011-2020 theo Quydt dinh s6 432/QD-TTg, xet trdn nhiing dac trung kinh td, vSn hoa, xa hgi cua khu vuc ven Ha Ngi, can tap trung vao nhirng dinh huong sau: yi kinh ti: Duy tri tang trudng kinh td ben vihig, timg buoc thuc hi^n tang truang xanh; chuydn dich co cdu nong nghifp va nong thon theo huang c6ng nghifp hoa; phat tridn nong thon bdn viing tren co so bdn ngi dung: CNH-HDH, thi hoa, kidm soat dan s6, bao vd moi truang sinh thai Qua trinh thi hoa (DTH), hien dgi h6a n6ng thon phai theo cac tidu chi xay dung nong thon moi, giam thidu s\r each bidt giGa thi-nong thon vd miic song v$t chat va tinh th^ 84 Gidm ngheo da chieu dephdt trien ben vimg vi xd hgi: Day manh cdng tac giam ngheo theo hudng bdn vihig, tao vide lam ben vimg; hd teg hgc nghd va tag vide lam cho cac ddi tugng chinh sich, ngudi ngheo, nhit la d vung ndng thdn va DTH; tao co hgi binh ding tidp can cac ngudn luc phat tridn va hudng thy cac dich vu ca ban, cac phiic Igi xa hdi; ban chd phan hda giau ngheo, giam bdt su gia tang chdnh lech vd miic sdng; diy manh thuc hidn cac chucmg trinh an sinh xS hOi, hd trg ngudi ngheo, ddi tugng de bi tdn thuong; phat teien manh h$ thdng bao hidm vi tai nguyen vd moi truang: Chdng thoai hda, sil dvmg hidu qua va ben viing tai nguyen dit; bao vd mdi trudng nuoc va su dung bdn vihig tai nguyen nudc; su dung tiet kidm, bdn vfing tai nguyen khoang san; giam d nhiem khdng va tidng dn d cac dd thj ldn va khu cdng nghiep; giam thidu tac ddng va ling phd voi bidn ddi hau, phdng chdng thien tai Nh^n dif n van de ngheo da chieu viing ven dd 4.1 Thang ngheo, ngheo da chieu Tren ca sd mat bang thu nhjp qudc gia, qua ttinh phat teidn kinh td-xa hdi, miic sdng cac dia phuang va chi phi cho cac nhu cau ca ban, chuan ngheo cua Viet Nam thdi gian dau dugc dua tedn each tinh toan quy ddi gao, tir sau 2005 dugc tinh bang tidn Tir nam 2016 ddn 2020, Viet Nam hudng tdi giam ngheo ben vOng, tilp can da chidu theo xu hudng chimg cua cac nude tren the gidi Bang Chuan ngti^o Vi^t Nam qua cdc giai doan, tir 1993 tin 2015 Giai doan 1993-1995 1995-1997 1997-2000 2001-2005 2006-2010 2011-2015 V3n b ^ chinh s^ch Cong van 1751/LDTBXH 1143/2000/QB-LDTBXH 170/2005/QD-TTg 09/2011/QD-TTg Do thi < 20kg gao < 25kg gao < 25kg g90 hay 90.000 d6ng < 150.000 dong < 260.000 ding < 500.000 N6ng thon < 15kg gao < 20kg gao < 20kg gao hay 70.000 d6llg