Cach tiep can van hoa vol quan Iy khu du trir sinh quyin ViTffng X u a n T i n h ' ' Vien Dan tpc hpc, Vien Han lam Khoa hpc xa hOi Vipt Nam Email: vxtinh56@yahoo.com Nhan 19 thdng nam 2018 Chip nhan "dang 20 thdng nSm 2018 T6m tit: Ke tii Chucmg trinh ngucri va sinh quyen cua To chiic Giao dvic, Khoa hgc vk V5n hda cua Lidn Hgp Quoc (UNESCO) dugc lap nSm 1971 ddn nay, ttdn thd gidi da cd 686 khu dy trii sinh quyen thuge 122 nude (3 Vift Nam, tii nam 2000 ddn nay, da co khu dy tift sinh quyen dugc UNESCO cdng nhan va nhOng noi co khoing 20 tdc ngudi sinh s6ng De quan ly cac khu dy trii sinh quyen, UNESCO va nhieu td ch^c, cic nha khoa hgc dS neu each ti6p can vd van boa Cach tiep can da dugc trien khai d Viet Nam va cd nhSng tyu ttong bao ton, phat trien va ho ttg khu dy trii sinh quyen Tuy nhien, de quan 1^ cac khu dy trir sinh quyen d Vi?t Nam, viec trien khai each tiep c ^ van hoa van han che bdi khd khan ttong chuyen ddi nep song ciia nhiing cu dan co sinh ke dya vao khai thac nguon tai nguyen Tii- khoa: UNESCO, khu dy tiu sinh quydn, Vigt Nam, tgc ngudi, quan Iy, van hda Phan loai ng^nh: Dan tgc hgc Abstract: Since the Man and Biosphere Programme of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) was established in 1971, 686 biosphere reserves of 122 countries have been listed In Vietnam, from the year 2000 to date, the organisation has enlisted nine of them, which are home to about 20 ethnic groups For the management of biosphere reserves, UNESCO and many other organisations and scientists have inttoduced a cultural approach, that has been implemented in Vietnam also It has resulted in various achievements in the conservation and development of and assistance to the country's biosphere reserves However, in managing biosphere reserves in Vietnam, the implementation of the approach is still faced with limitations due to the difficulties in changing the lifestyles of the locals, whose livelihoods are based on exploitation of resources Keywords: UNESCO, biosphere reserve, Vietnam, ethnic group, management, cultiire Subject classification: Ethnology 79 Khoa hgc xa hgi Vigt Nam, s6 11 - 2018 sdng tai cac KDTSQ, nhu Kmh (Vidt), Hoa, Thai, Thd, 0-du, Tky, Nimg, Dao, Kho-mii, Khu dy bft sinh quydn (KDTSQ) la vimg he Hmdng, Kho-me, Cha-ro, Ma, Xtieng, thdng sinh thai ttdn dit lidn, bidn hay hai Chu-ru, Co-ho ; ttong dd cd cac tde ngudi dao, eu dan sd tai dd xuat, dugc uy ban tai chd va tgc ngudi mdi di cu ddn khoang qudc gia thdng qua va Chuong trinh vai chuc nam Dd ngudi sdng va lam vide than ngudi va smh quydn (JVIAB) cua UNESCO cdng nhan; vdi eac minh chftng vd vide thidn vdi ty nhidn ttong KDTSQ, van hda sdng va lam vide ttong sy than thidn vdi ty eiia hg ed vai ttd rat quan ttgng Theo dinh nghia ciia UNESCO, v&a hda dugc hidu la nhidn [10] toan bd eae di san vat the va phi vat the Kd tii nam 1971 MAB dugc ngudi tao lap, nep sdng ciia ngudi lap, ddn ttdn thd gidi da cd 686 KDTSQ chinh la cdt loi van hda Vi thd, mudn nang thudc 122 nude Cdn d Viet Nam, tft nam cao higu qua quan \^ KDTSQ, phai coi 2000 ddn nam 2015, da cd KDTSQ duge ttgng nhan td van hda, hay ndi each khac, cdng nhan, thudc ca vimg ddng bang, mien phai quan tam ddn sy dieu ehinh mdi tuang niii, ven bidn va hai dao, bao gdm: riing tac gifta chinh saeh va boat dgng cua ngap man Cin Gid (2000), Cat Ba (2004), KDTSQ vdi nep sdng ciia cu dan thudc khu Chau thd sdng Hdng (2004), Ven bidn va vyc bidn dao Kien Giang (2006), midn Tay Bai vidt trinh bay each tidp can van Nghd An (2007), Mui Ca Mau (2009), Cu Lao Cham Hdi An (2009), Ddng Nai hda ddi vdi eac KDTSQ ttdn the gidi va tai (2011), Lang Biang (2015) Ndu so ttong Viet Nam Viet Nam, KDTSQ la nai giao nude cd KDTSQ d khu vyc Ddng Nam A, luu eua nhieu ndn van hda khac nhau, bao Viet Nam chi dftng sau Indonesia vd sd gom van hda cua eae tgc ngudi sinh song lugng (II KDTSQ) Cdn ndu so vdi cac ttong KDTSQ, va ca van hda cua khaeh du nude ttdn thd gidi, so lugng KDTSQ ciia lich, cua nhirng ngudi tir nai khac ddn day Viet Nam cung khdng it, bdi trung bmh mdi hgc tap, Iam vide Tuy nhien, ehiing tdi se nude cd 5,6 khu; ttong do, nude cd nhidu tap trung vao quan he giua van hda eua cu nhit la Tay Ban Nha (48), nude cd it nhit la dan sd tai, tiie van hda tgc ngudi, vdi vigc quan ly KDTSQ Tai lieu sft dung cho bai Campuchia (1)[I9]\ Theo quy dinh, tai mdi KDTSQ ddu ed vidt duge thu thap qua cac nghien eftu thuc viing loi, viing ddm va viing chuyen tidp"*, dja giai doan 2016-2018 tai KDTSQ: Cat vi thd thudng lien ddi nhieu khu vyc canh Ba, mien Tay Nghd An, Ddng Nai va Cii quan Trong cac KDTSQ d Vidt Nam, cd Lao Cham (Hgi An) khu bao trum ldn dja phan cua mdt sd tmh, nhu KDTSQ Ddng Nai lien quan tdi tinh la Ddng Nai, Binh Duong, Binh Phudc, Cach tiep can van hoa doi vdi khu dy Dik Ndng va Lam Ddng Cae KDTSQ ddu trft sinh quyin tren the gidi la noi sinh sdng eua nhidu cu dan, dac bidt d viing chuydn tidp, viing ddm, tham chi ca Cd thd ndi, tidp can vd van hda duoc coi la vimg loi - vimg duge bao tdn nghiem ngat then chdt ttong xay dyng, quan ly cac Ci Viet Nam, cd khoang 20 tgc ngudi sinh KDTSQ ttdn the gidi, bdi viee cdng nhan 80 Vuong Xuan Tinh KDTSQ la UNESCO thyc hign Tft myc dich chii yen nham bao tdn da dang sinh hgc va van hda, vdi ba chfte nang bao tdn, phat tiidn va hd ttg^, KDTSQ cd nhidm vy dam bao sy ben vftng ve mdi trudng, kinh td va xa hdi (gdm ea van hda va tam Imh), thdng qua boat dgng sau: (I) phat tiidn va didu phdi mang ludi cae KDTSQ ttdn thd gidi nhu nhihig vftng cd tinh thye chftng va hgc tap vdi mue dieh gin gift, phat tridn sy da dang sinh thai va van hda, dam bao djch vy smh thai eho cudc sdng ngudi; (2) phat tridn va h0i nhap eac tri thuc, bao gdm ea khoa hgc, de nang eao hieu biet ve tucmg tac giiia ngudi vdi ty nhidn; (3) xay dyng nang lye toan eiu cho vigc quan ly he thdng sinh thai - xa hgi phuc hgp, chu yen thdng qua khuyen khich ddi thoai vd cac didm chung eua khoa hgc - chmh saeh, giao due mdi trudng va truyen thdng eho mdt cgng ddng rdng ldn [19] Myc tieu thft hai ttong Chidn luge eiia MAB giai doan 2015-2025 ciing xac djnh: gdp phan xay dyng xa hdi, kinh td bdn vihig, lanh manh, cdng bang va thinh vugng cua cac noi djnh cu ttong sy than thidn vdi smh quydn Dd thyc hien myc tidu nay, can nudi dudng vide cung tdn tai Clia eon ngudi vdi ty nhidn, va thiic day van hda hda binh lien quan den vide sft dung lgi iehtiingudn lyc ty nhien [18] Theo Kokovkin [14], Chidn luge eua MAB giai doan 2015-2025 da chii ttgng ket hgp sy da dang sinh hgc va van hda, ttong dd chii ydu thfta nhan vai ttd ciia tri thftc dja phuong vd quan ly tai nguydn thidn nhien Tri thftc truydn thdng dugc sft dyng nhu la "diu vao" eho quan ly KDTSQ, vdi sy thfta nhan ttao quyen cho cgng ddng ban dja va egng ddng dia phuang nhu ngudi bao ve tii thfte va gift ghi ban sac van hda Cdn neu can cu vao Chuong trinh nghj sy ciia Lien Hgp Qudc ddn nam 2030, KDTSQ se hen quan ddn cac van dd: xda doi giam ngheo, an ninh luang thuc, noag nghidp bdn vihig, quan Iy ngudn nude ben viing, phat tridn kinh td, cae phd va dinh cu, tidu thy va san xuat ben vimg, cac thidt chd quan ly hidu qua [11, fr.l] Fredricson va cgng sy [12, te.67-68] cdn su dyng quan didm kinh td xa hdi ttong tiep can da dang, phfte hgp va ciing la cong cy cho phat trien bdn vihig eac KDTSQ Cac tae gia eho rang, sy tuang tae eua eon ngudi la tdng hgp, da chidu chu khdng phai dya tten nhftng quy djnh, nguydn tac cftng nhac; va ddi sdng ttong KDTSQ cimg tuong ty De hien thyc hda quan diem nay, theo cac tac gia, can chii ttgng vdn cdng ddng, bao gdm cac ngudn vdn vd smh thai, van hda, ngudi, xa hgi, chinh tri, tai chinh, va xay dung Nhu vay, cac van dd lien quan ddn phat tridn ciia KDTSQ ndu ttdn ddu gan vdi ndp sdng cua cae eu dan thudc KDTSQ Didn hinh cho quan didm nang cao vai tto cua tri thftc dja phuong ttong quan ly KDTSQ, phai kd ddn vide xay dyng md hinh cgng ddng quan ly KDTSQ Tsa Tue, thuge vimg Tay Bac efta Canada Chu nhan cua KDTSQ la ngudi Delin, vdi khoang 600 nhan khau Ban sac ciia nhdm eu dan la quan nidm vd v ^ vat hiru linh Ngudi cd tri thftc nhat vd van vat hihi linh la cac gia Iang, vdi rat nhieu eau ehuyen ve linh hon ciia eac loai dgng vat, thuc vat va dat dai, sdng niii Nhirng can chuydn ay ddng gdp hiiu ich ttong bao vd va su dyng ngudn tai nguydn eua cdng ddng Nam 2014, ngudi Delm da lap Ban dieu hanh KDTSQ va thud ngudi didu hanh ban thdi gian De van hanh vide quan ly, hg da td ehftc cac euge hgp md rgng ciia edng ddng; phat tridn quan he ddi tac vdi cac td ehftc ciiinh phu va phi ehinh Khoa hoc xa hoi Viet Nam s6 11 - 2018 phu; lien kfa vdi nhiSu ta chic nude va qu5c ti Bin thang 3/2016, UNESCO nang cip, dua KDTSQ Tsa Tue trd KDTSQ dku tien tren thS gioi nguoi ban dia dieu hanh [8], Ben canh diSn hinh dS neu, tren the gidi cung cd nhOng mo hinh nang cao vai tro cua cpng ddng tham gia quan ly KDTSQ, nhu d KDTSQ Mui Tay cua Nam Phi, KDTSQ Arganeraie cua Ma - rdc [4], Nghien curu KDTSQ Swabian Alb tai Cpng hoa Lien bang Due, Bieling [9] cung chu trpng each tiSp can van hda Tac gia de cao gia tri vi dich vu sinh thai - van hda, tile nhung lpi ich phi vat ehSt ciia KDTSQ Dd la niem cam hung, th4m my, giai tri, ban sac, di san, cac gia tri ton giao va tam linh; thi hien qua nhiing ITnh vue nhu nghi ngoi va giai tri dudi bong cay, di bp hay di xe dap theo dudng mon, thu vui lam vudn hoac san bin, nhung ky lie, ky niem, lich su Tae gia da thuc hien dieu tra nhiing cau ehuyen lien quan den KDTSQ Swabian Alb Trong 42 cau chuyen, chi ed ehuyen khong lien quan den dieh vu sinh thai - van hda Trong sd eac cau chuyen edn lai, kit qua nhu sau: giai tri la 54,8 %; my cam 47,6 %; cam 9,5 %; gia tri ton giao va tam linh 9,5 %; di san 42,9 %; ban sic 78,6 %; dd ed nhiing cau chuyen da gia tri Ngoai cac y kiin neu tren, tdng quan, Saltzman [10] lai eho rang, tiep can vi van hda ehua duac quan triet sau sac van hanh cac KDTSQ Trong quan ly, van hinh quan niem ve bien gidi giiia tu nhien va van hoa Nghien cilu KDTSQ Ho Vanem Archipelago va mii Kiimekulle d Thuy Dien, tac gia kiem nghiem van de qua ba cau hdi phdng van: (1) loai hinh bien gidi nao clia dia ly va khai niem lien quan den tu nhien va van hda duoc xac dinh 82 KDTSQ? (2) nhiing nguyen tie nao cua ngudi vdri sinh quyen dupe eho la anh hudng din vai tro cua tu nhien va van hda KDTSQ? (3) nhiing eau chuyen nao ve tu nhien va van hda d KDTSQ? Cudi ciing, tac gia ket luan: tay hpp phan quan ciia KDTSQ 14 bao tin thien nhien, song tu nhien va vSn hda dupe xem nhu giao hoa, ph\i thudc lln thi vln tin tai nguyen tic giur mot bien gidi chia tach tu nhien vdi boat dpng van hda va phat triin Diiu la bit hpp ly va lam giam vai trd cua van hda quan ly KDTSQ Cich tiep c3n van hda doi vdi khu du tr& sinh quyen or Viet Nam Din nay, qua thing ke si lieu cua KDTSQ, cd hem trieu ngudi cua khoang 20 dan tpc sing d cac KDTSQ cua Viet Nam Noi cd dan so ddng nhat la KDTSQ Lang Biang thupe tinh Lam Ddng, vdi tren 570.000 ngudi Ncri cd dSn si it nhit la BCDTSQ Cat Ba thude phd Hai Phong, vdi hon 5.500 ngudi Hau het cu dan ndi tren sdng tai vimg chuyen tiep va vimg dem Tuy nhien, dae thu eiia lich su cu tru, nen vimg loi cua mpt sd KDTSQ, nhu mien Tay Nghe An, Cii Lao Cham (Hdi An), Ddng Nai va Lang Biang, van ed cpng ddng sinh sdng, dd nhiiu nhit la a KDTSQ Ddng Nai, vdi khoang 11.000 ngudi v i dan so tpc ngudi cua cac KDTSQ, den nay, chua ed thdng ke chinh thiic, song cd the udc lupng ddng nhat van la dan tpc Kinh Tpc ngudi chiem hau het dan so d eac KDTSQ thudc vimg ding bSng, ven biin va hai dao nhu Can Gid, Cat Ba, Chau thd sdng Hdng, Ven bien va hai dao Vuong Xuan Tiiib Kidn Giang, Miii Ca Mau, Cii Lao Cham (Hdi An) Ngay tyi nhung KDTSQ tiiuge vung mii nhu nidn Tay Nghe An va Lang Biang, ngudi Kinh van chidm da sd, bdi hau nhu eac tgc ngudi thidu sd it sinh sdng d noi d5n cu mat tap nhu thj ttdn, thj tii, trung tam xa, hay ven true qudc Id Song, d nhihig nai duge eoi la nhay cam vdi van de bao tdn ciia cae KDTSQ thude viing ldi va vung ddm, lai thudng ed dan tdc thidu sd sinh sdng Trong bdn viing ldi ciia bdn KDTSQ cd cgng ddng cu tni, tru vimg loi cua KDTSQ Cu Lao Cham - Hgi An cd ngudi Kinh sinh sdng, cu dan cua ba viing cdn lai deu la eac tgc ngudi thidu sd Tuy chi cd khoang 20 tdc ngudi sdng d cac KDTSQ, song nhftng tdc ngudi ay lai thuge nhidu nhdm ngdn ngu, cd ljch sft va tmydn thdng van hda khac nhau, vai 6/7 nhdm ngdn ngu d Viet Nam Dd la cac tde ngudi: Vidt - Mudng [dan toe Kinh, Thd], Tay - Thai Ka dai (Tay, Thai, Niing), Mdn Kha-me (Kha-me, Kha-mii, 0-du, Co-ho, Ma, Xtidng, Cho-ro), Hmdng Dao (Hmdng, Dao), Han (Hoa), va Ma Lai - Da Dao (Chu-ru) Tde ngudi Kinh ed mat d tit ca cac KDTSQ Ddng bao Thd, Kho-mii, 0-du chi sinh sdng tai KDTSQ midn Tay Nghd An Cac tdc Tay, Thai, Nimg eu tni d KDTSQ mien Tay Nghd An, Lang Biang va Ddng Nai Dan tgc Kho-me chii ydu sdng tai cac KDTSQ Can Gid, ven bidn va hai dao Kidn Giang, Miii Ca Mau Cae tgc ngudi Co-ho, Ma, Xtidng, Cha-ro sdng d KDTSQ Lang Biang va Ddng Nai Ngudi Hmdng va ngudi Dao d KDTSQ midn Tay Nghd An va Ddng Nai Dan tdc Hoa cu tni tai KDTSQ Lang Biang va Cu Lao Cham Hdi An Ddng bao Chu-ru sinh sdng d KDTSQ Lang Biang Cac tdc ngudi sdng d KDTSQ, dac bidt tai vimg ddm va vimg ldi, thudng cd didu kien kem phat tridn va cdn nhidu hg ngheo Sinh kd chinh cua cu dan d day la ndng nghidp va ngu nghiep Vi the, vide khai thac ngudn loi ty nhidn cd vai ttd quan ttgng ddi vdi ddi sdng cua hg, nhat la vdi cu dan cd truydn thdng eanh tac nuang ray, nhu cac tgc ngudi Kha-mft, 0-du, Hmdng, Dao, Caho, Chu-ru, Ma, Cho-ro, Xtidng, va nhdm Dan Lai thude dan tgc Thd Ngay vdi cac nhom cu dan chuyen danh bat hai san d cac KDTSQ Cu Lao Cham (Hdi An), Cka Gid, ven bien va hai dao Kidn Giang, Miii Ca Mau thudc dan tdc Kinh, sinh kd cua hg thyc chat cung phu thuge vao khai thac ty nhidn Cimg vdi phat tridn cua khoa hgc ky thuat ttong khai tiiac, danh bat va tac dgng ciia kinh td thj trudng, vide khai thae qua mue de dan tdi tan pha mdi trudng va hiiy hoai da dang sinh hgc [3], [1], [6], [7], [8] Nhu da de cap, di san cua ljch sir, ddn vln cd 4/9 KDTSQ cd edng ddng cu tni t^i vftng loi, vdi sd dan khoang gan 20.000 ngudi, thudc cac tde ngudi Kinh d KDTSQ Cii Lao Cham (Hgi An), nhom Dan Lai cua dan tgc Tho (KDTSQ midn Tay Nghg An), dan tdc Co-ho (KDTSQ Lang Biang), dan tdc Ma va Cha-ro (KDTSQ Ddng Nai) Dieu dat thach thftc gifta bao tdn va phat tiidn d nhftng KDTSQ nay, bdi sinh kd ciia eac eu dan noi day gan vdi tmydn thdng lau ddi khai thac ngudn tai nguyen; va vide tai dinh cu, tftc dua hg khdi viing loi ddn sinh sdng d noi mdi, la didu khdng de dang Tinh ttang giai quydt van dd cu dan viing ldi cua Vudn Qudc gia Pu Mat, thudc KDTSQ midn Tay Nghe An, ttong hang ehyc nam qua la mgt minh chung [4, tt 31-126] Khoa hgc xa hgi Viet Nam, sd 11 - 2018 Nhidu KDTSQ cua Viet Nam edn la didm du ljch hAp dEn, nhu cac KDTSQ Cat Ba, Cii Lao Cham - Hdi An, Lang Biang Nam 2017, sd lugng khach du lich ca va ngoai nude ddn Cat Ba la ban tridu ngudi; den Cu Lao Cham (Hdi An) hon tridu, va ddn Lang Biang gan tridu ngudi Q nhiing noi nay, ngoai tap trung tai phd, thi ttan, du khaeh cdn di tham nhieu noi thuge KDTSQ, ttong cd ca viing ldi Chang ban, tai quan dao Cii Lao Cham vung ldi cua KDTSQ Cii Lao Cham - Hdi An, vao miia du lich (miia he), mdi cd khoang 3.000 du khach (chi mftc tdi da cho phep, theo quy djnh cua chinh quyen phd Hgi An) den tham dao Dd edn chua kd sd lugng ngudi tir nai khac den cac khu vyc thude KDTSQ lam an, hgc tap, nghidn cuu Nhu vay, du ljch d eac KDTSQ gdp phan phat trien kinh td - xa hgi cua dia phuang, song, neu qua tai so vdi didu kidn djch vy, se tao nen ap lyc, thach thftc doi vdi vide bao tdn va sy bdn virng sinh thai cac KDTSQ d Viet Nam da tiidn khai nhung each tidp can cua UNESCO/MAB, kd thfta mdt sd kinh nghiem ciia thd gidi vd van hda vdi KDTSQ; ttdn co sd dd, bude dau sft dung van hda nhu ngudn lye dd thyc hidn ba ehftc nang bao tdn, phat ttidn va bd ttg cua cac KDTSQ; dac biet, sft dung van hda tdc ngudi, eac di san vd tri thfte toe ngudi, tii tiiue dja phucmg dd thyc hidn ba ehftc nang ndu ttdn Thu nhdt, vdn hoa duac sir diing di thuc hien chirc ndng bdo ton Dya ttdn nguydn ly ca ban, each tidp can phd quat Clia UNESCO/MAB, Nguyen Hoang Tri [5, tt 5] cho bidt, mdt KDTSQ chi ed thd cdng tiiye hien tdt mue tieu bao tdn cho phat tiien va phat tiidn dd bao tdn 84 Vigc bao ton d eac KDTSQ tiudc hdt tap trung tai viing Idi Diem then chdttirongquan he giiia van hda vdi bao tdn d vimg la ndp sdng ttong khai Ihac, sft dung tai nguydn cita cu dan d KDTSQ ttong tuong quan vdi vide bao vd cac sinh v3t cd nguy co bj hiiy diet va dam bao da dang sinh hgc Trong bdi canh kinh td thj trudng, eac nguon lgi tir khai thac khdng chi duye sft dung dd phye vytiyctidp eho nhu eau eua ea nhan, gia dinh, cgng ddng ma edn dd dimg lam hang hda budn ban Idem ldi Bdi vay, viec dieu chinh nep song cd y nghta iben chdtttongquan ly KDTSQ Dd dieu ehinh ndp sdng cua cu dan ttong KDTSQ lidn quan den bao tdn, vai ttd cua CO quan quan ly nha nude phai gan bd chat che vdi vai trd ciia egng ddng dan eu Vigc bao tdn vogc Cat Ba (loai linh trudng quy hiem trdn the gidi) la bai hgc cd y nghta cho van dd Ndu nhu vao nhftng nam I960, khu vuc dao Cat Ba cd khoang 2.500 ca thd vogc, thi ddn nam 2000 chi cdn 53 ca thd Vao nam 2000, KDTSQ Cat Ba da xay dyng Dy an bao vd Ioai vogc do, va ddn nam 2013, sd ca thd vogc cd khoang 70 Dd dam bao Dy an cdng, cd sy tham gia ciia nhimg ngudi vdn timg la thg san voge; va nhu vay, tft lam tae, hg da ttd ngudi bao ve riing Vln tai KDTSQ Cat Ba, cdn nhieu boat dgng bao tdn vdi su tham gia cua cgng ddng, nhu bao vd riing, bao vd ngudn loi thuy san, bao ve dan chim di eu KDTSQ Cu Lao Cham (Hgi An), vide tbam gia ciia cdng ddng ttong Itnh vyc bao tdn ciing phong phu, song ndi bat phai ke ddn bao vd eua da Tuy loai cua khdng thudc danh muc cam san bat, nhung tiirdc nguy co can kiet nhu ciu thyc pham Clia du khach gia tang, cdng ddng dan cu d quan dao Cu Lao Cham da thdng nhit thye hien quy chd khai tiiae, ttong dd cd Vucmg Xuan Tinh quy dinh thdi gian c4m bit va ldn cua ca thd duae phep bit khu vyc vimg ddm va vimg ehuyen tidp, tip quan sft dung va bao ve rung cdng ddng cda nhidu tgc ngudi ciing ddng gdp cho vide bao tdn Vi du didn hinh la, tai KDTSQ mien Tay Nghd An, vai ttd eiia egng ddng ngudi Thai d ban Quang Thjnh (xa Tam Dinh, huydn Tuong Duong) ttong bao vd riing sang le dd riing trd diem du ljch hap dSn Bdn canh vide didu chinh ndp sdng khai thac ngudn lgi thidn nhien anh hudng tdi eae gidng, loai ed nguy CO bj hiiy digt hoac suy giam, nhftng tap quan khai thac cd ban dinh nham tti ngudn tai nguydn cua cac cdng ddng cung dugc phat huy Dd la nhung tap quan cua nhidu cgng ddng tgc ngudi (Thai, Hmdng, Kho-mii, Ma, Cha-ro), nhu khdng lay can kiet ngudn cay thudc dd cay sinh sdi ttong mua sau; khdng danh bat ca d khu vye vao mua ca ve sinh san Nhftng tap quan dd, trudc day dii da duge ghi ttong huong udc hay bat van, cdng ddng xay dyng quy ehe mdi ve bao tdn tai nguydn, thudng dugc kd thfta Thu hai, vdn hoa duac su dung de thuc hien chuc nang phdt trien Vdi phuong cham bao ton ttong phat trien, ea vimg loi cua cae KDTSQ Cling ddng gdp cho sy phat tridn dd, ma trudc het cho du lich Cae loai ddng, thye vat quy hidm tao cho du khach thft hidu bidt, kham pha hay tham my, cam nghd thuat Nhu vay, vide bao tdn da gdp phan tao ndn eac gia trj van hda Theo Vo Quy [2, tt.lO], tai Uganda, ehi ridng loai dgc mii da dua lai eho dit nude 50 % loi nhuan du Ijeh Vidt Nam, nhidu viing loi Clia cac KDTSQ cd ddng gdp ldn ttong thu biit khach du lich, nhu d eac KDTSQ Cat Ba, midn Tay Nghd An, Cii Lao Cham (Hdi An), Ddng Nai, Miii Ca Mau, Lang Biang Tai mdt viing loi cua KDTSQ Dong Nai, cdn ed di tich van hda Chidn khu D - di tich van hda cap qude gia, thu hiit nhieu khach tham quan Nhu da trinh bay, ttong cae KDTSQ, dac biet vimg dgm va vimg ehuyen tidp, la noi didn eac boat ddng lidn quan ddn sinh kd cua cgng ddng dan cu Theo Vo Quy [9], vimg ddm la vimg rat nhay cam tuang tac vdi bao tdn, vi day la vimg cd cac boat dgng dd phat tridn kinh te - xa hgi Trong nhftng viing nay, vai ttd eua van hda vdi phat tridn trude bet van la du ljch Ci viing dem va viing chuydn tidp ciia cac KDTSQ neu tten, loai hinh du lich am thuc, du ljch egng ddng g i n vdi van hda tdc ngudi da gdp phan tao vide iam va thu nhap eho ngudi dan Mat khac, cd nhftng tti thftc dia phuong, tri thftc tgc ngudi ciing tao ndn sinh kd va thu nhap Nghd nudi ong dya trdn CO sd khai thac tap tinh efta loai ong ty nhidn da cho nhidu hg gia dinh d KDTSQ Cat Ba va Miii Ca Mau thu nhap cao Cac loai cay, dae san ttong KDTSQ dugc dan tern cua KDTSQ da eho gia eao ban so vdi gia thudng, nhu mat ong eua KDTSQ Cat Ba, cua da d KDTSQ Cu Lao Cham (Hgi An) Ngoai ra, cdn nhidu san p h i m ndng nghiep, thii cdng, my nghd ttong KDTSQ ttd tiianh hang hda ban tiij trudng, dac bidt de ban eho khaeh du lich, nhu cae dac san am thyc, thudc chfta bdnh, thd cam, dd luu nidm Thic ba, vdn hoa duac su dung de thuc hien chuc ndng ho tret Chfte nang hd ttg ciia cac KDTSQ d Viet Nam ehu ydu tap trung d ITnh vue giao due, dao tao va nghidn cftu khoa hgc ve sinh quydn Dd thye hidn ehftc nang 85 Khoa hgc xa hgi Vi?t Nam, s6 11 - 2018 ngoai tri thftc khoa hgc, phai dya ttdn co sd cac tii thftc tdc ngudi, tii thftc dia phuang Ngudi dan tai cac KDTSQ cd nhidu hieu bidt vd dae didm, tap tuih, gia trj sft dyng, noi sinhtiixdng,sd lugng eua cac loai dgng vat, tiiye vat d nai hg sdng Bdi vay, khdng the tiianh edng ttong giao dye, dao tao, nghidn cftu khoa hgc ndu khdng tiiam van ngudi dan noi day Hg cd thd tea giiip nhiing ngudi thyc hidn nhidm vy iy tiJ din dudng, tim kidm, thu thap mau ddn giai nghta nhftng khia canh theo kinh nghidm lidn quan tdi ddi tugng can quan tam Vide bao tdn vogc Cat Ba d KDTSQ Cat Ba la didn hinh cho tiirdng hyp Ngoai ra, tri thuc dja phuang cdn luu gift nhidu can chuyen nhan van va tam linh vd cd cay, mudng thu, mii non, sdng nude d KDTSQ Cac tti thiic dd la ngudn tai lieu ddi dao eho sy nghidp giao due, dao tao va nghidn cftu khoa hge vd sinh quydn - Mac dii cac KDTSQ d Viet Nam da ed nhidu nd lyc ttong phat trien each tidp can van hda, song vide sft dyng van hda dd thyc hign ba chuc nang bao tdn, phat tiidn va hd ttg ciing gap phai nhihig thach thiie Vide nhan thftc vai ttd cua van hda ttong quan ly cac KDTSQ van cdn mgt sd ban chd Trudc het, quan niem vd van hda thudng chi gidi ban ttong mdt sd di san vat thd va phi vat thd hien hiru, nhu eac di tieh Ijch sft hay Id hdi, ma chua eoi nep sdng ciia cu dan d KDTSQ la cdt loi eua van hda, cd tuong tac manh nhat den ba chfte nang bao tdn, phat trien va hd ttg Theo do, nhan thiie cua mdt sd ngudi quan ly, thudng bdc tach ngudn lyc ty nhidn va ngudn lyc nhan van ma it luu y rang hai ngudn luc dd thudng dung hgp ttong nhieu gia trj eiia KDTSQ Sy ban chd ndu tten ed nguyen nhan ve to chfte: ehju ttach nhiem quan ly va van hanh 86 KDTSQ tiiudng la can bg ed chuydn mdn vd smh hgc, ndng nghidp, lam nghigp Mat khac, sy phdi hgp lien nganh vdi cac Itnh vyc ciia khoa hpc xa hgi ttong boat ddng eua cac KDTSQ chua cao Ap lye vd sinh kd, nhu ciu ddi sdng va thj tiirdng cdn la nhftng thach thuc ldn ttong quan he gifta van hda vdi thye hien ba ehftc nang bao tdn, phat tridn va hd ttg eua cae KDTSQ d Viet Nam Vigc thay ddi ndp sdng dua vao khai thac tai nguydn tai KDTSQ chi cd hidu qua cu dan noi day cd ngudn sinh kd mdi thay thd Trong dd, dd thay ddi ndp sdng hang ngan ddi, nhu vdi nhdm cu dan Dan Lai d vimg loi cua KDTSQ midn Tay Nghd An, la khdng don gian Mat khac, didu kidn tai djnh cu cho hg lai khdng dam bao, va vide thye hidn tai dinh cu cua chinh quydn dja phuong ciing cdn nhidu bat cap [4, tt.31-126] O mgt sd noi nhu cae KDTSQ Cat Ba, Cii Lao Cham (Hdi An), Ddng Nai, Lang Biang, sy phat tiidn vd du ljch gdp phan giai quydt vd sinh kd va thu nhap cho ngudi dan, song lai tao ndn ap luc vdi mdi trudng Mat khac, vin ttong ndp sdng tidu nong, sy phat ttien ndng nghidp, tidu thu cdng nghiep vdi vide dung nhidu hda chit va xft ly chat thai kem da tao ndn nguy co mdi vd d nhidm moi trudng tai cac KDTSQ Ket luan Qua 47 nam, kd tii UNESCO xay dyng MAB, da cd gin 700 KDTSQ ttdn thd gioi ddi, ttong dd Viet Nam ddng gdp KDTSQ Tft each tidp can vd van hda, coi nep sdng la cdt loi cua vSn hda, cd the nhan thiy tinh da dang ve van hda tgc ngudi, van hda dja phuang d eae KDTSQ cua Vi^t Vuong Xuan Tinh Nam; va day chinh la nguon luc to ldn, phye vu cho ba chuc nang bao tdn, phat tiidn va hd ttg cua KDTSQ Trai qua 18 nam ndu tinh tii tiidi diem KDTSQ diu tidn d Viet Nam dugc cdng nhan, mgt s6 KDTSQ da co tyu nhit dinh ttong sft dung ydu td van hda lam cdng ey quan ly, thyc hien ba chuc nang neu ttdn Thanh tyu dd cd dugc d ca vimg loi, vung ddm va vung chuyen tidp Tuy nhidn, vide quan ly cac KDTSQ khdng dd dang, vi ludn bj dat ttong tiidi ttang mau thuan gifta bao tdn va phat tridn, giua lgi ich cua ca nhan, gia dinh, dia phuang vdi loi ich ciia dat nude va nhan loai Mat khae, nep sdng eiia eu dan, nhat la cae nhdm dya vao khai thac ngudn tai nguydn lam sinh kd, cac nhdm cd truydn thdng eanh tae nuang ray thudng khd ddi thay Song, dieu lai cang khang djnh, each tidp can vd van hda can dugc chft ttgng hon nfta, va vide sft dung hftu hidu nguon lyc van hda de bao tdn, phat tridn va hd ttg KDTSQ phai la tieu chi quan ttgng danh gia hidu qua quan ly cac KDTSQ d Vidt Nam * Vimg loi [the core area(s)]: vung co he thong sinh thai dirge bao ve nghiem ngat dl gop phan bao too canh quan, he thing sinh thai, cac loai va sir da dang vh gien Vung dem (the buffer zone): khu v^c bao quanh hoac tiSp nii vung 15i, dugc su dung thich hgp cho cac hoat dong hen quan d6n sinh thai, nham tang cucmg nghien cuu khoa hoc, giam sat, dao tao va giao due Vung chuyen tiep (the transition area): phSn lai cua KDTSQ, ncri co nhieu hoat dgng vg phat trien kinh te va nguoi, voi viec dam bao ben vung ve xS hgi - van hoa va sinh thai [12] ' Chuc nang bao t5n (conservation): bao ve sir da dang van hoa va sinh hgc, bao gom cac bien the gien, loai, he thong sinh thai, canh quan va dich vu dam bao an toan cho sir da dang Chuc nang phat triSn (development): khuySn khich phat trien ve kinh te va ngucfi su dam bao ben vung moi tmong, xa hgi va phu hgp ve vSn hoa Chuc nang ho trg (logistic support): giiip dd xay dung cac du an, giao due moi trucmg, giao due phat trien ben vung, dao tao, nghien ciiu va giam sat Viec giao due, giam sat va nang cao nang lire can dugc xem nhu cac hgp phan cua chuc nang ho trg hoac chiic nang trao truyen tri thiic; qua cung tfch hgp vao chuc nang bao ton vit phat trien ciia KDTSQ [6] Tai li^u t h a m khao ^ Bai viet la kit qua ciia Dd tai cEip Nha nuoc: [1] "Nghien cuu xdy dung bd tiiu chi vd quy trinh gidm Ban quan ly khu dir trir sinh quyen tiie gicri Cu Lao Cham - Hgi An (2005), Di dn phdt triin ben vihig sdt, ddnh gid hieu qud qudn ly cdc khu du trie sinh khu du trir sinh quyin the gidi Cit Lao Chdm - Hdi quyin cda Viet Nam", Ma s6 DTDLXH, 20/15, An, Giai ^gn 2015-2030 ldm nhin 2050, Hgi An Vi^a Tai nguyen va Moi tnrcmg, Dai hoc Quoc gia [2] Ha Noi chii tri, TS Vo Thanh Son lam Chii nhi?m ^ S6 lieu cac KDTSQ dugc cap nhat theo thong tin Clia [19] Tuy nhien Ban d6 KDTSQ tren website lai chua tuong thich s6 lieu neu tren, v l n chi din co 669 KDTSQ thuoc 120 q u i c gia Vo Quy (2008), Bdo tin thien nhien vd vung dem, Ha Ngi [3] Vo Thanh Son (2015), Thuyit minh di ldi nghien cuu khoa hgc xd hoi vd nhdn vdn cdp qudc gia: "Nghien ciru xdy dung bg lieu chi vd quy trinh gidm sdt ddnh gid hiiu qud qudn ly cdc khu dir trie sinh quyen cda Viet Nam ", Ha Ngi 87 Khoa hgc xa hgi Viet Nam, so 11 - 2018 [4] Bui Minh Thuan (2017), Phuang thdc muu [13] sinh cua nhdm ngudi Dan Lai (Thd) a huyen Con Cudng, tinh Nghe An, Luan an tien sT lich sir Ha Ngi [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] Fulfdling the Three Functions, http:// www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/ environment/ecological-sciences/biospherereserves/main-charac teristics/fimctio ns/ , Nguyin Hoang Tri (2016), Bdo cdo tdng quan ve Tmy c4p ngiy 30/8/2018 ca sd Iy thiiyet vd thifc tien de qudn ly hieu qud [14] Kokovkin, Toomas (2018), Culture Heritage cdc khu du trii sinh qi^en tren the gidi Ha Ngi and (Island) Biosphere Reserves, UBND tinh D6ng Nai (2010), H6 so nang cdp khu http://xarxabiosfera.cime.es/WebEditor/Pagine d\r trfl sinh quyen Dong Nai, D6ng Nai s/file/ /Presentacions/3_Toomas_ BR.pdf, UBND phi Hii Phong (2014), Bdo cdo Truy citp 30/8/2018 rd sodt djnh ky khu du tru sinh quyen the gidi [15] Livingstone, David (2017), Indigenous-led qudn ddo Cdt Bd, Vift Nam, Sing Nai Biosphere Reserves: Nothing to Fear, UBND linh Ngji? An (2007), D I cti khu dv trS Canadian Commission for UNESCO sinh quyen miln Tay Nghe An, Hai Phong [16] Saltzman, Katarina (2014), In the Zone? Bieling, Claudia (2011), How Ecosystems Nature and Culture in a Swedish Biosphere Work for Us: A View on Cultural Ecosystem Reserve, Paper Presented in the Conference: Services in the Biosphere Reserve Swabian 'The Future of Landscape Characterization", Alb, http://www.europarc.org/ /WORK KSLA, Stockholm, Sweden, March, 3-4, SHOP-5-A-view-on-cultural-ecosystem htq)://www.ksla.se/wp-content/uploads/2014 , services-i , Truy cap 31/8/2018 Truy cap ngiy 29/8/2018 Biosphere Reserves Learning Sites for Sustainable Development, http://www.unesco [17] ITiree Zones, One Biosphere Reserve! org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ http7/www.unesco.org/new/en/natu ralecological-sciences/ biosphere-reserves/, Truy sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/ c3p 29/8/2018 biosphere-reserves/, Truy cap ngiy 30/8/ 2018 GIZ (2016), Biosphere Reserves - Inspiring [18] UNESCO, MAB Strategy 2015-2025, https:// Action for Agenda 2030, http://www.giz.de, www.en.imesco.org/ Tray cap 1/9/2018 Truy cap 30/8/2018 [19] World Nerwork of Biosphere Reserves, Fredricson, Magnus and Johanna Mactaggart http://www.unesco.org/new/en/ natural(2017), "Social Economy in UNESCO sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/ Biosphere Reserves: A Multiperspective and biosphere-reserves/worid-network-wnbr/, Tmy Complexity Approach", JEOD, Volume 6, cap ngiy 30/8/2018 Issue l,pp 68-78 ... trinh gidm Ban quan ly khu dir trir sinh quyen tiie gicri Cu Lao Cham - Hgi An (2005), Di dn phdt triin ben vihig sdt, ddnh gid hieu qud qudn ly cdc khu du trie sinh khu du trir sinh quyin the gidi... Heritage cdc khu du trii sinh qi^en tren the gidi Ha Ngi and (Island) Biosphere Reserves, UBND tinh D6ng Nai (2010), H6 so nang cdp khu http://xarxabiosfera.cime.es/WebEditor/Pagine d
trfl sinh quyen... Kho-mii, Ma, Cha-ro), nhu khdng lay can kiet ngudn cay thudc dd cay sinh sdi ttong mua sau; khdng danh bat ca d khu vye vao mua ca ve sinh san Nhftng tap quan dd, trudc day dii da duge ghi ttong huong