Chinh sach cua Thai Lan dii vdi dan toe thiiu so Trin Van Ha', Nguygn Anh Tuan ' ^ Vien Dan tgc hgc, Vien Han lam Khoa hgc xa hoi Viet Nam Email: tranvanha@ warecod.org.vn Email' nguyenanhtuan dth@gmail.com Nhan 19 thang 12 nam 2018 Chdp nhan dang 16 thang nam 2019 Tom tat: Chinh sach doi vdi dan tgc thieu so d Thai Lan khac biet nhieu so vdi cac quoc gia lang gieng khu vyc Ddng Nam A va Chau A Chfnh phii Thai Lan de cao quoc gia - dan tgc vai vi the va vai tro ciia dan tgc Thai, coi van hoa dan tgc Thai la van hda quoc gia Chfnh phu Thai Lan khong CO chi'nh sach rieng ve phat trien kinh te - xa hgi cbo cac dan tpc thieu so He luy tir each lam dang dat cho cac dan tgc thieu so viing cao hai each lya chgn, hoac la chap nhan dong hoa de hoa nhap vao dong phat trien chung cua Vuang quoc Thai Lan va de mat ban sac van hoa ciia minh, hoac la tri ban sac van hoa truyen thong cua dan tpc minh, tiic la khong hoa nhap vao van hoa dan tgc Thai va chap nhan rang nhirng lgi fch tir cbinh sach phat trien kinh te - xa hgi ciia chfnh phu ciing nhu su phat trien the be tre cac tgc ngudi bi ban che Tir khoa: Dan tgc thieu so, chi'nh sach dan tgc, phat trien kinh te - xa hgi Thai Lan Phan loai nganh: Nban hoc Abstract: The policy on ethnic minorities in Thailand differs significandy from those of its neighbouring countries in Southeast Asia and Asia The Thai government values the nahon-state with the position and role of the Thai people, considering Thai culture the national culture The government does not have a separate policy on socio-economic development for the ethnic minorities The implicalions of such an orientation are putting the upland minorities before two options: either to be assimilated to integrate into the common current of development of the Kingdom of Thailand and to lose their culuiral identities, or to maintain the tradihonal cultural identities, which would mean not to integrate into Thai nahonal culture, accepnng that this would limit their benefits from the government's socio-economic development policy and the development of their younger generahons Keywords: Ethnic minorities, policy on ethnicities, socio-economic development, Thailand Subject classification: Anthropology 82 Tran Van Ha, Nguyen Anh Tuan Mffdau Cac dan toe thieu so d Thai Lan Thai Lan khdng cd chinh sach rieng d i h i yg phat trien kinh ti - xa bdi cho eae nhdm dan tde thieu sd nhu Viet Nam Chmh sach hpi nhap la chien lugc ung xu vdi cac nhom dan tdc thieu sd ciia Thai Lan Bai viet phan tich chfnh sach ciia chi'nh phu Thai Lan ddi vdi dan tdc thieu so, qua cung cap them kmh nghiem cho viec hoach dinb cbinh sach ddi vdi dan tde tbieu sd d Viet Nam Dan sd eiia Thai Lan hien la 68,8 trieu ngudi [15] Thai Lan la qudc gia da tpc ngudi, gom 23 dan tpc Trong dd, dan tdc Thai chiim 75%; 14% la ngudi goc Hoa va 3% ngudi goe Ma Lai; so cdn Iai la nhiing dan toe thieu sd khac (nhu Mdn, Kha-me va eae tpc khac) cac tinh viing cao Thai Lan nam 1999 cd dan tdc (ethnic groups) (xem bang I) Bang 1: Dan so cac nhom dan too cac tinh vung cao Thai Lan, nam 1999 TT Dan toe Karen So ban/lang So ho Dan so Ty le % 2.037 69.821 347.242 46.18 Hmong 235 15.238 122.168 16,32 Lahu 419 14.696 84.262 11,21 Lisu L^l 114 30.940 4,11 Dao 164 5.848 42.551 5,66 Akha 2S2 9.516 56.162 7,46 Lua 59 3.231 17.092 2,27 H'lin 143 7.634 40.302 5,36 Kha mu 37 1.972 10 567 1,41 Tong so 3.527 133.070 751.886 100,00 Nguon; So lieu tir Vien Nghien cuu Bg lac, Chiang Mai, Thai Lan nam 1999 Theo hai nha nghien ciiu Mudakwan Sakboon va Prasil Leepreecha (thudc Trung tam nghien ciiu tdc ngudi va phat trien, Dai hoc Chiang Mai, Thai Lan), Thai Lan cd 10 dan tdc (them dan tdc Mlabri), cac dan tdc dd phan bd ehu yiu d 20 tinh d mien Bac Thai Lan gom Karen, Hmong, Mien (Dao), Akha, Lahu, Lisu, Lua, H'lin, Khamu (Kha mil), Mlabri Trong dd, dan ldc Karen la ddng nhit, cd 438.131 ngudi Theo mot so nha nghien ciru khac, dan tpc tren, ca nudc cd them 13 dan tgc kliac niia Thai Lan cd hon 20 dan tpc tai vimg cao (bang 2) Ve ca cau tpc ngudi, bien cd thuat ngu: chat - xat (nation), cum - chat - ti pan hay cum xat (ethnicities tpc ngudi), va chao - khao (khdng cd quyen cong dan) The nhung, kbdng phai liie nao thuat ngir ciing dugc su dung de phan loai dan ldc d Thai Lan Tren thyc te khai niem tpc ngudi (cum - xat, ethnicity) va khai niem dan tdc (chat, nation) la triing khdp [7, tr.403] Khoa hoc xa hpi Vict Nam, so - 2019 Bang Dan s6 cac dan tpc tai 20 tinh mien Bac Thai Lan Dan toe Cong dong Nam So ho T6ng so NO L912 87.628 221.379 216.752 438.131 Hmong 253 19.287 76.960 76.995 153.995 Mien 178 758 22.869 22.702 45.571 Akha 271 11.178 33.704 34 949 68 653 Lahu 385 18.057 51489 51.389 102.879 Lisu 155 6.553 19.082 19.217 38.299 Lua 69 4.361 10.990 11.270 22.260 159 8.496 21.595 21.061 42.657 Kha mu 38 2.256 5.357 5.216 10.573 Mlabri 63 147 135 282 Palong 459 135 189 2.324 Karen H'tin Tongsu 42 123 103 226 Tai-Lue 16 857 1.849 1.931 780 Haw 55 3.773 13.181 13.144 26.325 Shan 72 4.059 10.459 10.952 21 411 1 14.865 2.291 376 Khmei 1 Chinese 599 Burmese 12 285 623 614 1.237 Mon 31 1.616 3.349 3.476 6.825 Laotian 18 53 51 104 Others 93 289 274 563 Lowlanders Tong so 847 50.257 107.328 105.392 212.720 4.479 226 696 604.047 559.102 1.203 149 Theo each phan loai ve ngdn ngii hgc, d Thai Lan cd tren 60 nhdm ngdn ngir khac Chfnh phii Thai Lan dua sy phan loai vdi loai cu dan: nhdm Thai (Tai) va nhom khdng phai Thai (non-Tai) Nhom Thai chiem 91% Trong sd 9% cdn Iai la ngudi Thai goc Hoa (ehiem 2%, khoang 1,3 trieu ngudi); ngu'di Thai goc Ma Lai (chiem 6%, tuang duang 3,7 trieu ngudi); eae tpc ngudi ban dia vung cao (hill-tribe, dugc ngudi Thai gpi la chao khao chiem 1.000.000 ngudi) Ddi vdi nhdm khdng phai Thai (non-Tai), chfnh phu Thai Lan cflng chua cd sd lieu thong ke chi'nh thirc; dd bao gdm cac ddi tugng di dan t; nan, lao dpng nhap cu trai phep vao Thai Lan, nhfl-ng ngudi nudc ngoai sinh sdng d Thai Lan Nhdm "non-Tai" hien hen Tran Van Ha, Nguyen Anh Tuan tyc cd sy gia tang ve sd Iugng, cac ddng ngudi di cu din Thai Lan khdng ngirng gia tang; dd cd nhdm di cu ngudi Trung Qudc nhdm cac dan tpc ban dia vimg cao lir cac qudc gia lang giing qua lai, nhdm di dan ti nan, nhdm lao ddng lam thue hgp phap (ngudi Mianma, Campuchia, Viet Nam), nhdm lao dpng lam thue trai phep [10] Chi'nh sach ciia chfnh phii Thai Lan ve van hoa ddi voi cac dan tgc thiiu s6 Quan diem eiia chfnh phu Thai Lan cho rang Thai Lan chi cd mdt dan tpc Thai nhat, khdng phan biel va cdng nhan su hien dien cac nhdm thieu so mgt each chinh thirc; quoc gia Thai la cua ngudi Thdi ("chat, satsana, phra maba kasat", "dit nudc, Idn giao, nba vua") Nudc Thai la ciia ngudi Thai, cae nhdm tpc ngudi khac (ciim - xai) muon trd cdng dan Thai phai chap nhan su ddng hda (ndi tieng Thai, thd Phat, mang ten Thai va sinh boat theo van hda Thai) Vi vay, chfnh sach cua Thai Lan ddi vdi dan tpc tbieu sd khong giong nhu chi'nh sach cua Viet Nam Tren thyc le, Thai Lan ciing la mpt quoc gia da tdc ngu'di, da van hda Theo nhan xet eua Luangaramsri, doi vdi nha nudc Thai, sy da dang ve van hda va ldc ngudi ludn dugc coi la trd ngai Idn doi vdi qua trinh cimg ed khdi thdng nhat cung nhu sy phat trien kinh te - xa hdi ndi chung cua dat nudc Chfnh vi vay, qua trinh thyc tbi chfnh sach Thai hda ddi vdi cac tdc ngudi thieu sd la ca che chfnh viee tao sy thing nhat ve van hda, hay eon ggi la ban sic van hda qudc gia Thai Nhu'ng ngu'di dan khdng mang ban sac khdng dugc coi la ngudi Thai va thudng bi quy kit la moi de dpa ddi vdi su on dmh cua qudc gia [12] Theo cac nha nhan hgc thupc Dai hgc Chiang Mai, chi tir nhirng nam I960, nha nude Thai Lan mdi bat dau quan tam den van de dan tpc, cac tdc ngudi tbieu sd TiTjdc dd Thai Lan khdng nhii'ng chua quan tam, ma cdn cd dmh kien rang, cac tpc ngudi thieu so la nbii-ng ngudi lac hau, pha rung, budn thuoc phien va khong mang lai Igi i'ch gl cho nha nude Thai Lan Tuy nhien, bdi canh chien tranh Ddng Duong va chien tranh lanh, sy lan rdng anb hudng cua chii nghia cdng san khu vyc, nba nudc Thai Lan da quan tam din van de an ninh qudc gia, lo ngai eac hanh vi pha rirng, budn thudc phien, lo ngai anb budng cua chu nghia cdng san cac tdc ngu'di ban dia vung cao bien gidi, lir bit dau kiem soat va hgi nhap cac tpc ngudi vao quoc gia dan tgc De biet dan sd cac ldc ngudi, ebi'nh phu yeu cau dang ky hp khiu, quoc tich [I, tr.l] Cac nhdm cu dan khdng phai Thai mudn hpi nhap hay chuyin ddi vi the tir khdng phai Thai (non-Tai) trd chuan Thai (standard Tai), tbi phai dugc thira nhan bdi nba nudc thdng qua the can cudc cdng dan Thai Viec chuyin dii tu each cdng dan dugc thyc hien theo chinh sach "integration" (hpi nhap), thuc chat la chinh sach dong boa cac dan tpc thieu so Ba yen td then chot cho viec chuyen ddi gom: ngdn ngu (tieng Thai), van hda, tdn giao (dao Pbal), va sy tu y thuc tdc ngudi [13] Thai Lan la nudc dac biel thdi can - hien dai d Ddng Nam A, vi la nudc nhit khdng trd thupc dia cua thyc dan phuang Tay Yeu td can ban va cdt loi gidp Thai Lan "try dugc" trudc Ian sdng xam lugc cua thyc dan phuong Tay la sy ddi cua mpt the che nha nudc Thai mdi, dd gidi lanh dao dit nudc sii' dung Phat giao 85 Khoa hoc xa hgi Viet Nam, so - 2019 nhu ia mdt nhan to lien ket Tbeo do, cau hmh mdi cho bieu tugng nha nudc hinb dya tren nguyen tac: dan tpc, tdn giao va che dp quan chii (chat, satsana, mahaketsat) Theo Ngo Van Doanh, d dau tbi ky XX, nha nudc Thai da gay dyng nen mdt "ca ciu chinh tri - tu tudng gan nhu dpc nhat v5 nhi d chau A" Trong do, Pbal giao gan bd chat che vdi ehii nghia dan tpc, eon che dp quan chu duge cung co bang phap luat dua vao mdi quan be tren Sau nam 1963, ehe quan chii d Thai Lan da chuyen sang che dp quan chii lap bien, va qudc gia dan toe trd Ihanh yeu to lien quyet, la nguyen tac cho sy phat trien cua Thai Lan Trong chien lugc hpi nhap Thai Lan hudng tdi xay dyng hinh anh mdt dat nudc mang ban sac van boa dam chat Thai ciia ngudi Thai Y niem goc re nam d chd, nha vua dupc xem la sy bieu dat hoan my eho nhiing gi ban sac van hda dam chat Thai Tieng Thai la tieng nha vua ndi, tdn giao (dao Pbal) nha vua tbeo trd nhirng yeu Id chuan muc Theo do, cac vua Thai Lan, nhu vua Mdngkut liic Rama IV (I840-I868) va vua Chulalongkorn tue Rama V (I853-I901), da tiin hanh mpt cupc phuc Pbal giao mpt each manh me de xay dyng mpt che chuyen che Phat giao vdi ngu y chi'nh tri xay dyng nen mpt thu bac tinh than nhit, di sai khien (muc di'ch dd la nha nudc hda van hda, lam sach va hien dai mdt each co diiu khien cac giao Iy va nghi thuc) Thai Lan da bien che dp chuyen che Phat giao chd dya tu tudng cho ca che dp chuyen che chinh tri [2, h.57] Nha nudc quan chu Thai Lan chii truang md rpng va phat h i i n liing Thai, dao Phat rpng khip Ianh thd qudc gia, dae biel la, md rpng cac khu vye eu dan "non-Tai" Va md hinh da cong viec viec lien kit miin Bac va Dong Bac Thai Lan vdi chfnh quyin uong Bang Coc Mac dii chuyen dich sang md hinh quan chu lap hien, quyen luc ciia chfnb phit hien dinh tach bach khdi cac the che tdn giao ciia dao Phat, nhung nha nudc Thai Lan van tiep tyc cd nhirng budc nam giii, cung cd va kien toan cac td chue Phat giao thdng qua Hdi ddng Tang doan Den nay, Thai Lan la qudc gia nhat ma nha nude thue hien viec luong cho eac n h a s u [2, tr.59] Thyc te cho thay cd nhiing thach thiic doi vdi nhung nd lye cua chfnh phu Thai Lan viec thyc hien chinh sach hpi nhap ddi vdi cac khu vyc dan cu khong phai Thai Nhiing thach thiie lien quan den bai nhom dan tdc thieu sd co xu hudng bao luu ngdn ngii, tdn giao va van boa tpc ngudi cua rieng hp Nhom thir nhat la nhdm cac dan tdc ban dia d vung cao, vung sau, viing xa Mgt so dan tdc kbdng cd phan iing gi Idn viec chuyen ddi dii'c tin sang thyc hanh dao Phat, hay phdi kel hgp dao Phat vdi cae binh thai tfn ngudng dan gian Dau nhu:ng nam 1970, chi'nh phii Thai Lan da thong qua dy an Thammacarik truyen ba dao Pbal den cac nhdm dan tpc viing cao Vi vay, ddi vdi the he tre, em cac dan tgc d day, viec bd thd ma de theo thd Phat ciing dong nghia vdi viec hg dugc hpc hanh, cd tri thiie de tim kiem viec lam xa hgi Thai [7] Nhdm thii' hai la cdng dong Hoa/Han, hp la nhirng ngudi muon tri viec noi tieng Hoa thay vi ehi ndi heng Thai Hg ua thich md hinh song ngii' gom viec thdng thao tieng Thai va lieng Hoa nhom nay, ton giao eiing khdng ban la van de Idn Nhdm ngudi goc Ma Lai, thudc nhdm cac cu dan theo dao Islam, la cpng dong gap thach thiic tir nhirng van de tdn giao, ngdn ngii" va van hda; bdi hp mudn su dung tieng Ma Lai han tieng Thai, cung nhu khd cai dao sang dao Phat Sy xung dot ve ngdn Tran Van Ha, Nguyen Anb Tuan ngu va tdn giao hem i n nhiing nii ro, xung dot hong tien trinh thye hien chfnh sach hdi nhap Thuc ti cbo thiy, nha nudc Thai Lan nhieu thap ky vira qua phai dii dien vdi nhieu eude xung dot dan tdc, tdn giao, vdi chu nghTa ly khai va khung bd d vung mien Nam nudc The can cudc cdng dan la mgt budc quan trpng de tien den xae thuc quyen cdng dan hgp phap tai Thai Lan The thay eho hp tjch (hay giay dang ky bp gia dinh), bp chieu (de dugc xuat canh) Day cung la van de quan trpng bang dau Irong cac chinh sach lien quan den cae nhdm tpc ngudi d Thai Lan Do chua cd the can cude edng dan, nen cac ldc ngudi ban dia vung cao cu trii va sinh sdng bi coi la bit hgp phap tren Ianh tho Thai Lan, mae dii hg da trai qua nhieu the he Hg ciing khdng thi chi'nh thue xuat canh rdi khdi Thai Lan din mpt qude gia khac, vi khdng cd bd chiiu Tbeo nghien cuu cua eac bpc gia thudc Dai bpc Chiang Mai, Thai Lan bit diu cho dang ky can cudc va qude tjch ddi vdi cac tpc ngudi tbieu sd ban dia (hill-tribe) tunam 1963 Den nam 2005, khoang trieu ngudi chua cd qude tieh Trong dd, 377.67? ngudi la cac nhdm ldc ngudi vting cao Ddng Bac [13] Mdt bao cao nghien cuu khae da ehi rang, hong sd 20 linh cua Thai Lan, tdng sd ngudi chua dupc cap the can cudc cdng dan chiem 10% Den nay, d cac ban vung cao cdn nhieu ngudi ehua ed the can cudc cdng dan, va chua phai la cdng dan, nen hg eiing chua chfnh thiic cd quoc tich Theo Nguyen Thi Thanh Binh (2017), ed mdt nghich Iy ring, mac du mot so lugng Idn cac tpc ngudi thiiu sd chua duge cap qudc tich, chua dugc hdi nhap vao qudc gia Thai Lan, nhung ehfnh quyen muon ed dugc Igi I'eh nao thi chinh quyen lai thira nban sy tin tai da dang van boa cua hg Chang ban cac tinh muon phat trien du lich, chi'nh quyen dia phuang cho phep cac tdc ngudi the hien ban sac van boa dan toe cua hp cac ehuang trinh le hgi, dip le tet Cho den nay, nhieu nha nghien ciiu uy tfn da khuyen nghi rang, chinh phii Thai Lan can phai luu y viec xir Iy hang loat cac van de lien quan den quyen edng dan cho cac nhdm cu dan "non-Tai"; phai linh hoat ban tiep can vin de d i gal hai dugc nbieu ban nira nbirng thanb cdng va lgi the cho minh; Ibay vi nhin nban cac nhdm dan thieu sd ban dja vung cao la nburng ngudi ngoai xa la (foreigner), thi nen xem bp nhu la mpt ddi tugng thudc phan tgc ngudi ciia ho Chmh sach cua chfnh phu Thai Lan vl kinh te doi vdi cac dan tdc thiiu sd Mac du Thai Lan da trd quoc gia cd nen kinh te phat trien khu vyc Ddng Nam A, song tren thyc te cude sdng ciia cae cdng ddng cu dan thieu so ban dia cdn nhieu khd khan Sinh ke cua nhieu nhdm dan tgc chu yen dua vao ndng nghiep, canh tac nuang ray, san Iugng luong thuc bap benh Trong dd, mpt vai nhdm dan tgc sinh song d vung eao bien gidi khdng dam bao an toan luo'ng thyc Ngudi Karen tai mpt lang d Ddng Bac Thai Lan van sdng du canh du cu, dya vao ndng nghiep eanh lac nuong ray d eac vung rirng niii d i sinb tin Dieu khien chinh phii Thai Lan xem hp nhu nhiing ke pha rirng [14] Thyc hien chi'nh sach hpi nhap, nha nude Thai Lan cd dau tu ca sd ting tai cac viing cac nhdm dan tpc thieu sd Luc Iugng eanh sat bien phong - van hoa dugc thiit lap d doe vung bien gidi Thai Lan vdi eac quoc gia lang gieng Cho din nay, d cac ban lang 87 Khoa hoc xa hpi Viet Nam, so - 2019 xa xdi, canh sat bien phdng ddng vai tro quan trpng quan ly hanh ehinh, thyc hien viec day hgc d c a c khu vuc [1] Tu cuoi nhh'ng nam 1960, dy an hoang gia dugc khdi xudng qua mpt chuyen tham cua Vua Thai Lan Iiic bay gid tdi vimg dan toe thieu si Myc lieu cua dy an la dau lu CO sd ba ting, bo trg ngudi dan chuyen ddi cay (tir nam 1960 den nam 1970 la pha bd cay thuoc phien, cac cay hang boa; gan day la cac du an trdng rau sach hiiu CO (organic) cung cap cho cac ehuoi ciia hang tai tbi) Luc dau, ngan sach dy an la cua Hoang gia, sau cd su tham gia cua chinh phu Thai Lan Vi vay, da hinh quy dy an Hoang gia Mac du boat dpng dpc lap, nhung quy du an Hoang gia cd quan he mat thiet vdi chinh phii Cac nha nghien ciiu tai Dai bpc Chiang Mai ciing eho biet, d thdi diem tii' nam 1960-1970, song hanh vdi du an Hoang gia, cung CO mpt sd dy an cua cac td chii'c qudc te bd trg ddng bao chuyen ddi cay hdng Tuy nhien, khong phai tat ea cac lang ban deu dupc nban du an, nhiing lang ban nhan du an thudng la cac lang ban nam khu VUC an nmh bien gidi, nhirng ban gan rung bao tdn dupc uu lien nhan du an Dy an trdng rau sach hiiu ea gan day cung uu lien cho nhii'ng ban ciia cac nhdm dan tpc thieu sd d canh khu bao tdn, nai ngu'di dan bi khu bao ton lay mat dat nuong ray [1] Theo mpt sd nha nhan hpc Thai Lan, du an Hoang gia la mgt ea che ciia quyen Iyc nha nudc de ddi phd vdi cac tpc ngudi thieu so Du an nham muc dfch giiip ngudi dan tang thu nhap bang each trdng cay hang hoa, gan ket ngu'di dan vdi thi trudng Du an Hoang gia la mdt phan ciia chfnh sach dong boa, sir dung quyen lye Hoang gia, the hien su quan tam ciia Hoang gia viec gan ket ngudi dan vdi Vuang quoc Thai Lan Ngoai dy an Hoang gia ke tren, hong phat trien kinh te - xa hdi vung cao cua cac nhom dan tdc thieu sd, mpt de an cd quy md va tam vdc dugc Chi'nb phii Thai Lan thyc hien vdi nhieu tham vgng la chuong trinh "mdi xa mdt san pham" (one tambon, one product) Day la sy k i thua thanb qua cua Hiin phap Thai Lan (1997), cho phep chi'nh quyen ty quan va trien khai cac du an kinh te - xa hdi d cap dp dia phuong Tir nam 1999, Thii tudng Thai Lan Thaksin Shinawatra cho phep moi xa xay dung mpt dy an kinb te de cung cap dac san la the manh cua dia phuang Dy an ciia cac xa sau dugc chfnb phii Thai Lan ho trg quang ba san pham cung nhu hd trg cong nghe dc hien dai hda san xuat, nang cao chat lugng san pham [11] Y tudng dugc Thai Lan hgc dugc tir Nhat Ban qua mo hinh "moi lang mdt san pham" (one village, one product) Tir 2006, sau cbinh phu Thaksin hi dao chinh va phai di, chi'nh quyen quan sy da thay doi ten gpi eiia chuang trinh "nhii'ng san pham dia phuang va cpng dong", nhien nhan hieu hang hda mdi xa mdt san pham van dupc giii lai Theo chuang trinb nay, tir nam 2001 den nam 2006, vdi sy hd trg cua chinh phii, da thu hiit dupe 36.000 nhdm tham gia tren pham vi ca nudc, quy md mdi nhom san xuat cd the rat nho tir 30 hoac rat ddng dao, len tdi 3.000 ngudi Ddi vdi cac vimg khac nhau, cac dac san cua cac dia phuang cling cd nhiing khuynh hudng phat trien khac Ci Bic Thai Lan, la uu tien cac san pham thu cong, dac biet la nhirng san pham dugc cham khac bang gd, bac, hay lam lii giiy, gom sii, gid tre, vai bdng va trang siic ciia cac dan tpc thieu sd vung cao vung Ddng Bac Thai Lan, uu tien cac san phim may mac, nhu quan ao mac thudng nhat va cac bp quan ao cho cac dip ii hpi, Trin Van Ha, Nguyin Anh Tuan dam cudi, cac ddng san phim lam tu vai lua hoae sgi bdng ty nhien va nbudm mau bang nguyen lieu theo qui trinh thu cdng ciia cac tpc ngudi thieu s6 tai chfl Vung eung hudng den san xuit cae loai tham say, gid det tir sgi thye vat (3 vung trung tam Thai Lan, la cac san p h i m thii edng lam tir he, cac chau dat Idn, dd gdm hoac cae mat hang dat nung O vung Ddng Thai Lan, phat trien cac san pham hai cay tuai va tam say, gid may tre dan, tham say va vai bun vimg Nam Thai Lan, dd I^ cac san pham det, dd gd kham trai my nghe va cham khac truyen thdng Chuong trinh "mdi xa mgt san pham" bao trum toan bd eae xa cua Thai Lan, hudng tdi hd trg san xuat cho lat ca cae nhdm eu dan, khdng chi riSng nhdm dan tpc thieu sd vung cao Nam 2017, cac san phim thupc chuang trinh dat miic doanh thu 153 ty baht Chi'nh phu Thai Lan ky vgng rang, nhirng nam sap tdi, muc doanh thu ciia chuong tnnh se dat mue tir 200 den 300 ty baht/nam Du cbi ngan sach cho chuong trinb nien khda tai chfnh nam 2018 cua cbinh phu Thai Lan la 8,3 ty baht, ho trg cho 3.273 lang vdi du kien nang tdng san pham dat muc dang ky la 64.570 san pham Muc lang trudng ky vpng cua mdi san pham tfnh trung binh la 10% nam De kfch cau, chfnh phu edn td chiie hgi chg thudng nien cho he thong cac san pham va ghi nhan nhiing danh gia edng khai ciia ngudi tieu diing doi vdi san pham Ket luan Thai Lan la mdt qudc gia hien cd chi'nh sach doi vdi" cac dan lgc tbieu sd khac biel so vdi cac qudc gia lang gieng khu vyc Dong Nam A va Chau A Ben canh chinh sach hdi nhap (ma thyc chit la ddng hda, gin lien vdi mdt sd chuang trinb, dy an), nba nudc Thai Lan khdng cd cbinh sach rieng phat trien kinh te - xa hpi cho cac dan tgc thieu sd Trong eae ehien lugc, ke hoach phat trien kinh te - xa hdi, khdng cd myc nao de cap den dan tgc thieu sd Ve mat nguyen tac, nha nudc Thai xem trpng vk uu tien qudc gia dan tdc vdi vi the va vai trd dan tde Thai, coi van hda Thai la van boa qude gia Nhiing tpc ngudi thieu sd phi Thai "non-Tai" dugc phan loai dya tren eae yeu td mdi lien be rang huge trung thanb vdi qudc gia dan tgc Thai Nbirng nhdm cd bieu hien thach thiic hay cd nhiing hanh vi anb hudng tdi sy dn dinh, an ninh quoc gia, Igi ieb qudc gia, deu chiu cac hanh ddng ddi khang ciing ran ciia chfnh quyen Ve mat nguyen tac, chfnb phii Thai Lan chii truang thyc bien ddng hda cac cdng ddng tdc ngudi "non-Tai" trd thanb mdt phan ciia cpng ddng Thai Tuy nhien, khdng phai liie nao chfnb phii Thai Lan cung cd nhiing dgng thai hoan nghenh cdi md Co che phan img ciia ehinh phu Thai Lan vdi van de dan tdc cua ngudi gdc Ma Lai tbeo Islam giao d khu vyc mien Nam rat khac biet Chfnh phii san sang sir dung cac bien phap vu lye de giai quyet xung dot lien quan den tde ngudi gan vdi mau sac tdn giao eye doan Hien nay, ehinh phii Thai Lan van cd quan diem cung ran ddi vdi viec xir Iy kbi hub hinh an ninh bat dn bdi xung dot dan tde tdn giao d mien Nam Thai Lan Chinh sach hdi nhap ciia chfnh phu Thai Lan dang dat cho cac nhdm dan tdc thieu sd viing cao hai each lya chgn: hoac la chap nhan ddng hda de hda nhap vao phat triin chung, va ban sac van hda cua hg bi mit, hoac la tri ban sac van hda truyen thing ldc ngudi, khdng hda nhap vao xa hpi Thai Lya chpn thir hai dong nghia vdi viec chip Khoa hgc xa hgi Viet Nam, so - 2019 nhan nhirng lgi fch tir chfnh saeh pbal trien [6] kinh te - xa hdi ciia chi'nb phu ciing nhu sy phat trien the he tre cac tde ngudi bi han che [7] Cho den lye lugng dieu Nguyen H6ng Quang (2015), "Giai quyet xung dgt ton giao - sac tgc a mien Nam Thai L^n", Nghien ciru Tdn gido, so 147(9) [7] Nguyin Duy Thieu (2006), "Cdch thirc irng xu hanh dat nude tbeo ehii nghia dan tpc van vai tinh trang da van hoa, da sdc t^c cf mgt so ehii truang lay cung ed thdng nhat dat nudc mrac Dong Nam A", Thong bdo Ddn tgc hgc lam muc tieu uu lien, nen qua trinh "Thai ndm 2004 (Ky yiu Hpi nghi) Nxb Khoa hgc hda" cac tdc ngudi thieu sd va eae nen van hda ciia hp van tiep dien Ben canh do, qua xa hgi Ha Ngi [8] trinh loan cau hda la nguyen nhan lam cho dan tgc xung dgt d mien Nam Thai Lan", van boa va ban sac tpc ngudi vung eao Thai Lan dang bi tac dpng manh me (nhu cae tdc ngudi Tieu vung Me Kdng) Viee Nguyin Huu TuSn (2008), "Vin de ton giao va Nghien ciru Ton gido, so 60 (6), 58-66 [9] Don McCaskill, Prasit Leepreecha va He Shaying Editor (2007), Living in a Globalized thay doi ehinh sach phat trien cac dan World: tdc tbieu sd d Thai Lan tuang Iai dang Mekong Subregion, Mekong Press la can bdi Idn Ethnic Minorities in the Greater [10] Keyes, Charles F (2004), Elhnicity and the Nation-stales of Thailand and Vietnam, Social Research Institute, Chiang Mai University Tai lieu tham khao [II] Khongsawatkiat, Study: [I] Nguyin Thi Thanh Binh (2017), Bdo cdo ndi dung iraa dot ve chinh sdch ddn lgc tai Thdi Lan vd Malaysia, Vien Dan toe hgc Ha Ngi [2] Ngo Van Doanh (2002), "Che dg quan chu Thai Lan va Phat giao", Nghien cicu Ton gido, 17(5) [3] Do Thi Dong (2014) "Bay thu nhap trung binh Thuc trang a Malaysia va Thai Lan va nhiing ggi y doi voi Viet Nam", Tgp chi Kinh ti & Phdt thin, s6 205 [4] [5] 90 Phijng Quang Huy (2017), "Ly giai nguyen nhan dao chi'nh quan su lat d i chinh phii Thaksin Shinawatra", Nghien cicu Ddng Nam A so Nguyin Thi H6ng Lam (2017), "Phat giao he thong gi^o dye Thai Lan hien dai", Nghien ciru Dong Nam A so One Kittaphun Tambon (2002), Isan One Product: A government policy recovers farmer debts and fragile rural sector in Northern of Thailand, Nakhon Phanon, Thailand [12] Luangaramsri, Pinkaew (2003), "Ethnicity and the politics of ethnic classification in Thailand", Ethnicity in Asia, Colin Mackerras (ed.), London, Routlege Curzon, pp 157-173 [13] Sakboon, Mudakwan, & Leepreecha, Prasit (2016), Citizenship among minorities in Northern highland ethnic Thailand, Chiang Mai University, Thailand [ 14] Smgphongphrai Darunee (2017), Karen Livelihood, Chiang Mai University, Thailand [15] httpsV/population.un.org/wpp/DataQuery/ "World Population Prospects- Revision" 2/1/2019 The 2017 ... Cac dan toe thieu so d Thai Lan Thai Lan khdng cd chinh sach rieng d i h i yg phat trien kinh ti - xa bdi cho eae nhdm dan tde thieu sd nhu Viet Nam Chmh sach hpi nhap la chien lugc ung xu vdi. .. nhom dan tdc thieu sd ciia Thai Lan Bai viet phan tich chfnh sach ciia chi'nh phu Thai Lan ddi vdi dan tdc thieu so, qua cung cap them kmh nghiem cho viec hoach dinb cbinh sach ddi vdi dan tde... cdng dan Thai phai chap nhan su ddng hda (ndi tieng Thai, thd Phat, mang ten Thai va sinh boat theo van hda Thai) Vi vay, chfnh sach cua Thai Lan ddi vdi dan tpc tbieu sd khong giong nhu chi'nh sach