Yếu tố phật giáo trong tín ngưỡng thiên hậu ở nam bộ

T ^ CHf KHOA Hpc TRUdNG D/^ HQC TRA VINH, s 29, THANG NAM 2018 YEU TO PHAT GIAO TRONG TIN NGUONG THIEN HAU NAM BO BUDDHIST FACTORS IN THE CULT OF THIEN HAU IN SOUTHERN VIETNAM N g u y e n N g o c Thd^ Tom tat - Thien Hdu Id mpt tin ngUdng ddn gian ngUdi Hoa, dupe truyen bd den Nam Bd theo budc chdn di ddn tit vung Hoa Nam vdo cuoi the ky 17, khong ngiing dupc ciing cd vd phdt trien theo thdi gian Trong qud trinh giao liiu vdn hda, ngUdi Hoa Nam Bp dd tim thdy d Thien Hdu y nghia bieu tning cua vdn hda tpc ngudi minh, ddng thdi cUng cd the ldm phUdng lien ket noi, dung hda vdn hda vdi cdc cpng ddng Viet, Khmer dia phUdng (so vdi hinh dnh Quan Di von dd thdm thdu y4u l6 vdn hda ngUdi Viet) Bd Thiin Hdu von dUdc cdc hodng di Trung Hoa sdc phong, qua gdn vdo bieu tUpng ndy hi gid tri Nho gido chudn mUc de thdng qua qudn li vd gido hoa cdng dong The nhung tai viing ddt Nam Bd, bieu tUdng Thiin Hdu budc vdo qud ttinh "gidi Nho gido" vd "gidi tap quydn", hdp thu sdu sdc triet li Phdt gido dai chiing de tdn tm vdphdt trim Bdi viet ndy dp dung hai quan diem nghiin ciiu thiic hdnh nghi le vd bien ddi vm hda nhu li thuyet chudn hda biiu tiidng vd nghi li cua James Watson (1985) vd quan diim ve mdi quan he gida d^c lin vd thiic hdnh nghi li cua Melissa Brown [1] thdng qua cdc phUdng phdp quan sdt — tham dU (dien dd ddn tpc hoc tai Ddng vd Tdy Nam Bp, tdng ndi chiem hdn 80% sd cd sd thd Thien Hdu trin cd nUdc), so sdnh vdn hda vd phdn tich logic deddnh gid, diin gidi ddu dn Phdt gido tin ngUdng Thien Hdu, qua cd the thn hieu quy ludt van dpng vd phdt trien cua giao hiu vdn hoa d Nam Bp ^Tnfcing Dai hoc Khoa hoc Xa hoi va NhSn van, Dai hoc Qu6c gia TP H Chi Minh Email: ngoctho@hcmussh.edu,vn Ngay nhSn bai: 31/01/2018; Ngay nhSn ket qua binh duyet: 10/3/2018; Ngay chSp nhan dang: 19/3/2018 ^ khda: Bdn sdc, chudn hoa, vdn hda, Phat gido, Thien Hdu dung hdp Abstract - Thien Hau ( ^ J ^ , Tian Hou) is a folk belief of the ethnic Chinese in Vietnam, which was propagated lo Southern Vietnam by Chinese immigrants from Southeast China in the late 17th century, constantly strengthened and developed together with the process of development and integration of the ethnic Chinese community During the process of cultural exchange, the ethnic Chinese have found in Thien Hau symbolic meanings of ethnic culture, and also an integrated icon of connecting and reconciling cultures with local Vietnamese and Khmer communities (to compare with the Vietnamized Guan Di symbol) Thien Hem was sanctioned the title Heavenly Empress by the late imperial emperors of China, thereby attaching to this symbol the Confucian normative values through which the state could numage to control and standardize the liturgical communities in the Confucian way However, in Southern Vietnam, when the symbol of Thien Hau has early entered the process of de-Confucianization and de-centralization, it has deeply absorbed Buddhist philosophy to transform and develop among the liturgical communities This paper applied two specific cultural theories in the study of ritual practice and cultural transformation One was of James Watson's (1985) standardizing the gods and rituals in late imperial Chinese culture, and the other was the concept on the relationship between in-depth faith and ritual practice by Melissa Brown (2007) This research was conducted through the fieldwork activities (Southern Vietnam is where over 80% of Thien Hau temples are located within the whole coun- TAP CHt KHOA HQCTRUflNG DAI HQC TRA VINH, SO 29, THANG NAM 2018 try), comparison and analysis methodologies for the description, and interpretation of the Buddhist influence(s) in the cult of Thien Hau in Southern Vietnam, thereby understanding the principle(s) of operation and development of cultural exchange in the region Keywords: cultural identity, standardizcUion, acculturation, Buddhism, Thien Hau I DATVAND^ Thien HSu, cung nhti Quan Dl, khong ngiing dtidc cac hoang de Thmg Hoa sac phong vdi muc dttch coi thin va tuc thd hp lara phtidng tien quan li va giao hda cdng ddng [2, tt 251253]; Watson [3], Tix)ng chflng mflc nhil dinh, thin ttong the gidi thieng cua ngfldi Thing Hoa chinh la phan anh cua tang ldp quan chflc ttung tidng va ^ a phtidng ttong tbi gidi pham ttin; thin cung tham gia "cai quan", phan xet dflc hanh, thtidng phat chung sinh y het nhti nhflng quan vien d nha mdn ndi ttan tfal Bdi le till, ngtidi Trung Hoa rad hdi via than thfldng cd chi tiet rtidc kieu than & quanh phd phtidng (le cd than) theo kieu quan vien di toan tta xdm lang ndi minh cai quin vay Ro rang, than minh ttong tin ngtidng dan gian Trung Hoa tham dfldm man sac Nho giao va thi tuc Ay vSy, ngtidi Hoa mang tuc thd Thien HSu tdi dit Nam Bd Vidt Nam da ttinh bay radt hinh anh Thien Hau rat khac Trong niem tin nhieu cpng ddng tin ngtidng rai rac khap vung, Ba Thien Hau "to hpc Phat giao" (thay vi "tim sti hpc Dao" nhfl d Thmg Qudc), thtidng xuyen hdi ngp Phalt Quan Sm de cung chung tay cflu giup chung sinh Tuy khdng hoan toan ttd flianh mdt vi Bd tal ttong PhSt giao nhfl Quan Cdng (Gia lam Bo tat), Ba Thidn HSu ttong van hda Nam Bp cd moi quan hd sau sac vdi Phat giao dai chung mac du danh xflng vl Ba vin la "Thien Hau" - danh xflng Hoang dl Khang Hy ddi Thanh d Trung Hoa sac phong, chfl khdng phai lit Ma Td nhti d Dai Loan hay Thien phi Thing Qudc dfldng dai Phai chang Ba Thien HSu d Nam Bd da va dang ttong qua tiinh biln doi gia tri bieu ttUng ttong tam thflc van hda dSn gian? Nlu co, qua trinh ly diln d binh (fien nao cfla tin ngfldng (d d u true dflc tfn hay fliflc hanh tin ngfldng)? Khi Ba Thien Hau dich chuyen gin hdn v6i Phat giao (so VAN HOA - GlAo Dye - NGHITHUJT vdi lai nguyen qpian) tW vi tri cua Ba lieu cd cdn gifl nguyen ttong hd flidng tfn ngtidng dSn gian hay khdng? Neu nhfl sti chuydn ddi la mdt thi hien cfla giao Itfu van hda, vay Ba Thien Hau c6 cdn (tong vai ttd bieu todng hdi tu ban sac van hda ngtidi Hoa nfla hay khdng? De fim hieu can ke van de nay, chung ^ tien hanh nghidn cflu (fien da tuc tiid Thien Hau kh^ khu vtic Ddng va TS.y Nam Bd xuyen sudt cac nam 2014-2016, tan mat quan sat mdt sd nghi I§ chfnh cua tuc thd (ll via Thien H^u, ll toDg tiln trtidc let Nguyen dan va le nghdnh ddn ba sau let Nguyen dan v.v.), ddng thdi vSn dung each tilp cgin nhan hpc van hda dfldng dai (nhan hoc diln giai, phan tich didn ngdn) cfla mpt sl tac gia phfldng TSy nhfl James Watson [3], Melissa Brov/n [1] de thao luan, phan tfch n T N G QUAN NGHlfiN CtfU TIN N G U O N G THifiN HAU Theo each hieu rdng nhit, "tin ngtidng" dtfdc hieu la he flidng gia Iri niem tfn mangtfnhtam finh dtidc ngtidi tao nham gfli gam nhflng tide vpng, mong mudn den mdt ddi todng diln hay cac thi Itic sidu nhien de dtidc che chd, bao vd ttanh dtfdc nhflng tai hoa hay nhflng noi sd hai tfl the gidi khach quan Tac gia Ngd Diic Thinh cho rang: "tin ngfldng dfldc hilu la nilm tin cfla ngfldi vao cai gi thieng Udng, cao ca, sieu nhien, hay ndi gpn lai la niemtfn,ngUdng vpng vao "cai fliidng", ddi 15|i vdi cai "ttan tiic", hien hflu ma ta cd flie sd md, quan sat chfdc " [4, tc 16] Tin ngfldng chia se vdi ^ n giao d niem tfn tam hnh nhflng khac d nhieu khia canh tM he thdng giao If cBnh hinh difla ro rang (chi yeu chi radi cd huyen thoai, thantf'ch),hd thong ftan didn chfla dn (finh, chtia hinh giao hdi ma chu ylu chi cd cac ban quan tri va cdng dong tl tti, cd sd flid cung va nghi thflc cdn phan tan, chtia quy tide chat che nhfl tdn giao v.v [5, tr 19] The thd Mlu d Vidt Nam cd ngudn gdc lau dcJi, gan lien vdi nghl ndng nghidp lua ntidc va loi sdng lang xa cpng ddni mlu he co diin d Dong Nam A, sdm dtidc lan toa va phd biln d Nam Bd Mlu tiian la nhflng nfl fliln quan ttpng dtf* nhan dan ton xflng Man qua qua ttinh "len khudn", "nSng cao" tiianh mdt flifl ti'n ngtidng T^P CHf KHOA HQC TRUONG D * ! HpC TRA VDffll s 29, THANO NAM 2018 cd he flidng, cd quy cu [6, tt 58], "Mau la nfl than, nhtfng khdng phai tat ca nfl fliln deu la MSu" [7, tt 59] "Mau" ban dau la "me", la nfl flian, song "me", "nfl flian" dfl(?c nang Ien "mau" thi y nghia bieu todng cua "mau" da dtfdc md rong len them "Mlu" gan lien vdi sfl sinh sdi, vdi sti bao ve, vdi phuc lanh va sti sdng "Mlu" cd thd la nhflng ngtidi me to tdng, nhflng nfl anh dSn tdc dfldc tiiln hda, nhflng vi phuc than, nhflng vi tidn nfl ttong van hda dan gian v.v Theo nhdm tac gia D6 Thi Hao va Mai Ngpc Chuc, ViSt Nam cd 75 vi nfl fliln tieu bieu,tfx)ngdd cd 27 vi gdc tiiuIn Viet [8], [6] Mdt sd Man thin d Vidt Nam cd ngudn gdc to khu vtic va the gidi, dtidc tflp nhaji thdng qua nhiing eudc di dan hay qua giao Itiu - tiep biln van hda Trong sd dd cd thd kd Ba TTtidn Hau, Ba chua Thai Sanh (Kim Hoa ntidng nti(3ng), Dieu Tri Kun Mlu, T^y Vtidng Thanh MSu (gdc Tmng Hoa), Mariamman^ (gdc An Dp) v.v Trong sd cac tiianh mlu ly, Ba Thien Hau dtidc ddng dao ngtidi dan Viet, Hoa, Khmer sung bai hdn ca Thien HSu la mlu thin cdng ddng hinh tfl vung Bd Diln, Phflc Kiln, sau md rdng khap vung duyen hai Hoa Nam, Dai Loan, Itiu sdng Trtidng Giang va lan rpng khap thi gidi v& Idioang 6000 milu thd Cac milu Thien Hau dfldc gpi tdn dfldi nhilu dang thtic khac nhti Thien HSu cung, Thien HSu milu Ma Td milu Ma Td cac, Thanh Man mieu v.v., dti(?c coi la ndi gap gd cua nhflng tide vpng dSn gian tfl mdc mac, binh