TRIET HOC, SO (316), THANO 9-2017 NGHIEN CCfU VA HOC TAP TRAN Dire THAO s o SANH HI$N TUONG HOC HUSSERL Vdri CHU NGHIA DUYVAT BlfiN CHIMG Le Thuy Hanh' ' Th^c Sl, Vifn Triit hpc, Vifn Hdn lam Khoa hpc xa hOi Vift Nam Email: hanhsophia@gTnail.com Nhdn ngdy thdng nam 2017 Chdp nhdn ddng ngdy 30 thdng nam 2017 Tom tat: Bai viet phan tich nhiing ludn giai ciia Tran Diic Thao vd hifn tupng hpc Husseri va chu nghTa vat bifn chung, tir vifc dng so sanh, doi chiiu hai triit thuyit nay, tim kiim bifn phap kit hop, tuang trp giiJa chung; dong thdi lam ro sy chuyin biin tu tudng ciia Trdn Due Thao tit hien tugng hpc Husseri den chii nghTa vdt bifn chutig va sy khing dinh Igp trudng ciia ong din vdi triet hpc Mac Tfr khoa: Tran Bite Thao, hifn tugng hpc Husseri, chu nghta vgt bifn chiing pn^ ran Diic Thao la tridt gia Viet Nam thd ky XX ndi danh ttdn dien ddn khoa hgc J_L va dugc cdng nhan cd tam vdc qudc td d phuong Tdy Ndu tinh cd qudng thdi gian tu nghifp tgi Phap (vao cudi nhihig nam 30 ddu nhiing ndm 40 cua thd ky XX) vd nhimg tac pham vidt bdng tieng Phdp, dugc in tgi Phdp thi Trdn Due Thao cdn la mOt tridt gia Phdp Cd thd ndi, cac tdc phdm, bidn khdo, bdi bao va nhimg trang bdn thao ghi chep md Trdn Ddc Thao dd lgi kha so; thdm nfta, chii de md dng dua ban thao, eung nhu ngudn tu lifu dugc trich dan vd cimg phong phii: Tir nhihig vdn dd ciia ttiit hpc hidn tugng hgc, hifn sinh, cau tnic lugn, phdn tdm hgc den triet hpe Mdc, v.v.; va tir cac tu lifu lich su, sinh hgc, khdo cd hgc, ngdn ngii" hpe cho ddn cd tam ly hgc, V.V Trong do, chii dd ndi bdt nhat ttong su nghipp sdng tgo cua Trdn Diie Thdo xoay quanh quan he giiia hai triit thuydt ldn: Hifn tugng hpc Husseri vd chii nghTa vat bidn chdng ciia C.Mae Tran Diic Thdo din vdi triit hgc khdi ddu tir lap tnrdng hifn tugng hpc Ong dugc gidi triit hpc Phdp danh gid Id mOt ttong nhiing ngudi "gdp phdn du nhdp tu tudng cua Husseri vao nude Phdp sudt gdn 30 nam" vd "lam chii dugc cac phuang difn kho nhdt vd khac bift nhdt ttong ttr tudng ciia Husseri md van cd dugc cdi nhin todn cdu de dinh nghia dugc rdt chi'nh xdc mdi tu tudng do" [4, tt.l4] Trade tidn, sy linh hdi vd thau hidu tridt hgc Husseri d Trdn Due Thdo dugc the hipn qua luan dn cao hgc ciia dng dudi sy hudng dan cua Jean Cavailles, mang tdn Phuang phdp hiin lugng hge d Husseri (1941 - 1942) Tuy nhidn, tai lifu cd thi dd bi that Igc Tiip theo la^dtt^ khao v i Ngudn gde cua sir quy gidn^^^ TRAN D t r c THAO SO SANH HIEN TXfGHG HQC HUSSERL, lugng hgc d Husserf* (1950), ttong dd dng xdc nhgn bude tien ciia ldi quy gidn tgm bd ngogi gidi vdo ngodc trd ve vdi ehu the ciia Husseri so vdi Descartes va Kant Tuy nhien, sau dd, dng khdng nhdt tri Husseri mudn chimg minh rdng, phdn tich hifn tugng hpc khdng chi cd khd ndng ndm bat nhiing ddc didm ttong dong chay Iidn tyc cua y thiie, md cdn ed the dat tdi cdc ban chdt bidn Tac pham vd sau da trd dogn ciia chuong - Phdt hiin vi$e quy gidn ttong tdc pham chinh ciia dng - Hiin tugng hge vd chu nghta vdt biin ehung, dugc xuat ban vao nam 1951 Cung gidng nhu co vdn ciia minh Id Merleau Ponty, su dam md cua Tran Diic Thdo vdi tu tudng eiia Husseri tdp trung vao phuang phdp quy gidn vd triin vpng hudng triet hgc quay ttd v i vdi tdn tgi cy thi eda kinh nghidm Nhu dng md td thdng qua so sanh vdi Descartes va Kant ttong tac p h ^ Ngudn gdc cua si^ quy gidn hiin tugng hgc d Husseri, phep quy gidn thu dugc "thyc tai cac kinh nghifm song ttdi ciia ngudi nhu Id nen tang ciia sy sdn xuat y nghia" [7, tt.345] Trong ldi chii gidi cho ldn xudt bdn bdi bdo ndm 1949 (tdc phdm dugc vidt ndm 1944), Tran Diic Thao dd tuydn bd thai dO each xa vdi su dien gidi hifn tugng hpc ttong edng trinh sdp edng bd Hi?n tugng hge vd chu nghia di^ vgt bi$n chung va sy vugt bd hifn tugng hpc Husseri bdi chu nghia vat bidn chiing Nhimg, hidn tugng hpc Id "bude ddu tidn, tiim thdc ehdc chdn" doi vdi chan ly ciia chu nghia Mac; vugt qua Husseri Id myc dich chinh ciia Hi$n tugng hgc vd chu nghia vgt bi?n chOng" [7, tt.346] Tdc pham dau tidn md Trcin Diic Thdo dii chieu hai hgc thuyet - hifn tugng hgc va 74 chu nghia Mde - id Chu nghTa Marx vd hiin tugng hgc (1946) Trong tdc pham ddu tay ndy, dng ddt vdn d i ve khd ndng tuong trg giiia hai triet thuydt Neu nhu d cudn sach sau ndy - Hiin tugng hgc vd chu nghia vdt bien chUng, nhifm vu dng dgt Id Iu§n chdng rdng, chu nghla vdt bidn chiing Id phuang an dd gidi quyit nhiing han chd md hifn tugng hgc be tdc, thi d tae pham ndy, cau hdi ehinh Id "hidn tugng hgc cd thi mang lai gi eho chd nghia Mdc?" d day, Trdn Diic Thdo xudt phdt tur vifc ddi lap chu nghia Mac chan chinh vdi "chii nghia cdng san thd so" vd "chu nghia vdt Hch su thdng tyc", dd tir dd d i xudng yiu cau nghien eau mdt edch triit di hgc thuyit Mde ngi dung chinh thdng [8, tt.85] Thyc chdt y tudng cua Trdn Dilc Thao Id ttd vd vdi y hudng nhdn vdn ban ddu cua CMdc nhung dya tten nhiing tyu cua hifn tugng hpc Thyc hien f tudng nay, dng da di ddn kit lugn d cudi tdc phdm: Tmh hoa ciia chii nghia Mac, qua phan tich thue liin, ndm d cho: TCr quan sat hifn thyc, no rut dugc ddi hdi sidu vugt bidn chiing noi ma nd dgt tdi chdn ly De dap iing ddi hdi sidu vugt bifn chiing nay, ngudi ty thyc hifn sy vTnh hdng ciia nd mft each tucmg ty nhu cai hifn tgi ciia mgt hiiu the Iudn ty ddt de bdn thdn nd vin ton tgi nhu mpt ddng ddi mdi khdng ngdng vd ty xac igp vinh viin nhu mOt sy ty thyc hifn pCem: 9, tt.91] Theo Tran Due Tlido, chii nghia Mde sd la sy bo sung vd l^p ddy cho nhiing khidm khuyit ciia hifn tugng hgc, bdi "dudi hinh thiic hipn sinh chii nghia cua nd, hifn tuong '*' Tdc phim dd dupe Nicolas de Warren djch sang tiing Anh v