LY LUAN - TRAO e l GIAM NGHEO BEN VITNG VUNG DAN T Q C H'MONG TRONG BOI CANH M d l TAI VIET NAM LiroTig Thi Thu Hang Nguyen Quang Hai Tom tat: Sau han 30 nam Doi mai, Chien luac phdt trien kinh te - xd hoi vd gidm ngheo vung ddn tQc thieu so vd miin nui Viet Nam da co nhieu kit qua kha quan, thdnh tuu gidm ngheo cua Viet Nam da duac cong dong quoc ti ddnh gid cao Tuy nhiin, thuc ti cho thay van de gidm ngheo chua thuc su ben vimg, ly le ho tdi ngheo hdng nam cao, nhdt Id & khu vuc mien nui, viing cao, viing dong bdo ddn toe thieu so Trong boi canh m&i hien nay, de ddm bdo tinh bin vimg cua cong tdc gidm ngheo cdn thuc hien chiin luac gidm ngheo bin vung tren ca sa tiep c^n, ly luan vi phdt trien ben vimg vd thuc tien phdt triin ciia cdc vung Bdi viet ndy se phdn tich kit qua cong tdc gidm ngheo vimg ddn toe thiiu so, truang hap dong bdo H'mong vd de cap mot so van de nhdm thuc day cong tdc gidm ngheo bin vimg vung dong bdo ddn toe thieu so vd mien nui Viet Nam, bdi cdnh thuc hien Chien luac phdt tnen ben vQng Viet Nam den nam 2030 Tie khoa: Gidm ngheo ben vU-ng; ddn toe H'mong; bdi cdnh moi Giam ngheo viing dan toe thieu so, mien niii tren co' saly luan va each tiep can phat trien ben viiTig Phat trien ben viing viing nong thon bao g6m viing dan toe thieu so (DTTS) va mien nui la mot van de gay nliieu tranh luan Da s6 eac nha nghien cuu, cac nha hoach dinh chinh sach tren the giai deu thong nhat a mot so chien luge xay dung tam nhin dai ban ve phat trien viing nong th6n Su th6ng nhat dua tren dac trung dam bao tinh ben virng cho cac boat dong canh tac nong nghiep nong thon Phat trien ben viing vimg DTTS va mien niii bao quat mot pham vi rat rgng Ion: ngoai cac van de kinh te va m6i truang smh thai, pham vi ciia phat trien ben viing vimg DTTS va mien niii *"* Bai viet thuoc de tai: Mot so van de co ban phat trien bSn viing dan toe H'mong a Viet Nam, Ma so dS tai: CTDT.14.17/i6-20, Thuoc Chuong trinh: Chuong trinh khoa hoc va cong nghe cap quoc gia giai doan 2016-2020 'Nhimg van de cobdn va cap bach ve ddn toe thteu so vd chinh sach ddn tdc a Viet Nam den nam 2030" Ma s6 CTDT/16-20 10 bao gom cac ITnh vuc lien quan den xa hgi, van h6a, nguai va the che, la eac van de ve dan so, dan cu, di dan, cau tnic xa hgi, xung dot xa hoi, tinh trang ngheo doi, eac nhom chiu thiet thoi, van de binh dang giai, cac quyen ciia nguai n6ng dan, 16i s6ng, phong tuc tap quan, van hoa, canh quan nong thon (Luang Thi Thu Hang, 2014) Nhu vay, phat trien ben viing vimg DTTS, mien niii can phai dap ling cac yeu cliu: i) tang cuang cdc chuang trinh nong nghiep: su d6ng thuan dua tren ca sa rat virng chac coi nong nghiep la mot kliu vuc quyet dinh d6i voi sinh kS ciia nguai ngheo tai cac vung va cac quoc gia dang phat trien; ii_) xdy dung vd phdt triin mang an sinh xa hgi tuang quan vai lang tru&ng kinh te: nong nghiep, nong thon, cac cong dong nong dan va nhiing nguai gan bo vai nong dan tao mot mang an sinh xa hgi giup dam bao cho cupc song ciia ngucri n6ng dan va tao dau tau cho tang truang kinh te; Hi) thiet ke cdc chuang trinh phai triin bin vung DTTS, miin nui da cap do: phuang thirc giiip cho cac chi6n luge phat trien ben viing DTTS, mi6n nui co th^ huang dSn nhiSu PHAT TRIEN BtN VCfNG VUNG QUY^N 9, SO (9/2019) Giam ngheo b^n virng LtfoTig Thj Thu H5ng - Nguyen Quang Hai muc tieu hiy theo hing pham vi khong gian, thai gian va cac van d6 gap phai, ma xudt phat di6m cua no la toan tinh trang dot ngheo a vitng ndy; iv) xdc lap vai tro cua nghiin cim vd trien khai phdt trien ben virng vung DTTS mien nui: mgi nguai deu thira nhan rSng phat triin ben viing n6ng thon can phai dua tren cac ca sa tri thiic hien dai; tri thiic khoa hgc va cong nghe phai dugc chuyen giao va tra nhiing ngu6n luc phuc vu cho phat trien ben vimg vimg DTTS, mien nui; v) xdc lap vai tro ciia thi truang vd doanh nhan phdt trien bin vitng vimg DTTS mien niii: he thong thuang mai can dugc d6i mo'i de tra than thien voi muc tieu phat tri§n ben virng viing DTTS, mien niii; vi) xdc lap vai tro cua cong nghe sinh hoc phdt trien bin viing viing DTTS, mien niii Giam ngheo ben viing viing DTTS, mien niii theo huong ben vii'ng phu hgp vai cac yeu to kmh te, xa hgi, moi tru'ong va van hoa viing dang la van de dat hien viec thuc hien chinh sach, chuong trinh phat trien ben viing DTTS, mien niii den nam 2030 Trong mot nghien cihi ly luan ve phat trien bSn vung, cac hgc gia dua thach thiie Ian sy phat trien vimg nong thon, DTTS va mi6n nui: 1) su lua chpn mo hinh phat trien phii hgp; 2) thach thiic ve sinh thai; 3) thach thurc su phat trien toan cau hoa; 4) thach thiic xa hgi; 5) thach thiic m6i truirng; 6) thach thiic d6 thi hoa; 7) tang truang xanh va phat trien khu cong nghiep; 8) each mang 4.0 va tinh khong ben vimg phat trien (Luang Thi Thu Hang, 2014) Ngheo da chieu va giam ngheo ben virng vung dan tgc thieu so, mien nui if Viet Nam hien Theo ket mot qua nghien ciru ve ngheo da chieu a Viet Nam cong b6 gan day, hem 20 nam qua, Viet Nam Hen tuc dat dugc nhieu ket qua kha quan cong tac giam ngheo Cu the, ty le ngheo ciing eye giam manh, tir 49,2% nam 1992 xu6ng 2% nam 2016 Viet Nam da va dang ap dung each tiSp can ngheo da chieu qua trinh thuc hien muc tieu giam ngheo ben viing, la muc tieu s6 s6 17 muc tieu phat tri6n ben vimg, Viet Nam cam ket dat dugc vao nam 2030 Muc tieu phat triSn ben vung s6 ve xoa ngheo duai mgi hinh thiic, a mgi nai co kha nang dat dugc cao nhat la mot nhiing muc tieu Ian nhat ciia cac Chuong trinh muc tieu quoc gia cua Viet Nam hien (UNDP, 2018) Tuy nhien, giam ngheo tai Viet Nam dugc danh gia la chua ben viing Tinh trang tai ngheo, tinh trang cac bg de bi t6n thuang, can ngheo rai xuong duoi nguong ngheo Tai nhieu vimg, ngheo doi van ton tai dai dang, dac biet a cac viing sau vimg xa, noi dong bao DTTS sinh song Ty le ngheo a vimg mien niii phia Bac va Tay Nguyen cao gap Ian so voi miic trung binh cua ca nuac Theo phan loai ngheo da chieu, ty le ngheo da chieu nam 2016 ciia dan tgc Kinh la 6,4% thi ty le o mot so nhom DTTS cao hem kha nhieu Cu the nhu, truang hgp dan tgc H'mong, ty le ngheo da chieu la 76,2%, dan toe Dao 37,5%, va Khmer 23,7% Mac dii tinh theo each phan loai ngheo thu nhap, Viet Nam dugc danh gia la eo ty le giam ngheo kha quan, nhien toe giam ngheo chung va giam ngheo da chieu la rat khac giua cac nhom DTTS Cu the, cac dan tgc nhu Mucmg, Tay, Thai co ty le ngheo thap va t6c giam ngheo nhanh thi cac dan tgc gom H'mong, Gia Rai, Xa Dang lai co ty le ngheo cao va toe giamngheo cham (UNDP, 2018) Tir cac nghien ciiu ve ngheo va giam ngheo ben viing, cho thay co kha nhieu yeu t6 tac dong den sir khac biet, den toe giam ngheo va tinh thieu ben viing ciia cac Chuong trinh, chinh sach giam ngheo bao g6m cac yeu to kinh te, quan diem, truyen thong va tap tuc thoi quen ciia m6i tgc nguai Nhan dinh dugc thay ro tir truang hgp d6ng bao H'm6ng Vi du ve ca cau thu nhap cua ho gia dinh co ty le thu nhap tii trot va chan nuoi cao nhu dan tgc H'mong la mot nguyen nhan din den thu nhap thap, ty le ngheo, tai ngheo cao va t6c giam ngheo cham PHAT TRI&N B £ N V C P N G V O N G Q U Y E N 9, SO (9/2019) LY LUAN - TRAO OOl Bang 1: SO LIEU HO NGHEO DAN TOC THIEU SO VIET NAM (53 DAN TQC) THEO VUNG Dan toe Tay Thai Mutmg Khmer Hoa Niing Mong Dao Ede BaNa San Chay Cham Co Ho Xo Dang San Diu Hre Raglay Mnong Tho Xtieng Kh0mu Bru Van Kieu CoTu Giay TaOi Ma Gie Trieng Co ChoRo Xinh Mun HaNhi S6 ho ngheo 2009 (Ty le ngheo va chi tieu binh quan nam 2015 2009 ciia cac dan toe dong nguai o (Ty le ho DTTS ngheo, can ngheo s6ng vung nong thon)(%) DTTS chia theo dan toe) (%) (nguon: U'ac tinh dua tren phircfng phap (nguon; Tong quan thuc trang kmh te xa hoi ve ban ngheo mo la o Chuong su cua 53 DTTS) dung so lieu KSMSDC 2010 va T8ng Dieu tra Dan s6 2009) 46.5 13.9 27.4 69 56.3 18.6 43.2 148 13.4 3.0 56.0 18.1 93.3 45.7 75.6 29.6 75.1 24.3 86.2 16.8 57.2 36.3 57.2 20.0 76.2 145 91.1 8.8 37.5 44.6 79.1 8.5 84.9 33.8 80.9 241 33.6 21.8 11.9 59.4 - - 42.5 42.0 14.8 20.5 15.5 39.7 65.7 8.7 52.4 PHAT TRIEN BfeN VtJNG VLJNG QUYtN 9, SO (9/2019) Giam ngheo ben virng Lirimg Thi Thu HSng - Nguyin Quang Hiii Chu Ru Lao La Chi Khang Phu La LaHil La Ha Pa Then Lu Ngai Chiit L6 L6 Mang Co Lao BoY Cong Si La PuPeo RoMam Brau ODu _ - 35.2 4.6 25.2 46.1 41.1 83.9 47.7 26.8 14.4 5.5 75.3 39.8 79.5 34.9 19.9 36.2 39.8 23.1 28.7 10.2 66.3 Nguon: Irish Aid, Uy ban Ddn toe vd UNDP (2017) De tang thu nhap, giam ty le ngheo va tang kha nang tiep can voi cac dich vu ca ban doi vai nhom DTTS, Chinh phu da thuc hien Chuang trinh Muc tieu Quoc gia giam ngheo ben viing 2012-2015, 2016-2020 (Chinh phu, 2016) Ben canh do, nhiSu chuang trinh du an nham ho trg d6ng bao DTTS dugc thuc hien bai cac to chiic chinh phii va phi chinh phu nuac va quoc te Tuy cac chuang trinh trg giiip chua the xoa bo dugc tinh trang ngheo doi kinh nien, tinh trang tai ngheo ton tai kha bien cac nhom DTTS, dac biet a dan tgc H'mong thugc viing mien nui phia Bac Den hien nay, da co kha nhieu nghien ciiu ve miie s6ng cua cac nhom dan tgc thieu so a Viet Nam, phan Ian cac ket qua nghien cuu deu co danh gia chung la cac ho gia dinh DTTS gap phai nhieu bat lgi va rao can viec tiep can cac nguon luc can thiet cho san xuat nhu trinh do, ky nang, von, thi tm'ang, dat va cong nghe Viec riep can cac dich vu c6ng nhu y te va giao due ciing kho khan hon d6i vo'i DTTS khoang each dia ly den CO so y te, truong hgc va chat lugng dich vu c6ng thuong thap Dieu kien nha 6, ve sinh va nuac sach cua dong bao DTTS ciing chua dat cac yeu cau CO ban (Uy ban Dan tgc, 2015) So lieu phan tich cua Ngan hang The gioi (WB) cho thay khoang each kha \6r[ giiia nhom bg dan tgc Kinh va ho DTTS Sir dung chuan ngheo l,25USD/ngay/nguai ciia WB, nh6m DTTS khu vire Tay Nguyen co ty le ngheo cao hem rat nhieu so vai nhom ho Kinh, co tren 80% so ho nguoi Ba Na va Xo Dang thugc dien ngheo, tren 70% ty le nguai Gia Rai va Mnong c6 miic tieu dimg duai chuan ngheo Trong do, ty le ngheo cua ho dan tgc Kinh cimg khu vuc chi khoang 10% (Bg Lao dong, Thuang binh va Xa hgi, 2015) Day la nhirng thach thiic Ian eong tac giam ngheo ben virng ciia cac ho gia dinh DTTS tai Viet Nam Ve ngheo da chigu, tir cu6i nam 2016, ho ngheo dugc luong theo cac chi so ngheo da chieu Chi s6 phan anh khong chi ve thu nhap va gom ca cac khia canh ciia phiic lgi ho gia dinh PHAT T R I S N B N V O N G V U N G Q U Y E N 9, SC (9/2019) L t LUAN - TRAO BOI Ngheo da chieu thuang dugc luong va uae lugng bang phuang phap Aikire va Foster (2007, 2011), hien Bg Lao dong va Thuang binh Xa hgi da xay dung chi so ngheo da chieu dua tren chieu vdi 10 chi s6 luong (Bang 2) Bang 2: CHI SO DO LUC)NG NGHEO DA CHIEU Chieu ngheo Giao due Yte Nhao Nguong thieu hut Chi s6 luong Trinh giao due ciia Ho gia dinh cd it nhat vien tir 15 tu6i kh6ng tot nghiep THCS va hien kliong di hgc Ho gia dinh co it nhat ngucri 1cm tre em tuoi di hgc (5-duai 15 tu6i) hien khong di hgc Tinh trang di hoc cua treem Ho gia dinh co ngudi bi 6m dau nhung khong di kliam chiia benh/Hg gia dinh co it nhat vien tii' tuoi tra len hien tai kh6ng eo bao hiem y te Tiep can cac dich vu y tl Ho gia dinh dang d nha thieu kien co hoac nha don so/Dien tich nha d binh quan dSu ngudi ciia ho gia dinh nho han m^ Bao hiem y te Ho gia dinh khong dugc tiep can nguon nude hgp ve sinh Chat lugng nha a Ho gia dinh kh6ng sii' dung h6 xi/nha tieu Dien tich nha binh Ho gia dinh khong c6 vien nao su dung thue bao dien quan dau nguai thoai va internet Ho gia dinh khong cd tai san nao so cae tai san; Ti vi, radio, may tinh; va khong nghe dugc he thong loa dai truyen xa/thon Dieu kien s6ng Tiep can thong tin Nguon nuac sinh hoat Ho gia dinli c6 it nhat vien tir 15 tuoi khong tot nghiep THCS va hien khong di hgc Hg gia dinh c6 it nhat tre em tudi di hgc (5 - duai 15 tu6i) hien kh6ng di hgc Ho xi/nha tieu Ho gia dinh cd ngudi bi 6m dau nhung kh6ng di kham chiia benh/Hg gia dinh cd it nhat vien hi tudi trd len hien tai khdng cd bao hiem y te Sii' dung dich vu vien thong Hg gia dinh dang d nha thieu kien c6 hoac nha dan sa/Dien tich nha d binh quan dau ngudi cua hg gia dinh nho hon m^ Tai san phuc vu tiep can thong tin Hg gia dinh khdng dugc tiep can ngudn nude hgp ve sinh Nguon: Bo Lao dong, Thuang binh vaXa hoi (2015) 14 PHAT TRlfiN BfiN V O N G VUNG QUYEN 9, SO (9/2019) Linmg Thi Thu Hiing - Nguyen Quang Hai Giam ngheo ben vung Ket qua danh gia ttr each tiep can ngheo cho thay, hien eac ngudn luc tir thu nhap den phiic lgi xa hgi d nhdm DTTS khac xa so vdi nhom dan tgc Kinh ca nude Hien thu nhap binh quan nhdm DTTS dat 1.161 nghin ddng/ngudi/thang, trung binh d nhdm dan tgc Kinh dat 2.637 nghin dong/ngu'di/tbang, gap ban hai Ian so vdi nhdm DTTS Khoang mot phan tu s6 hg DTTS thugc dien hg ngheo va ty 16 hg ngheo Nam 2015 ty le hg ngheo nhdm DTTS len dan 23,1%, cd nhiing nhdm DTTS ty le hg ngheo len d6n tt-en 70% (La Hii, Mang va Chut); mot so nhdm cac DTTS khac cd ty le hg ngheo chiem 60% ( Du, Co, Kha Mii, Xinh Mun; mot s6 nhdm tren 43% ty le hg ngheo (La Ha, Khang, H'mong, Xa Dang) Khoang 13,6% hg DTTS thugc dien can ngheo, ty le hg DTTS thugc dien can ngheo cao la cac dan tgc La Chi (25,9%), Bo Y (24,5%), Phii La (22,1%), Raglay (20,5%) Dan tgc Co c6 ty le hg DTTS thugc dien ngheo va ty le hg DTTS thugc dien can ngheo deu cao, nhu toe ngudi Mudng, San Chay, Tho va Co n5m khoang 65,7% va 18% (UNDP, 2018) Van de giam ngheo vung dong bao dan toe H'm6ng Trong nhdm cac DTTS d Viet Nam, ngudi H'mong cd dan so dimg thir (chi sau nhom ngudi Tay, Thai, Hoa va Khmer) vdi khoang 1.251.040 ngudi nam 2015 Ty le ngheo da chieu cua dan tgc H'm6ng cao gap Ian so vdi nhdm dan tgc Kinh (91,7% so vdi 12,9%) va khoang Ian so vdi dan tgc Hoa (91,7% so vdi 31,6%) nam 2009 DSn nam 2015, mac dii ty le ngheo da chieu tuyet ddi da giam manh d nhdm dan tgc H'mong (tir 91,7% xudng cdn 62%), so vdi dan tgc Kinh va dan tgc Hoa khoang each tuong doi lai tang len tuang ling khoang9,3 linva8,7 i k (UNDP, 2018) Hinh 1: TY LE NGHEO DA CHIEU Ci NGlTdl H ' M N G iOO o o o 90 ooo ao ooo 70 ooo eo ooo so ooo 40 ooo 30 ooo 20 ooo ooo ID - * a-, CIO '"""^-^ "^ ^ ^., Q ^ ^ —«—-Kinh -.: A - H*Mong MDP 2009 • 6,639 MDP 2015 Nguon: UNDP (2018) Theo ket qua tinh toan cua WB ve ngheo thu nhap, d6ng bao H'm6ng dugc xem la tgc ngudi cd miic ngheo va ngheo cimg cue cao Bang 3: CO CAU THU NHAP THEO CAC N H M KINH TE CUA D A N TOC H'MONG, 2011-2016 2011 2016 Ngheo Cling circ (dufri 1,9 USD PPP/ngay) 60,8 31,5 Ngheo vira phai (1,9- 3,1 USD PPP/ngay) 29,9 38,5 De ton thuffng (3,1- 5,5 USD PPP/ngay) 8,5 25,9 An toan ve kinh te (5,5-15 USD PPP/ ngay) 0,7 4,1 Trung lu-u (tren 15 USD PPP/ngay) 0 Nguon: Bo Lao dong, Thuang binh vd Xd hoi (2015) PHAT T R I E N BEN V & N G VUNG Q U Y N 9, SO (9/2019) 15 -liyJANrTRAoooi Su thay doi ciia ca can thu nhap ciia dan tgc H'mong theo cac nhdm kinh te giai doan 2011-2016 d bang tren cho thdy ty le ngheo ciing cue (dudi 1,9 USD/ngay) ciia dan tdc H'mong giam gan 1/2 sau nam nam Ty le cac nhdm ngheo, can ngheo da tang dang ke cimg giai doan 2011-2016, nhdm de bi ton thuong da tang len lan hi 8,5% len gkn 26% Ty le mil chii cua nii dan tgc H'mong nam 2015 la khoang 67% nam 2009 va gan nhu khdng giam tdi nam 2015 ty le cua nhdm dan tgc Kinh va Hoa chi la 6-7% Trong nam 2009, ty le hgc sinh nii bac tiSu hgc giiia nhdm dan tgc H'mong, Kinh va Hoa khdng co nhieu khac biet nhung den trinh tir trung hgc co sd trd len ty le nii ciia dan tgc H'Mdng cang giam ro ret so vdi hai nhdm dan tgc Kinh va Hoa (Bg Lao d ',< TTiuong binh vaXa hgi, 2015) Ty ie ngheo^ cao^ d nhdm ddng bao dan toe H'mong cd ca cau ke sinh nong nghiep va trSno trgt Trong ty le thu nhap tii tr6ng trot chung« nude la 13,6%, ciia dan tgc Kinh la ll,2%fliiij|j d nhdm ngudi H'mong khoang 42% Sosani ty le thu nhap nhan dugc trg giiip cua nha mk chiem 11,7% doi vdi dan tgc H'mong (cao g§p sk lan so vdi ty le chung va cua dan tgc Kinh) cho thay ty le thu nhap tir tien luong hay hoatdongplii nong nghiep ciia dan tgc H'mong chi b'mg 1/3 va 1/9 tu'ong ling so vdi ty le chung va ty le cua dan tgc Kinh, ty le thu nhap tu tien giri cua nguoi H'mong cung chi bang 1/3 so vdi hai nhom dfii chieu Hinh 2: CO CAU THU NHAP CUA NHOM DAN TOC H'MONG NAM 2016 (%) 3,700 9,800 a Trg giiip ciia nha nude đ Tien giii ã Phi nong nghiep • Tien luong B Hoat dong nong nghiep khac • Chan nudi Mong Chung Ngudn: UNDP (2018) Tir s6 lieu Hinh 2, cd thi th§y thu nhap tir hoat dong nong nghiep va chan nu6i ciia ngudi H'm6ng chiem 26%, phi nong nghiep chigm tdi 41,7%, 15% la thu nhap tir tien luong, lai la tir cac ngudn khac Til cac sd heu dugc phan tich tren, ni6t s6 chi tieu ngheo da chieu giai doan 2009-2015, PHAT TRIEN B^N V & N G VUNG QUYEN 9, SO (9/2019) Giam ngheo ben virng ig Thi Thu Hang - Nguyen Quang Hai tdc H'mong da giam theo cac chieu canh ciia ;o da chieu Tuy nhien, neu so vdi quy mo dan lira dan tgc H'mong va dan tgc khac thi ty le 'i-i ngheo va khoang each ngheo d dan tgc •.;,6ng van chua thirc sir dat theo cac mue tieu a va chua ben viing Chinh vi vay can phai cd i'-^ tiep can ben vung cong tac giam ngheo n giam ty le ngheo da chieu cua dong bao ; lOng, mot cac nhdm tgc ngudi cd ty len :o cao nhat ca nude -4 Giam ngheo ben vung vung d6ng bao ' - long boi canh mdi 'Cac nghien eiiu ve giam ngheo ben viing viing " I bao DTTS da chi rang each tiep can, xay ' g, trien khai chinli sach dan tgc thai gian tai Viet Nam dang gap cac han che, bat cap i) Cac can thiep chinh sach viing, cong d6ng, h sach dan tgc cdn chdng cheo, chua phii hgp :hua hieu qua; ii) Cac chinh sach dan tgc rng chua tinh den trach nhiem ciia ngu'di/nhdm huang chinh sach ciia nha nude, day cd thS coi guyen nhan chinh sach khdng tao dong luc ; trien thue tien trien khai iii) Mot so ih sach cd muc tieu, noi dung, nhiem vu, dinh : chinli sach thieu thuc te, khdng hoac thieu kha thi va tinh ben viing Hau nhu cac chinh I va chuang trinh ve giam ngheo cho d6ng bao rs deu khong cd cac can thiep dia ly, van hoa ' thii thich hgp cho cac nhdm tgc ngudi Chua t huy nhiing gia tn van hoa va ngudn luc ngi tai cac nhdm DTTS cho phat trien, bao gom ca m tgc ngudi H'mong •- Ben canh do, cac Chien luge, Chuang trinh, de du an, chinh sach cd lien quan da tinh den uu cac DTTS song chua cu the hda cac ket qua t trien va nguon luc tuong ling cho DTTS Cac ih sach dan tdc dugc thiet ke theo nganh, linh kha doc lap vdi nhau, thieu su gan ket tao than tan, chdng cheo, thieu hieu qua Do cd qua nhieu chinh sach, chuang trinh tap Ig vao mot linh vuc va mot sd viing cd dieu -•1 dac biet kho khan dan den tinli trang cac manh cua chinh sach Su ton tai cua so lugng Idn ih sach, chuang trinh, bao phii mot pham vi rdng nhiing khia canh cua ddi song, da v6 hinh chung tao mot tam ly y lai va giam dong luc thoat ngheo ddi vdi nhieu hg ngheo Ddi vdi nhdm ddng bao H'mong noi rieng va nhdm DTTS noi chung, viec dat dugc mot so ket qua giam ngheo giai doan vira qua cd nguyen nhan tir tang tnrdng mang tinh bao tnim va phat trien d Viet Nam hem 30 nam Doi mdi vira qua Trong bdi canh mdi hien nay, de tri dugc cac ket qua ve giam ngheo mot each ben viing can tiep tue xay dung chinh sach phat trien ben viing DTTS tren cac tru cot chinh cua phat hien ben viing: kinh te, van hoa - xa hgi va mdi trudng, dd tap trung im tien mot sd linh vuc gom: i) san xuat n6ng nghiep c6 nang suat cao nham tang thu nhap ben viing cho ngudi DTS, mien niii, dac biet la ddi vdi cac nhdm toe ngudi cd ca cau thu thap chu yeu tir trgt, chan nudi nhu nhdm H'mong; ii) md rgng va nang cao nhat lugng cac dich vu xa hoi co ban; iii) cung co he th6ng an sinh xa hoi cho eac nhdm DTTS de dam bao khdng cd loai trii' va tut hau; iv) nghien ciru tinh khac biet vimg mien ve dia ly, van hoa, sinh ke cua cac nhdm dan tgc thieu sd de de xuat chuong trinh, chinh sach phat trien ben vung vimg DTTS phii hop, hieu qua De dong bao dan tgc H'mdng tang cudng su tham gia va hudng lgi tir su tang trudng ben vung qu6c gia, cac giai phap can hudng den viec phat trien ngudn luc, nang cao hieu qua sir dung ngudn luc ciia nhdm ddng bao DTTS Cac giai phap chinh sach can hudng ddng bao H'mdng den kha nang tiep can tdt ban eac dich vu xa hgi, ca sd tang, viec lam cd thu nhap, giam thieu rao can ngdn ngu, cai thien chat lugng giao due Xuat phat tir nhung dac tinh rieng cd cua nhdm d6ng bao H'mdng de tap trung vao viec giam nguy ca truyen ddi ngheo tir the he sang the he khac bang each tang dau tu trg giiip tre em ve tu lieu san xuat, giao due, chuyen mdn ky thuat, nghe nghiep, tiep can dich vu xa hgi, ca sd tang Ve each tiep can giam ngheo ben virng, sir dung each ludng ngheo da chieu la each tiep can phu hgp vdi xu the phat trien cua the gidi, giiip Viet Nam thue hien eong giam ngheo bSn T T R I E N BSN V O N G VCJNG Q U Y E N S6 (9/2019) LY LUAN-TRAO BOI vung vimg ddng bao DTTS Cai thien thu nhap va dap ling cac nhu cau dich vu xa hgi ca ban Viee chuyen ddi danh gia ngheo rir dan chieu sang da chieu la phucmg phap khac phuc nhung bat cap va ban che eiia chinh sach giam ngheo ddi vdi ddng bao DTTS noi chung va ddng bao H'm6ng noi rieng hien Phuang phap giiip bao dam miic s6ng tdi thieu, dong thai dap ling cac dich vu xa hgi ca ban, timg budc giam ngheo ben viing khu vuc DTTS va mien niii Tuy nhien, ludng cae tieu chi ngheo da chieu la phuang phap mdi nen cong tac giam ngheo phai dat cac van de ve ludng va giam sat, dinh hudng chinh sach cho giam ngheo ben viing Viec xay dung chinh sach giam ngheo ben viing can dam bao tinh khoa hge, khach quan viec thu thap, phan tichchi sd ngheo da chieu, bao gdm dd sir tham gia, dong thuan cua ddng bao H'mdng noi rieng va ddng bao DTTS ndi chung K^t luan Trong bdi canh Chinh phii Viet Nam da ky phe duyet Chien luge Phat trien ben virng Viet Nam theo quy6t dinh so 432/QD-TTg ciia Thu tudng Chinh phii, cac Chuang trinh giam ngheo ben viing danh cho nhdm DTTS se tinh den viec long ghep 17 muc tieu va 169 chi tieu ciia Muc tieu phat triSn ban viing (SDG giai doan 2021-2030) Muc tieu phat trien b6n viing sd ctia Viet Nam la muc tieu giam ngheo ben vimg, vay rat can thiet tri6n khai cong tac giam ngheo viing d6ng bao H'mong va cac nhdm ddng bao DTTS theo each tiep can ben viing bdi canh mdi hien Viec phan tich toan dien thuc trang ddi sdng kinh te xa hgi eiia cac DTTS, dd cd nhdm H'mdng se tao CO sd tien de cho eac nha lam chinh sach de xult, thiet ke cac chinh sach phii hgp vdi nhdm DTTS giai doan tdi Ben canh dd can thiet cd cac nghien ciiu tiep theo tap trung vao cac khia canh la khoang tr6ng chinh sach va nhiing giai phap kha thi theo thuc trang va dac thu ciia tiing nhdm DTTS, dd c6 nhdm tgc ngudi H'mdng Va de xuat cac chinh sach phu hgp, giai phap kha thi, cu the cho cac Chuang trinh chinh sach dan tgc va chinh sach giam ngheo ben viing vdi timg nhdm DTTS d Viet Nam giai doan 2016-2020 va tam nhin den nam 2030 Tai lieu tham khao Aikire, S., and Foster, J (2007) Counting and multidimensional poverty measures, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI), Working Paper Aikire, S., and Foster, J (2011) Counting and multidimensional poverty measurement Journal of Public Economics 95.7, pp 476-487 Bg Lao ddng - Thuang binh va Xa hgi (2015) Bdo cdo Tong quan cdc nghien cim ve gidm ngheo d Viet Nam Ha Ngi, tr.40 Chinh phu (2016) Quyet dinh so 1722/QD-TTg, 2/9/2016 vi viec phi duyet Chuang trinh muc tieu quoc gia Gidm ngheo bin vimg giai doan 2016-2020 Dang Cong san Viet Nam (2015) Bdo cdo tong kit mot so van de ly luan - thuc tiin qua 30 nam doi mai (1986 -2016) Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia, Ha Ngi, 2015 hish Aid, Uy ban Dan tdc, UNPD (2017) TSng quan thuc trang kinh tixd hoi cua 53 DTTS Tieu Du an Hd tig Giam ngheo PRPP - Uy ban Dan tdc UNDP va Irish Aid taittgh6 tro thuc hien nghien cim Luang Thi Thu Hang (2014) ''Chuang trinh xdy dung nong thon mai: nhin tie thuc te cdc xd thi diim" BaocaoDe tai khoa hge cap Bg, Vien Han lam Khoa hgc xa hgi Viet Nam, 2014 PHAT T R | £ N BtN VtJNG VUNG Q U Y E N 9, SC (9/2019) Lu-QTig Thj Thu H5ng - Nguyen Quang Hai Giam ngheo ben virng UNDP (2018) Bdo cdo ngheo da chiiu a Viet Nam, gidm ngheo a tdt cd cdc chiiu canh di dam bdo cuoc song CO chat luong cho moi nguai (UNDP, Bg Lao ddng Thuang bmh & xa hgi, Vien Han lam Khoa hge xa hgi Viet Nam, 2018) Uy ban Dan tgc (2015) Ket qud dieu tra thuc trang KT-XH 53 DTTS http://eema.gov.vn/ket-qua-dieu-tra-thuc-trang-kt-xh-53-daii-toc-thieu-so-nam-2015.htm nam 2015 Thong tin tac gia: LiTOTig Thi Thu Hang, TS _ • - • •,,•- M U ' Dl,-* Dan VI cong tac: Vien Nghien cuu Phat tnen b6n vimg Vung, Vien Han lam Khoa hgc xa hgi Viet Nam - Dia chi email: hangnhxh.vass@gmail.com Nguyen Quang Hai, Th.S - Dan vi cdng tac: Tap chi Dan tdc, Uy ban Dan tgc Ngay nhan bai: 12/7/2019 ,, / " , , , „,„,^„ Ngay nhan ban sua: 9/8/2019 *= •' Ngay duyet dang: 6/9/2019 PHAT TRitN B £ N V O N G V D N G Q U Y E N 9, SO (9/2019) ^Q ... su lua chpn mo hinh phat trien phii hgp; 2) thach thiic ve sinh thai; 3) thach thurc su phat trien toan cau hoa; 4) thach thiic xa hgi; 5) thach thiic m6i truirng; 6) thach thiic d6 thi hoa; 7)... chdng cheo, chua phii hgp :hua hieu qua; ii) Cac chinh sach dan tgc rng chua tinh den trach nhiem ciia ngu'di/nhdm huang chinh sach ciia nha nude, day cd thS coi guyen nhan chinh sach khdng tao dong... cac khia canh la khoang tr6ng chinh sach va nhiing giai phap kha thi theo thuc trang va dac thu ciia tiing nhdm DTTS, dd c6 nhdm tgc ngudi H' mdng Va de xuat cac chinh sach phu hgp, giai phap kha