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Quan niem cua can bo va nguoi dan vung dan toe thieu s6 ve quySn quyet dinh gia dinh: Thuc trang va cac yeu t6 anh huong Nguyln Hull Minh' Tom tat: Quyen quyet dinh gia dinh la mot nhirng chi bao quan trpng danh gia v8 miic dp binh dang giai Dua tren so lieu ciia De tai cap Quoc gia "Mpt so van de co ban ve binh dang giai a vung dan tpc thieu so nucfc ta", vcfi 2894 dai dien hg gia dmh va 344 can bp huyen va xa tai tinh, bai vi6t phan tich quan niem ciia nguai dan va can bp dan tpc thieu so ve quyen quyet dinh doi vai cong viec gia dinh Bai viet chi rang, khuon mau truyen thong viec quyet dinh gia dinh da c6 sir bien doi d ngudi dan cac dan tpc thiSu so, rang miic dp bao liru CO khac tiiy theo lo^i hinh cong viec Dai bp phan nguai dan iing hp phuang an hai giai cimg quyet dinh d6i vai cac cong viec gia dinh Ty le can bp co quan niem binh d§ng hon ve quyen quyet dinh cao han so vai nguoi dan nhung vin mot bp phan can bp bao liru quan niem truyen thong Tiiy thupc vao hmg loai hinh cong viec ma cac yeu to nhu hoc van, giai tinh, tuoi, dan tpc co anh huong a miic dp khac den quan niem ciia can bp va nguai dan ve quyen quyet dinh' Tir khoa: Phu nir; Gia dinh; Binh ding gioi; Dan tpc thiSu s6; Quyen quyk dinh gia dinh; Y8u t6 tac dpng Ngay nhan bai: 10/2/2020; chlnh sira: 20/2/2020; duyet dang: 6/3/2020 1, Mff a a u Quy^n quySt dinh gia dinh la mot nhung chi bao quan trpng danh gia vh mice binh dang giai Cho din nay, k i t luan kha nh4t quan tir cac nghien cmi la nguoi chong thudng quyit dinh nhung viec dugc coi la Ion, la quan trong gia dinh ngudi vo quyet dinh nhiing viec thuoc ve ddi song hang (Bo Van hoa, • GS TS., Vien Nghien cihi Gia dinh va Giai, Vien Han lam Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam ' Bai viet la san phim cua B% tai c§p Qu6c gia "Mpt s6 vdn dk co ban v^ binh dkn^ giai a viinp dan tpc thilu s6 nucic ta" thupc Chuang trinh KH&CN cip qu6c gia giai doan 2016-2020 vS "Nhiing vSn dS cip bach ve dan tgc thieu so va chinh sach dan tpc a Viet Nam dSn nam 2030", ma so CTDT 21.17/16-20 4 Nghien cu Gia dinh va Gi6>i Q u y l n 30, so 1, tr 3-15 The thao va Du lich va ca quan khac 2008; Tr^n Thi Van Anh, Nguyen Hiru Minh, 2008; Nguyen Hihi Minh, Tran Thi Hong 2019; v.v) Tuy nhien, ciing theo mot sd ket qua nghien cuu neu tren, niy thuoc vao loai hinh quyet dinh va cac dac diem ca nhan hay gia dmh, cgng dong ma quan niem ve quyen quyet dinh gia dinh c6 khac Chang han, doi vcri cac cong viec nhu san xuat, kinh doanh ho gia dinh; mua ban xay sua nha cira, dat dai, quan he ho hang va cgng dong, v.v thi nam gidi thudng dugc coi la ngudi quyet dinh Trong d6, vdi nhiing cong viec nhu chi tieu hang ngay, viec cham soc cai hay ngudi 6m, dau lai thuoc ve quyen quy^t dinh cua phu nu Tuong tu, quyen quyet dinh thugc ve nam gidi hay phu nii tiiy thugc vao ngudi la dan tgc nao, theo che phu he hay mau he bdi le dac diSra ndi bat quan he gidi d cac dan tgc theo che dp phu he la danh gia nam giai cao hon phu nu (Do Thi Binh, 1999; NguySn Quoc PhSm, Nguyln Thi Ha, 2014), cdn vdi cac dan tpc theo che dp mau he, vi tri ciia phu nii cao hon (Nguyen Minh Tuin, 2012) Quan niem ve viec la ngudi nen quyet dinh c6 y nghia quan trpng ddi vdi viec thuc thi quyen quyet dinh thuc tien Tuy nhien, cho den chua co phan tich mpt each he thong ve quyen quyet dinh gia dinh noi chung va quan niem ve viec nen la ngudi quyet dinh gia dinh ndi lieng ddi vdi ddng bao dan tpc thieu so cac dia phuang, can bg la ngudi truyen tai va tri^n khai cac chii truong, chinh sach ve bmh dang gidi den ngudi dan nhung cung chua cd nhimg phan tich xem thuc sir hg quan niem nhu the nao ve van de la ngudi quyet dinh gia dinh Vi vay, viec nhan dien quan niem ciia can bp va ngudi dan vimg dan tgc thieu sd vg van di nen la ngudi quyet dinh gia dinh ciing nhu cac yiu td anh hudng den quan niem la can thiet Ngudn so lieu, each tiep can va phuffng phap phan tich Nguon so lieu Bai viet dua tren sd lieu khao sat nam 2018-2019 cua Be tai c4p Qudc gia 'Mdt sd vdn di CO bdn ve binh ddng gi&i & vimg ddn tdc thieu sd nu&c ta " thugc Chuong trinh Khoa hgc va cdng nghe cSp qudc gia giai doan 2016- 2020 ve "Nhiing vdn di cdp bach vi dan tgc thieu s6 va chinh sach dan tpc d Viet Nam den nam 2030", thong qua viec phdng vin b ^ g bang hdi ddi vdi 2.894 dai dien hg gia dinh d dja ban ndng thon 344 can bd huyen va xa, tai tinh bao gdm Lang Son, Ha Giang, Dien Bien, Thanh Hoa Thua Thien- Hui, D5k Lik, Sdc Trang, dai dien cho 14 nhdm dan tgc thiiu sd thupc cac vimg miin nui phia B5c, Trung bd, Tay Nguyen va Tay Nam bd So lugng nam giai duac phdng vin la 1414 ngudi (chiim 48,9%) va phu nir la 1480 (51,1%) Ty ig ^^^ tra ldi d cac nhdm tuoi khac la: 24,5% cho nhom 29 hidi trd xudng; 33,0% cho nhdm 30-39; 23,8% cho nhom 40-49; 18,7% cho nhdm 50 trd len Nguyen HUTI Minh Cdch tiip can cau hdi dat la can bp va ngudi dan cac dan tpc thieu s6 hien quan niem nhu thi nao vi viec n6n la ngudi quyit dinh gia dinh, khudn mlu quan niem hi tac dpng bdi nhiing yiu to nao, lieu ngudi chdng hay ngudi vo co quyen quyet dinh khac la dua tren ca sd gidi tinh hay vi mgt ly nao khac? Cach tiip can hien dai hda (Goode, 1963, 1982, 1987) gpi rSng, dudi tac ddng cua qua trinh cdng nghiep hda va hien dai hda, khudn mau gia dinh vdi cap vg chdng la tnmg tam (conjugal family) se la xu hudng chu dao Trong cac gia dinh nay, viec phan cdng lao dgng va quyet diiih ve cac cdng viec gia dinh se tien tdi binh dang hon Cac yeu to gan lien vdi qua trinh hien dai hda chinh la hgc van tang len, co hpi hoat dpng nghe nghiep ngoai pham vi gia dinh va cd trinh dp chuyen mdn cao va dd thi hda Goi y tu each tiep can hien dai hda de tra ldi cau hdi neu tren la nhimg ngudi cd hpc van cao se binh dang hon cac quyet dinh gia dinh Nhiing ngudi tre tudi dugc xem la nhiing ngudi di tien phong viec tiep nhan cai mdi, hg mang nhung dac tnmg hien dai han va dd ciing dupe gia dinh la se ung hg mpt quan he binh dang hon viec dua cac quyet dinh gia dinh Thuc te cho thay vdi cac quyet dinh lien quan den hpc tap, nghe nghiep va hdn nhan cua cai thi tieng ndi cua phu nii viec quyet dinh dugc the hien ro hon d nhom hgc van cao (Le Nggc Lan, Nguyen Phuang Thao, 2006) Ve tac dpng cua dp tudi tdi quyit quyit dinh cua ngudi vp va ngudi chdng ITnh vuc san xuat d khu vuc ndng thdn, Pham Thi Hue (2008) va Le Nggc Van cung cgng su (2002) phat hien rSng, ngudi phu nii d tudi cang Idn thi ty le giii vai trd quyit dinh cang cao Tuy nhien, theo Le Ngpc Lan (2000), nhiing phu nir tit tudi trung nien (35-49) va Idp tre thudng nang ddng han va cd vi thi cao hon lap phu nii Idn tuoi gia dinh Nghien cuu cua Nguyln Hiiu Minh va Trin Thi Hdng (2019) ciing chi rang, nhung gia dinh ma ngudi vg cd dp tudi tre thi lam tang kha nang ca hai vg chdng cimg cd quyin quyit dinh nhung khdng cd anh hudng dang ki din kha nang ngudi chong cd quyen quyet dinh Tuy nhien, anh hudng cua hpc vdn hay nghi nghiep cung rat khac thudc vao bdi canh kinh ti - xa hpi va nin van hda Nghien ciiu cua Nguyen Hiiu Minh va Trdn Thi Hdng (2019) gpi rdng miic dp hien dai hda dugc nang cao thi tac ddng cua cac yeu td dac trung cho miic dp hien dai hda cd the se giam kha nang tac ddng Cach tiip can van hda ddi hdi phai quan tam din cac yiu td van hda phan tich mdt vdn di cu thi, trudng hgp la khudn vahi quyin quyit dinh gia dinh d vung dan tdc thiiu sd Theo UNESCO (2001), "Van hda cdn dugc coi la mot tap hgp cac dac tnmg ve tinh thdn, vat chdt, tri tue va tinh cam cua mgt xa hgi hoac mgt nhdm ngudi, va rang ben canh nghe thuat va van chuong, nd cdn bao ham ca ldi sdng, each sdng cdng ddng, he thdng gia tri, tmyin thdng va tin ngudng" Nussbaum (1999) chi rang, cac gia tri va quy tac van hda, xa hdi la tdng mdng cua he thdng cac quyen Nghien ciru Gia dinh va Gim Q u y l n 30, so 1, tr 3-15 va ludn cd tac ddng true tiep viec thuc hien cac quyin cua phu nii Ddi vdi phu nir, cac gia tri va quy tac van hda, xa hpi cd y nghia Idn hem nam gidi, hanh vi cua gidi nii thudng bi kiem soat chat che hon bdi du luan xa hdi va gia dinh Leung v^ Bond (2004) nhdn manh rdng, niem tin, quy tdc, va ky vpng ddi vdi cac ca nhan mpt xa hdi chiu anh hudng bdi van hoa va cd the anh hudng den su tien bd cua phu nii Ddi vdi yiu td van hoa, diem ndi bat nhat la dinh kien gidi truyin thong cho rdng dan ong nhu cot cai nha, hg phai la ngudi quyet dinh mgi viec hay chi it la quyit dinh nhiing viec Idn Thuc te ciing chi rang, d mdt sd xa hpi chua phat triin, quan he quyin luc truyen thdng cd y nghia quyet dinh chi phdi mdi quan he giiia cac vien gia dinh (Chen, 2005; Poortman, Lippe, 2009) Ci Viet Nam, phat hien cua cac tac gia Mai Huy Bich va Le Thi Kim Lan (1999) cho thdy, ngudi vg la ngudi dam nhan hau het cac cdng viec, tham chi hp mang lai thu nhap chinh cho gia dinh, nhung nhieu gia dinh, phdn Idn quyin quyit dinh thudc vi ngudi chdng, ngudi vg chi la ngudi thuc thi cac quyet dinh dd O day, yeu td van hoa vdi quan niem "trgng nam khinh nii" cd y nghia quan trpng tac dgng den vai trd ciia vp va chdng viec quyet dinh Quan niem truyen thdng ve vai trd, trach nhiem cua ngudi vg, ngudi chdng, coi nam gidi la chu gia dinh khien cac vien va ca ngudi vg cho dii c6 hpc van hay thu nhap tdt hon ciing ludn "nhudng" quyin quyet dinh cho nam gidi/ ngudi chdng Ndi each khac, dac diim xa hdi, van hda, phong tuc, tap quan ciia cac dan tgc thieu sd se khiin cho khudn mlu quyin quyit dinh gia dinh va vai trd cua cac yiu td hien dai hda biiu hien theo mpt each khac so vdi nhiing gi ma cac nghien ciru da phat hien Phuang phdp phdn tich Tir ggi y cua cac each tiepfeantren, bai viet sir dung cac biin s6 phu thudc va dpc lap sau day di phan tich quan niem ve quyin quyit dinh gia dinh va cac yiu td tac ddng din quan niem dd ddi vdi ngudi dan va can bd dan tdc thiiu sd Bien s6 phu thugc: 1) Quan niem ciia can bg vi ngudi quyit dinh (nam gidi, phu nu, ca hai) cac cdng viec cu the gia dinh 2) Quan niem ciia ngudi dan vi ngudi quyit dmh (nam gidi, phu nu, ca hai) cac cdng viec cu the gia dmh Trong bang hdi cd neu len bay nhdm quyit dinh cdng viec, bao gdm cdng viec san xudt/kinh doanh; viec mua ban/xay sira nha cira, ddt dai; viec mua ban tai san cd gi^ tri ciia gia dinh; viec phan chia tai san; cac quan he gia dinh va hp hang; viec hoc ciia cac vien gia dinh; viec chi tieu hang cua gia dinh Vdi mdi loai hinh ngudi tra Idi se dugc hdi vi loai hinh cdng viec dd nen nam gidi hay phu nii q^yg^ dinh Trong khudn khd bai viit khdng trinh bay hit cac ket qua phan tich theo nhdm cdng viec ma chi tap trung vao hai loai hinh quyit dinh cd khudn mdu truyg^ Nguyen Hun Minh thdng danh cho nam gidi va phu nii, dd la: 1) Quyet dinh mua ban/xay sua nha cua, ddt dai; va 2) Quyit dinh viec chi tieu hang Bi^n so ddc l^p: Cac biin sd lien quan din vai trd cua yeu td hien dai hda: Hpc vdn cua ngudi tra ldi (nhdm ngudi dan); Do tudi ciia ngudi tra Idi (nhdm ngudi dan va nhdm can bg); Loai hinh cong viec ciia can bd (cap xa, cap huyen) Cac bien sd lien quan den yeu td van hda: Dan tpc cua ngudi tra Idi (ddi vdi ngudi dan va can bd) la phii he/mau he; gidi tinh ciia ngudi tra Idi (ddi vdi ngudi dan va can bd) Phan loai cua cac bien neu tren se dupe trinh bay d bang kit qua phan tich Quan niem cua ngu'Cii dSn ve quy^n quyet dinh cong viec gia dinh va cac yeu td anh hv&ng Nhu da neu d tren, vdi mdi loai hinh cdng viec gia dinh, ngudi tra ldi se dugc hdi xem nen la ngudi quyet dinh, nam gidi, phu nu hay ca hai Ket qua eho thay (Bang 1) khudn man quyen quyet dinh cua hai loai cong viec the hien tuong ddi ro miic dd bao luu tap quan truyen thdng Ddi vdi viec mua ban/xay sira nha cira, dat dai ty le nam gidi nen la ngudi quyet dinh (khoang 1/3 sd y kien) cao hon han so vdi phu nii, do, vdi viec chi tieu hang thi ty le phu nii nen la ngudi quyet dinh (khoang 1/3 sd y kien) cao hon han so vdi nam gidi Diem chung dang luu y ddi vdi hai loai hinh cdng viec la ty le y kien cho rang nen de ca hai gidi cimg quyet dinh la cao nhdt (65,8% va 58,4%) Nhu vay, vd dai the cd the nhan xet la khudn mau quyet dinh gia dinh truyen thdng da cd su bien ddi rang cdn miic bao luu khac theo loai hinh cdng viec So sanh theo gidi tinh, nhdm tudi, hgc vdn, trinh chuyen mdn va nhdm dan tdc d Bang cd the nit mgt sd dac diem sau: * Cd mpt xu hudng kha nhat quan ve ty le cao hon phu nii cho rang phu nu nen la ngudi quyet dinh cac cdng viec Tuy nhien, diiu dang quan tam la ty le nam gidi cho rang nam gidi hoac ca hai gidi nen quyit dinh viec chi tieu hang cua gia dinh cao han so vdi phu nu * Nhdm tudi tre (dudi 30) cd xu hudng bao luu khudn mlu truyen thdng hon so vdi hai nhdm tudi d giiia (30-39 va 40-49) ddi vdi viec quyet dinh cac cdng viec mua ban/xay sua nha ciia, dat dai, theo nghTa ty le ung hp phuang an ca hai gidi ciing quyet dinh thap hem Doi vdi viec chi tieu hang ngay, su khac biet giua cac nhdm tudi khdng dang ke * Cd xu hudng ro rang rdng hpc vdn cang cao thi ty le ung hd ca hai gidi cung quyet dinh ddi vdi cdng viec mua ban/xay sira nha cira, ddt dai cang cao, nhien xu hudng khdng the hien ddi vdi viec chi tieu hang 8 Nghien cii-u Gia dinh va Giai Quyen 30, so 1, tr 3-15 * Cd su khac biet giiia y kien cua ngudi tra ldi d cac nhdm dan tdc phu he va mdu he ve viec nen la ngudi quyet dinh cac cdng viec, nhien xu hudng khdng that ro rang Ddi vdi cdng viec mua ban/xay siia nha ciia, ddt dai, ty le ngudi thudc dan tdc mdu he img hd phuong an nam gidi nen la ngudi quyit dinh thdp han va phu nii la ngudi quyet dinh cao hem so vdi ngudi d dan tdc phu he Ddi vdi viec chi tieu hang ngay, ty le rat cao ngudi tra ldi d nhdm mau he ung hd phuang an phu nii nen la ngudi quyet dinh, cao khoang gap ddi so vdi ngudi tra ldi d nhdm phu he va ty le iing hp phuang an ca hai gidi cung quyet dinh thap hem han Bang Ty le nguM tra liA ung ho cac phuffug an quy6t dinh ve viec mua ban, xay sua nha, dat va chi tieu hang chia theo cac nhom xa hoi Dac diem ngiroi tralM Mua ban/xay sii-a nha cua, dat dai Nit Nam Cahai N Chung 32,3 Gi
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