Bài toán sinh kế bền vững cho người dân tộc thiểu số nghèo ở tỉnh đắk lắk

TAP CHi CQNG THIfdNG BAI TOAN SINH KE BEN VITNG CHO NGlJCfl DAN TOC THIEU SO NGHEO Of TINH DAK LAK • N G U Y I N VAN DAT - D ANH THANG TOM TAT: H trd sinh ke' Id mot nhffng bidn phdp hidu qua giup d^ng bao giam ngheo ben vffng Giam ngheo ben vffng Id chinh sdeh xuydn sud'l eua Dang vd Nha nffdc, the' hien quan dilm, tinh nhan van sdu sac Dac biet, dd'i vdi viJng dong bdo dan tdc thie'u so' (DTTS), cdng tac gidm ngheo ben vffng la mue tidu, nhidm vu hd't sffc can thie't vd cd'p bach de giiip eho dong bao cd cudc sd'ng td't hdn Bdi vie't phdn tich thffc trang vd dffa mot so' nhdm giai phap nham gidm ngheo ben vffng cho ngffdi DTTS d tinh Dak Lak thdi gian ldi Tff khda: Gidm ngheo bin vffng, dan tdc Ihieu sd', Dak Lak, sinh kd' Dat van d l Dak Ldk la tinh ihu phu cua Tay Nguydn, nam d trung ldm cua khu vffc Tay Nguyen bao gom dnh: Dak Lak, Gia Lai, Lam Dong, Kon Tum vd Dak Ndng, cd vi tri chid'n lUde quan trgng ve kinh Id' - xa hgi, qud'c phong, an ninh cua vung va ca nffdc Dak Lak cd didn lich iff nhien hdn 13.125,37 km-, tinh de'n cuo'i nam 2018 Dak Lak cd hdn 1,947 trieu ngffdi, vdi 47 dan tdc anh em ciing sinh sd'ng, hg DTTS gom: Ede, Gia Rai, M'ndng., co 142.373 hd, chie'm khoang 32% ddn sd'toan tinh, phdn bd'rai rdc trdn 184 xa, phffdng, thi tra'n, dd cd 608 budn dong bao ddn tdc thieu so' tai chd Ngoai ra, ed ra't ddng dong bao DTTS d cae tinh khdc di cif tdi va khdng ngffng gia tang ve so' Iffdng qua cac nam Theo so' lieu Ihong kd de'n thdng 12/2018 Id 57.180 hd ngheo, chie'm ty Id 12,81% td'ng dan sd'toan tinh, hg ngheo ngffdi dan tdc thie'u so 30.305 hd, chie'm 53,01% long so'hg ngheo 50 So 12-Thang 7/2019 Nhff vay, de giai quyd't muc tidu giam nghdo bin vffng; han chd' tai ngheo gdp phan thffc hidn muc tidu tang trffdng kinh td', dam bdo an sinh xa hgi; cdi thidn ddi sd'ng; tang thu nhdp cho hd ngheo ndi chung vd hd ngheo ngffdi dan tdc thie'u sd'noi rieng cua linh Dak Lak ra'l can nhffng chinh sdch xuyen suot cua Dang vd Nha nUde la Crf srf ly tbuyd't Ngheo la tinh trang mdlbd phdn dan eff khdng ed kha nang thoa man nhu cau cd ban ciia ngffdi (an, mac, d, nhu cau van hda, y td', giao due vd giao tid'p ) dd' tri cudc sd'ng, md nhffng nhu cau a'y phu thudc vdo trinh phat trie'n kinh tl xa hdi, phong tuc tap qudn eiia tffng vung va nhffng phong tuc d'y dffdc xa hdi thffa nhan (Uy ban Kinh Id' - Xa hdi chdu A - Thai Binh Difdng, 1993), Dan tdc thieu sd' la nhffng ddn toe c6 ^5' ^jgj, jj hdn so vdi ddn tdc da so' tren phaiv , ]r^J^^^ jf^g nudc Cdng hoa xa hdi chu nghla Vidt N (isjghj dinh so 05/2011) KINH TE Sinh ke' bin vffng Id sinh ke' ddm bao cho sff on dinh hien tai md khdng anh hffdng de'n tffdng lai dong thdi dam bao vUdt qua cac cii sd'c, cung nhff sff tri va phdt Ine'n phai tff ngi Iffc cua ngffdi dan, vi vay can quan tam de'n phat trid'n nguIn Iffc hdn Id anh hffdng de ehi lam thay ddi phffdng thffc vd boat ddng san xua't kinh doanh md thdi (Neefjes, Koos, 2000), Phfftfng phap nghien cu'u Phffdng phdp thd'ng ke la cdng cu chii yd'u dffdc sff dung nghidn effu Sd' lieu dung cho phdn tich la'y tff nien gidm thong ke tinh Ddk Lak vd tff cac Sd ban nganh ciia tinh gom: Sd Nong nghidp vd Phdt trien ndng thdn, Sd Lao ddng Thffdng binh vd Xa hdi, Ngan hang chinh sdch xa hdi tinh va Ban Ddn tde tinh Ddk Ldk Dff lieu eua nghien cffu ndy dffde phan lich bdng phffdng phap quy nap thdng qua vide sff dung phdn tich ndi dung dinh tinh vd phdn tieh Iheo chu de Ket qua nghien cu'u va thao luan 4.1 Thdc trang Hidn vide quan ly va hd trd cho ngffdi DTTS ngheo phdt trid'n sinh ke' van chdng cheo, phan ldn nguon lUc, dau tff dan trai, thie'u hdp Iy de' phat Irie'n kinh le' - xa hdi vung DTTS, vung ed dilu kien dac biet kho khan ddn ldi hidn nhu cau vl cdc dieu kien ihie't ye'u de' phdl trid'n sinh ke' cho ngudi DTTS vin la va'n de ldn dang dat Theo ke't qud khao sdt thi nhu eau dd' cai thien sinh ke' cho ngffdi DTTS d Dak Lak dffdc the hien nhff d Bang Do cae chinh sdch eua tinh can dffdc xdy dffng vd thffc hien phii hdp vdi dac did'm, dilu kidn cua tffng vung DTTS, tffng nhdm dan tdc, giam tfnh binh qudn mffc hd trd Cdc chUdng trinh, chinh sach giam ngheo phai de lam, de hie'u, phai di lien vdi ngan sach hien Cac chinh sdch, dau iff cho ngUdi dan can ed trgng tam, trgng die'm va giai quye't theo hinh thffc eud'n chid'u, nang cao hidu qua dau tu, giup thoat ngheo nhanh va ben vffng cho dong bdo DTTS Tin dung chinh sdch cdn khai thong nguon vdn de gidm ngheo Trong vdng nam qua (2016-2018), vo'n tin dung chinh sdch da gdp phan giiip cho hdn 6.205 hg dong bao DTTS phat trien san xud't, ndng eao ddi sd'ng vd thoat ngheo, thu hut va tao vide lam cho hdn 14.951 lao ddng, giup hdn 44.780 lffdt hoc sinh, sinh vien co hoan canh kho khan dffdc vay vo'n hgc tap gop phan thffc hien chffdng trinh muc lidu quo'c gia vl giam ngheo, xay dffng ndng thdn mdi tren dia ban Gdp phan cai thidn vl dieu kidn sd'ng, cha't lUdng nha vd sinh dUdc ndng len, viec thu gom rdc thai ciing dUdc eai thidn Tin dung chinh sdch cung da giup nhieu hg gia dinh ngheo chuyen doi nganh nghe, nhieu hg gia dinh da cd cd sd san xud't ridng, nhUng da phan vdn mang linh nhd le va thudng chi sff dung Iao ddng pham vi gia dinh thay vi thud ngoai Ty Id hd kinh doanh cd gid'y dang ky kinh doanh da tang tff 23,7% nam 2016 ldn tdi 29,5% nam 2018 (Bang 2), Tuy nhien, theo khao sdt, cd khoang tren 28% hg gia dinh cd it nha't mdt khoan vay, cd ldi hdn 71% hd khdng ed khoan vay nao, Khi khdng lie'p can dffdc vdi cac nguon vd'n se anh hffdng dd'n sff lffa chgn cay vd ddu tu trdn da't va dau iff dd'i vdi cdy Vide eho vay vd'n khong ehi de giai quyd'l xda ddi gidm ngheo trUde mat Vay vd'n Id de tao sffc san xud't hang hda Idn ndng nghidp vdi sU chuydn mdn hda Muo'n lam dffdc nhff vay, eac id' chffc xa hgi nhff Hdi Phu nff, Hdi Ndng dan can phdi gan gui hdn vd hieu thd'u ddo hdn do'i vdi nhu cau cung nhff nhffng mong muo'n eua hg, la eau nd'i giffa cdc nhd tin dung vdi ede hd ngheo DTTS Sinh ke bdng hoat dong ldm nghiep xd hoi Tiem nang va ed hdi tff ehinh sach phat trid'n kinh te' rffng, cdi thidn sinh ke' eua dong bao DTTS d Dak Lak la ra'l ldn, nhieu nha khoa hgc, nha hoach dinh chinh sdch da de xud't xu hffdng phat trie'n kinh Id' lam nghiep dUa vao bdo tdn rffng cd khai thdc song van giff dffdc rffng, cai thidn ddi sd'ng viing ding bao DTTS Dieu eho thd'y c(3 hgi tid'p cdn dich vu rffng, thu nhap Iff rffng, phdt triln du tich, phdl Irien ndng - lam kd't hdp la ra't ldn, Cd nhilu chinh sdch mdi eho sff phat trien nhung thffc le' tdn tai hidn d Dak Lak la dd't ldm nghiep chffa trd thdnh tdi san cua ngffdi ding bao DTTS, thie'u Hen kd't phdt trien chudi gia tri san xud't d vung ddng bao Ddi hdi doanh nghidp phdi ddng vai trd chu dao, cdc hdp tdc xa Id ndng cd't lidn ke'l xay dffng cac chudi gid iri Idm nghiep giffa doanh nghiep vd ngffdi dan So 12-Thang 7/2019 51 TAP GHl CONG THIfdNG c E ^ m € OJ U Z ^ en o o c5 12 in in o CO CO o -=r CO CO CO •y ^ s iri en CJl o p C31 CD 1 ^- "* • ^ r^ ' ^ CD O o CO o i a> ^ ;q CO Ol !? CO cn E- g ' Vo X o CM CM -* o CO a 5.& • * o 5- CO o o o o CO CD in CD CN o CM O IO CN in — nsgi X C -Q- to • * •g CD o' S IL- VU) Q en ^ CO CD CO T^ m CO Jt O^ ^ s ^ o cua n a •M n» € o in in o CN o in ^' ^" in CO CN o i o CO in o CO co' CJl •to ?^ en CO CO CJl • * • ^ ^ CO CO cn in S 5: ^ ^ CO lO o o cd O ngl.N r CO ^3- in Ol CO CO o CD CN CO s CN 'O cn a> •o s it: X X X X CN CO • * m CO in CJl S CD CO CO c '(0 ?; •CD- X t 52 :^ ^ CI o ^ 0)- •OJ X X rsi CO ^ Dl en •o Dl • ^ X ^ So 12-Thang 7/2019 •o- o C3 ^ -m P ^ X in CD 0- X X co 'O •di- X X •o I a < X •o D> •p