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Phan TMJKngXudn Y NGHIA CUA CAY VA LA CHUOI THONG TIN TRONG CAC NGHI LE d D £ N THd HINDU GIAO (QUA KHAO TA D A N T p c H O C D E N THCJ SRI M A R I A M M A N - S I N G A P O R E ) TRnOBOJ P G S T S P h a n Thj H n g X u a n Truong Dai hoc Khoa hoc Xa hoi va Nhan van Bai hoc Qu6c gia ph6 Ho Chi M i n h Tdm tit: Din thd Sri Marigmman Id mgt dia diim quan trgng sinh hogt tdn gido, CO kit edng dong cita ngudi Singapore goc Nam An Qua khdng gian vdn hda le hot tgi ngdi din cho thdy cd su hiin diin cua cay chuoi, buong chudi vd la chudi - logi thuc vat dugc thudn hda vd trdng nhieu tgi cde qudc gia Ddng Nam A, Tren ca sa so sdnh xuyen vdn hda vd ly thuyet sinh thdi vdn hog, ngi dung bdi viet khdng chi di sdu tim hiiu vi y nghia cua cdy chudi cde nghi le tgi den thd Hindu gido - cu the Id den tha Sri Mariamman d Singapore, md cdn gdp phdn ldm sdng td y nghia cua cdy chudi vd la chudi vdn hda Ddng Nam A Dd Id ddu dn vdn hdg An Do hgy An Do vd Ddng Nam A cd eiing khdng gian vdn hda xd hgi nhiet ddi gid miia Tic khda: Cdy chudi Id chudi, Sri Mariamman, Singapore, An Do, Ddng Nam A, Ngdy nhgn bdi: 21/S/201S, ngdy gui phdn bien 27/12/201S; ngdy duyet ddng: 4/4/2019 Van hda An Dd vdi nhung dae sic va pheng phii da lan tda khip thi gidi Trgng dp, Ddng Nam A la ngi ddn nhan nhilu nhit ludng van hda iy, thi hien cae Hnh vue ddi sdng tdn giap, xa hdi, van hpc - nghe thuat cua tung nude va tdng thi ca khu vue Do nhilu nguyen nhan, edng dong ngudi An da di eu va dinh eu tai eae qude gia Ddng Nam A ta nhung the ky dau Cdng Nguyen Su ed mat cua mdt bd phan ngudi An d Ddng Nam A da gdp phin lam cho ddi sdng van hda tinh than cha cu dan viing them da dang va phong phu Singapore la mdt nhimg qude gia Ddng Nam A cd ddng cdng ddng ngudi gde An Dp sinh sdng, chiem khgang 9,2% dan so etia qude gia (Tin tite Singapote, 2015), eu ttii ddng nhat d khu vue Tieu An Dg (Little India), vdi 54,2% ngudi Singapgre gde An cd ngudn gdc Tamil (Phan Thi Hdng Xuan, 2012, tt 63) Tuy sd lupng ngudi gde An d Singappre khdng ddng bang eac tdc ngudi Hoa hoae Malay, nhtmg nhin chung van hda An Do da ed nhitng diiu an sau dam nen viin hda da sic man Singapore, ndi bat la khu Little India va Tap chiDdn tdc hgc sd2 - 2079 cac din thd Hindu giao, dac biet la din Sri Mariamman tga lac tai khu Chinatown - ngdi din Hindu cd nhat d Singapore, thd Nu than Mariamman - nu thin ndi tiing vdi quyln nang cd thi chua khdi cae loai benh dieh va dupe ghi nhan la cdng ttinh lieh su qude gia Ngoai chac nang ea sd tdn giao, din Sri Mariamman edn la mdt dia dilm quan trgng cho nhimg hoat dgng sinh hgat edng ddng etia cae nhdm ngudi An Dilu dae biet nghien ciiru vl ngudi An d Singapgre la tat ea khdng gian van hda le hdi tai din thd dlu ed eay chudi, budng chudi va la chudi - loai thue vat duge thuin hda va trdng nhilu tai cae qude gia Ddng Nam A Vi vay, van de dat d day la: chudi van hda Ddng Nam A la anh hudng ctia van hoa An Dp hay An Dp va Ddng Nam A cd cung khdng gian van hda - xa hdi nhiet ddi gid mua? Bang each sg sanh xuyen viin hda va ap dung ly thuylt sinh thai van hda, bai vilt mong mudn tim hieu ve y nghia eiia eay chudi va la cbuili van hda An Dd va Ddng Nam A cung nhu di tim loi giai cho viin de tren Vai net ve den thd Sri Mariamman d Singapore va khong gian van hoa le hgi tai den thd cd lien quan (len cay chudi Den thd Sri Mariamman tga lae d khu Chinatown, Singapore, la mdt nhung den thd Hindu giao lau ddi cua edng ddng ngudi gde An noi diiy (dugc xiiy dung ttgng khoang nam 1862 - 1863) Ngdi den edn ed ten Mariamman Kovil hay den Kling Street duge xay dtmg bdi nhung ngudi nhap cu den tif mien Nam An Do, de thd Nu than Mariamman Trgng giai doan thudc dia, ngdi den cd them chuc nang eua Qrj quan Diing ky ket hdn eho nhung ngudi theo dao Hindu, vao thdi biy gid ehi ed ngdi den mdi duge phep cu hanh hdn le cho ngudi theo dao Hindu Kiln trhe den rat gidng vtri den Sri Mariamman d phd H6 Chi Minh Ndi bat nhit la "thap Gopuram" nguy nga, dugc xem nhu bieu higng van hda va tinh thin ddi vdi cac tin dd Hindu giao cung nhu ngudi dan Singapgre Ngoai nhung kien hiic nguy nga, cac buc phit dieu, nhimg tucmg than va hoa van trang tri mang dam van hda Hindu, dilm dang luu y ttong khdng gian van hda ciia ngdi din la su xuit hien eiia mdt sd loai thuc vat, dac biet la haa sen, eay chudi, la ehudi, Mdt nhang ll hdi ma ehung tdi da cd dip tham du tai den la dam eudi eua ngudi Singapore gde An (2008, 2016) Trudc cua din va khudn vien td chue dam eudi cd trdng va dtmg hai cay chudi da ttd budng, thue an dugc dang cung che cac thin tai ngdi den la trai cay (xoai, cam, chudi, dtta ), mat ong, sua Cac mdn an dai khaeh du dam cudi (deu la nhimg mdn chay, dd ed mdn ea ri) dugc dung trgng nhung khay Idn ben trgng Idt la chudi Ttong bull tiec, mgi ngudi khdng diing dag, dia ma an bde theo phong hie Quan sat cho thay, ttong khudn vien dupe chgn lam nai td chite ll eudi, ben dudi nen dit ttudc edng ehao cd mdt biic hanh gao hinh chim edng dugc chuin bj rit cdng phu, nhilu mau sac Cd dau, ehu rl va ngudi din tham du le eudi (ea nam va na) dlu mac trang phuc truyin thong, phu na deo nhieu hang sue Rieng ed dau va ehii rl ed nhugm ban tay bing la mdng theo nghe thuat ve Henna CO ngudn gdc tu An Dd each khoang 5.000 nam Phan ThiHdngJCudn 78 Cay va la chuoi van hoa Dong Nam A: din an van hoa An Do hay An D? va Dong Nam A cd ciing khong gian van hoa xa hoi nhiet doi gid miia? Chudi thudc mdt loai eay than thao rit phd biln d vung nhiet ddi, la loai thue vat it ken dit, de trdng va ed sue sinh san eao, tu mgt eay ehudi ed thi san sinh them nhieu cay chugi eon Ngay nay, ehudi cdn dugc bilt din nhu mpt loai trai cay ed ehua dinh dudng cao va la mdt vj thao dupe, mpi bd phan eua eay ehudi dlu dugc su dung, chi biln thuc pham; than ehuli, la ehudi cdn dugc thg thti edng tao eac san phim gia dung, vai, Trong van hda, chudi xuit hien d nhilu nghi ll tin ngudng, tdn giao, van hge cua phan Idn cac dan tdc d Ddng Nam A va An Dd 2.1 Chudi van hda Bong Nam A Cu dan vimg Ddng Nam A cd xua da xem ehudi la bilu tugng eua su sinh sdi nd va la mdt ll vat khdng thi thilu tin ngudng phdn thuc cua hg Ngay nay, ehudi ttong van hda phon thue ehi cdn lai nhang diu vlt nhat nhda, hda trdn trgng mgt sd sinh hoat van hda lien quan din tang le, nghi thue thd eung td tien hay hdn nhan eua mdt sd dan tgc vung Viet Nam, thd eimg id tien eiia ngudi Viet khu vue mien Bae va mien Trung, chuoi la le vat khdng thi thilu: nil ehudi khdng nhung gidng ban tay cua dde Phat the hien su may min; city ehudi la mdt loai ciiy vd tinh, "chudi cay la chudi ddng trinh, d mdt minh ehudi lai cd con", vay ehudi thi hien su trung trinh, thang, kien eudng ; ben eanh dd, la ehudi diing de gdi banh chimg, banh tet vao djp Tet hay ttong nhitng le quan ttgng eiia gia dinh Ld trudng cua ngudi E-de ciing lien quan den eay ehudi: chang ttai dung sa gac mang theo de chat hai cay ehudi trdng hai ben eiiu thang rdi budc len san nha, tugng trtmg ehg site manh trudc nhtmg khd khiin va cae the luc xiiu xa Trgng le trudng eiia ngudi Kha-me d Nam Bd, cay chudi trd budng ddng hda vdi kha niing liiy chdng va sinh san cua phu nu, Ciinh sinh boat, lao ddng hang cua ngudi Viet Nam vung ddng biing Bac Bd diu the ky XX bd tranh "Ky thuat ciia ngudi An Nam" dng Henri Oger citng mpt sd hpa sT, thg khac mdc biin, thp in thue hien thdi gian 1908 - 1909 tai Ha Thanh ghi lai cd buc ttanh "Chem chudi the" ndng thdn ngudi Viet, nha nao eung trdng dam ba cay chudi, mudn the thi dua tdi dd lam le: hg eat cut mdt cay ehudi tugng trtmg thiin ngudi, thiip huang cam vao thiin chudi va khiin Idi the, rdi cam dao ehem chudi; eung ed the vua cam dao ehem chudi vua the Ai ddi tra, khdng giu Idi thi se bi chet chem nhu than chudi Trong tang le cua ngudi Viet d phia Bic, ed hai cay ehudi non dat trudc linh vi ciia ngudi chit; d nliieu nai eon chau eua ngudi qua eo cdn mac tang phue mau ttiing, dung that limg tit sgi cay ehudi, khan quan dau eung dugc ben tu than eay chudi Nai ehudi su thi tu xua din vin duge dat tren bung ngudi mit nhim hut am theo quan niem eua ngudi Viet Ci viing Trudng San - Tay Nguyen, tai nhimg khu nha mo cha ngudi Ba-na, Gia-rai ben canh nhung nim md bao gid ngudi ta cung trdng mdt bui ehudi the hien eho khat vgng tai sinh, dugc sinh Tap chi Ddn tgc hgc so - 2019 sdi nd Trong le bd ma cua ngudi Gia-rai, ngudi dan trinh didn "Wi dieu hda trang" vdi chan tay bdi den, dau treo mat na gd, toan than phu kin la chudi tuoi Dan gian Viet Nam thircmg kieng cac em gai nir an hai qua chudi dinh lidn nhau, vi quan niem neu an nhung qua chudi nhu vay sau se sinh ddi Trong van hpc, chudi la mdt chu dh cho cac thi sT sang tac Ching ban, Nguyen Trai viet: Tu ben hai xuan tdt lgi them Bdy budng la, mau thau dim Tinh thu mgt birc phong cdn kin Gid ncri ddu guang m&xem' Ben canh do, chudi cdn di vao ca dao Viet Nam: "Me gid nhu chudi chin cdy, Gid lay me rung phdi md coi" Hay: "Gid dua bui chudi sau he Anh me va be bd be tha" Thai Lan, mdt chang trai mudn toai nguyen chuyen yen duong thi cd thd den ben cay chudi hot sap cd chdi, rdi diing nhirng Idi ngpt ngao chinh phuc nang Tani - nir than tru ngu cay chudi Sau dd, cat mpt mau gdc chudi got hinh phu nii va doc than chii rdi dat "nang" vao mdt cai hop dd bdn canh minh mdi di ngii va tin rang than se giup chinh phuc duac y trung nhan Trong le cued cua ngudi Kha-me d Campuchia, vao thii ba ciia hdn le, liic cd dau va chii re duac vao budng cudi cua minh, trudc su chung kien cua mpi ngudi, mdt nha su se cau nguyen cho ddi ban tre, cho hp udng chung mdt cdc nude thieng; sau hp phai an chung mgt qua chudi theo each chii re diit cho cd dau va ngupc lai, the hien khat vpng duac may m5n, dan chau ddng (Cao Thd Trinh, 2006, tr 9-12) Trong Tet Thingyan - tdt cd truydn ciia ngudi Myanmar, tning vao dip le Phuc sinh ciia cac nude phuang Tay, ciing la thdi didm ciia Bo Tat (hay Trai Gidi), tuong tu nhu Sabbath (ngay Yen Nghi) cua dao Chiia, ciia bd thi va nhirng mam le duac dang len bdi cac nha su tai nhung nai thd tu cd mdt loai Id vat gdm diia non va than dira cdn nguyen ven duac ket vdng trdn, bd la chudi xanh ciing cac nhanh thabyay hoac Jambul dat trudc cac di anh cua diic Phat Thich Ca (Doan Gia, 2011) Bai tho Ba tieu fCav chuoil cua Neuyen Trai Phan ThiHdngXudn_ Bah (Indonesia), nhung ngudi theo dao Hindu chuin bj la ehudi lam bg chita eung hga danh rieng cho Hyang (tinh thin hoae eac vj thin) cung cac vi thin va dat d nhung not khac xung quanh nha Tai viing ndng thdn Malaysia, cae Tok Mudim thiic hien viee cat bi thudng cho nhung be trat ngdi tren cay ehudi mdi ddn, vdi y nghia phdn thuc vii tinh thieng cua nd Trong dd, d Thai Lan, la chudi eung duge su dung de tao mdt den hoa dang ggi la krathong, diing ttong ll hdi ttuyln thing cua Loy Krathong Dac biet, d Myanmar, Lao, Campuchia, An Do dlu ed nhimg ll hdi hiong tu nhu vay Ngoai tinh thieng ciia ehudi va la chuli, d mdt sd qude gia Ddng Nam A nhu da trinh bay d tren, la ehudi edn dupe ngudi dan diing dl gdi thuc an hay dung dd an Ddi vdi ngudi Indonesia, la chuoi duge su dung nhang hinh thiie niu an, ggi \iipepes va Aotot Theo dd, cae mdn an gdi ttong la chuoi chi dugc hip, luge hgae nudng tren than etii La ehudi edn dugc su dung dl bgc nhung Igai kuih nhit dinh va otak-otak trgng am thue cua Malaysia, Singapore, 2.2 Chuoi vdn hda An Bg d An Dg, eay chudi khdng chi la mgt loai thuc phim phd bien, duge khai thac lam nhung vat dung hang ngay, mgt Igai thag duge quen thude ddi sdng cua ngudi diin, ma edn gin liin vdi cac phong tuc, nghi le cua ngudi An Do Kumbh Vivah la mdt ttong nhimg tuc le eudi hdi eua ngudi An Dp dupe tiln hanh ed dau va chit rl "dmh" Manglik Dosh - mdt diem da theo ehiem tinh hgc Ngudi An Dd quan niem, nlu cd Manglik Dgsh thi cude sdng vg chdng se eiing thang, khdng hda hgp, tham ehi mdt ttong hai ngudi cd the qua dot sdm De hda giai diem du dd, Kumbh Vivah ddi Dd la dam cudi giua mdt Mangalik va mdt tugng Vishnu, cung cd the la cay Peepal hgae ciiy chudi (Sgng Tu, 2014) Dien hinh la cude hdn nhan niim 2006 cua Hoa hau The gicri 1994 Aishwatya Rai - cd phiii ket hdn vdi ciiy ehudi trudc ve nha chdng sy khae biet ve tang Idp vdi ngudi chdng va duge thay bdi xem menh cd sd khac phu (Siim Hga, 2011) Ndi den viin hgc An Dp thi khdng the khdng ndi din thi loai su thi bdi vi day la mgt bite tranh phan anh sinh ddng ddi sdng ctia ngudi dan An Dp, ddng thdi cung la bai ea ca nggi chien edng hien bach ctia nhung ngudi anh ly tudng, ma dien hinh lii bg su thi niii tiing Ramayana Trong bd su thi nay, Xita bj bit edc, Rama tudng tugng bdng dang cua Xita "diii cua em thon tha nhu eay chudi nude, va em che giau nd sau liim eay chudi" (Pham Phuang Chi, 2013) Theo nhung gia thuyet cua nhilu nha nghien eim thao mdc va khao cd: chudi da ed ten eac bai viet eua dao Phat 600 nam trudc Chua Gie-su, ma dng Alexandre le Grand da tim liin diiu tien niim 327 d nhirng thung lung An vung Colombie - Britannique (Hue Dan, 2011) Tap chiDdn tgc hgc sd2 - 2019 Nhung ngudi theo dao Hindu va dao Phat thudng su dung la ehudi dl ttang tri va mang tinh bilu higng ttgng nhieu nghi ll Hiu hit nhang ngudi Hindu su dung la ehudi dl thue hien ll nghi tai nha hoae den thd vi hg xem la chudi la thieng lieng Nggai thudc tinh thieng nghi ll mang tinh ehit tdn giao nhu da trinh bay, ehung tdi cdn nhan thay hau het eae mdn an cita eac bang miin Nam An Dd thudng dugc bay len tten hay dung trgng cac la ehuei, kem theo dd la mdt Igat nhung nghi le thee sau viec su diing la chudi de dung thite an nhu: (1) Dl td Idng bilt on chu nha thi khach ludn gip la ctoli vae ben sau baa an; (2) Khi chia budn vdi gia dinh cd ngu'di da mit thi la ehudi dugc gap ngoai; 2.3 Chudi hien dien d&i sdng van hda ciia cir dan Bdng Nam A Id dnh hiring cua van hda An Bo hay An Bg vd Bdng Nam A ed eiing khdng gian van hda-xa h^i nhiet d&i gio miia? Qua so sanh, ddi chieu xuyen van hda, viin de dat va eung la cau hdi nghien ciru dugc the hien d hai gia thuyet deu ed co sd khoa hge va thue tiln, cu thi nhu sau: Thu nhdt, chudi hien dien ddi sdng van hda ctia eu diin Ddng Nam A anh hucmg van hda An Do thi khdng khd de ehung minh neu dua tren nhdng tu lieu ljch sd va mdi bang giao giua An Do va eac nude Ddng Nam A (ed trung dai, can hien dai) Ben canh do, ke den su hien dien cua cdng ddng ngudi An d Ddng Nam A tu nhiing the ky dau Cdng Nguyen ma ddng nhat la giai dgan thue diin, hanh trang cua bp mang theo tren budc dudng di dan la cac di san viin hda Ngoai ra, edn cd nhieu bai viet, cdng trinh nghien cuu eiia cac hgc giattongvii ngoai nude ve dau an van hda An Dp d Ddng Nam A, ban dia hda viin hda An Dp Ddng Nam A (bao gdm van hda vat the nhu eae edng trinh kien tnic tdn giao Pagan, Botabudur, Ankor Wat, eae din thiip Cham ; van hda phi vat the nhu Phat giao la qudc giao d da sd cac nude Ddng Nam A lue dja, tac phiim van hpe ed thiin Hanuman phd bien nhieu truyen thuyet eua eu dan Ddng Nam A ; hinh tupng hoa sen kien true dieu khac Ciia nhieu tgc ngudi d Ddng Nam A ) Thic hai, "Chuli hien dien trpng van hda An Dp va Ddng Nam A ed eung khdng gian van hda - xa hpi nhiet ddi gid mua" Vdi gia thuylt nay, ehung tdi phan tich diia tren ly thuyet sinh thai van hda eua Julian Haynes Steward (1902 - 1972), ehu trgng den dac trung van hda ciia xa hdi ndng nghiep truyin thdng la tinh lang nghia xdm, dl cao tinh edng ddng va su gan giii vdi mdittudngtu nhien nhu sau: - Dl nhan thiy ehudi vd eiing phd biln d miin Nam An Dd (ndi tiing vdi thuong hieu chuli Tamil Nadu); chudi cung rit phd biln d Ddng Nam A vi he sinh thai nhiet ddi gid miia An Dp va Philippines hien la hai qudc gia xuit khiu chudi Idn nhat, nhi tren thi gidi - La chudi ban to, khdng thim nude nen de dang dung eac thye phim dang long va giiip tnmg bay duge nhilu mdn an ma eae vat lieu khac khdng tien ieh bSng Nggai ra, la ehudi edn 82 phaiiniJfS!!Ml^ than thien vai he sinh thai, tidt kiem nude lam sach: rua la chudi cin it nude lam sach han so vai cac vat dung dung thuc an khac duac lam bang kim loai, men sii, Truac the ky XVIII, ngudi An Dp khdng diing xa phdng nen su dung la chudi dd dung thiic an la lua chpn tdi uu nhat (vira re, vira ve sinh) - La nhiing cu dan ndng nghiep nen tinh cdng ddng cung la rapt nhirng yeu to quan trpng cSn xet ddn: ngudi An Dp sir dung la chudi de phuc vu cho cac bira le Ion tren 1.000 ngudi; cac ll hdi cdng ddng cua mdt sd tdc ngudi Ddng Nam A cung ludn duac bay bien tren la chudi Qan day, d Viet Nam va Campuchia, ky luc ciia nhiing chiec banh chung, banh tet Idn nh^t ddu duac gdi b§ng la chudi Mat khac, la chudi la chat hiru ca nen sau su dung xong, c6 the diing lam phan bdn cho cay trdng vi de phan hity - La chudi cdn cd lai cho siic khde va huang vi cua thiic an Theo cac nghien cim khoa hpc, la chudi chiia nhidu EGCG giiip chdng oxy hda, chdng vi khuan va chdng nam tu nhien, gidt chdt cac vi tning thuc pham d mdt mirc dp Icm Mac khac, chiet xuat tu la chudi cd thd lam giam nguy co benh tieu dudng Type Bang each phuc vu thuc an ndng tren la chudi, nhiing chat ay se dan tham vao thuc pham Theo quan niem ciia ngirdi Nam An va Ddng Nam A, cac mdn an dupe gdi hay trung bay tren la chudi ndng thi huang vi, mui tham ciia mdn an se dugc tang them - Ngudi mien Nam An Dp, nhat la ngudi Tamil thudc van hda Madrasis rat de cao hpc van va nghe thuat La chudi ban Idti, nen hp cd the trung bay mpt loat cac mdn an da dang thuc don ciia hp Qua each bay bien thirc an ciia cu dan Ddng Nam A ciing thiy dupe tinh my thuat va y nghTa tinh than ciia van hda am thuc - Chuoi da di vao tha van Ddng Nam A nhu tren da trinh bay mdt sd vi du Voi An Dp, la chudi Cling dupe ghi lai tac phim van hpc tir rit sdm (vao thd ky V - VI sau Cdng Nguyen) Cu thd, trich din nhimg cau tha Tamil: (^llirp 6UITOT)LpllJl6OT (^(r^^^ftLh oSliJl^^niJđ c^cyi^ (lp6TO7ô
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