Những yếu tố tác động và giải pháp giảm nghèo trên địa bàn huyện vũng liêm, tỉnh vĩnh long

Tap chi KUlll t e - K y t h u ^ t NHCTNG Y E U T O T A C DONG VA GIAI PHAP GIAM NGHEO TREN DIA BAN HUYEN VUNG LIEM, TINH VINH LONG Huynh Van Hai Bdng', Nguyin Vdn Nguyen*' TOM TAT Nghien cim xac dinh mite tac dong ciia nhiing yeu to vd phan tich thuc trang nguyen nhan ngheo vd de xudt cdc gidi phap giam ngheo nhdm gop phan giiip cho huyen Viing Liem, tinh VXnh Long thuc hien tot cong tac giam ngheo den nam 2025 Thong qua viec ichdo sat 179 hg ngheo ciia xa Hieu Thuan, Trung Thanh vd Trung Thanh Dong ciia huyen VQng Liem, liet qua nghien cuu cho thay yeu to tac dong den ngheo doi a dia phuang nghien citu bao gom: Tuoi ciia chu ho, Trinh hoc vdn cua chUhp, Ngudi phu thuoc ciia chii ho, Quy mo dien tich dat sdn xudt cua ho gia dinh, Quy mo von vay tic dinh che chinh thiic vd Ichodng each tir nhd den cha Tir khoa: Nguyen nhan ngheo, gidi phap giam ngheo, thuc trang ho ngheo huyen VQng Liem IMPACT FACTORS AND SOLUTIONS FOR POVERTY REDUCTION IN V U N G LIEN DISTRICT, VINH L O N G P R O V I N C E ABSTRACT The study identifies the impact of factors that cause poverty and analyzes the situation of these causes and proposes poverty reduction solutions to contribute to helping Vung Liem District, Vinh Long Province to implement well the poverty reduction until 2025 By surveying 179 poor households in communes Hieu Thuan, Trung Thanh and Trung Thanh Dong of Vung Liem district, the study shows that there are factors affecting poverty in the study area include: Age of household head Education level of household head Dependents of household head Area of household productive land Amount of loans from formal institutions and Distance from home to the marlcet Keywords: Poverty causes, poverty reduction solutions, poor household situation in Vung Liem district GICJI THIEU Ngheo doi la mot nhung vSn il nan giai ma moi qu6c gia tren thS gioi dac biet la nhung qu6c gia dang phat triln Ci Viet Nam, doi ngheo vin dang la v4n dS buc xiic; xoa doi giam ngheo, nang cao thu nhap cua nguoi ngheo luon dugc Dang Cong san, Nha nuoc Viet Nam quan tam va xac dinh la muc tieu xuyen suot qua trinh phat triln kinh te xa hpi ciia ik nuac D i n cu6i nam 2016 tten dia ban tinh Vinh Long 13.229 ho ngheo, chiem ty le 4,77%; ho can ' Phong Tai chinh huyen Vung Liem, tinh Vinh Long, Email:huynhhaibang84@gmad.com " TS Nguyin Van Nguyen, trucmg Dai hoc Tra Vinh Email: „guyemannguyenrd,@tvu.edu.vn Nhihig yeu to tac ddng vd giai phap gtdm ngheo ngheo 12.602 hp, ehidm ty Id 4,54% Trong dd, hd ngheo va hd can ngheo tren dia ban huyen Viing Liem eao han binh quan chung cua tinh, cu the: 2.448 hp ngheo, chidm ty 1? 5,41%; hd can ngheo 2.191 hd, chidm ty le 4,84% ' Didu cho thay giai phap giam ngheo tai huyen mot sd mat cd thd chua phu hgp chua xac dinh dugc yeu td chinh din den tinh trang ngheo tai dia phuang Do dd, nghien cuu duge thue hidn nham khac phyc nhung kho khan, han che neu tren; eiing nhu tao dieu kidn cho huyen Viing Liem hoan Ke hoach thue hien Chuang trinh muc tieu quoc gia giam ngheo bdn viing tren dia ban tinh VTnh Long giai doan 20172020^ va de xuat cac giai phap giam ngheo den nam 2025 Nghien eim tap trung xac dinh nhiing yeu to tac dgng den ngheo; phan tich thuc trang va muc tac ddng ciia nhiing yeu td tae ddng den ngheo va de xuat cac giai phap giam ngheo tren dia ban huyen Vung Liem, tinh VTnh Long den nam 2025 MO HINH VAPHU'ONG PHAP NGHIEN ClTU 2.1 Mo hinh nghien cmi Md hinh nghien cim ciia dd tai (Hinh 1) dugc xay dung dua tren viec ehgn lpc, ke thua va phat trien cac ket qua nghien cijru ed Hen quan trudc dd nhu: Huynh Nhat Trudng (2011) nghien cuu "Cae yeu td tac ddng den ngheo tai huyen Can Gid va mot sd giai phap", Le Ngpc Thanh Tuyen (2011) nghien cuu "Cac ydu td anh hudng den ngheo tai huyen Cii Chi, Thanh phd Hd Chi Mmh", Le Quang TiSn (2014) "Nghien cuu giai phap giam ngheo tai huyen Ba Tri, tinh Bdn Tre", Le Thi Thanh Loan va Nguyen Thanh Binh (2018) nghien c\m ve "Nhiing nhan td anh hudng den tinh trang ngheo da chieu cua Viet Nam" va Nguyen Tri Diing (2009) nghien cuu "Cac yeu td tac ddng den ngheo d huyen My Xuyen, tinh Sde Trang" Viec lira ehpn dugc thuc hien tren ea phii hgp vdi muc tieu va gidi ban ciia nghien cuu, theo cd yeu td dugc dua vao md hinh de kiem dinh Hinh 1: Mo hinh nghiin ciru di xudt Ban chap hanh Tmng uang (2008), Nghi quyet so 26-NQ/TW thang nam 2008 Hdi nghi Ian thir bay Ban chip hanh Trung ucmg Dang khoa X Ve nong nghiep nong dan, nong thon IJy ban nhan dan tinh VTnh Long (2017), Quyk dinh s6 592/QD-UBND 28 thang nam 2017 ciia Uy ban nhan dan tinh VTnh Long Ve viec ban hanh Ke hoach thirc hien Chuang trinh muc tieu quoc gia giam ngheo b8n viing tren dia ban tinh VTnh Long giai doan 2017-2020 Tap chi K i n h td' - Ky thu^t 2.2 Phuang phap nghien cuu De kiem dinh md hinh nghien ciiu de xuat, tac gia tien hanh thu thap so lieu so cap va thir cap 2.2.1 Phwffng phap thu thap dir lieu thir cap: De tai sir dung phuang phap thu thap tai dia ban de thu thap thdng tin tir cac ngudn tai lieu cd san nhu: cac bao cao so ket, tdng ket, danh gia cua Huyen uy, Uy ban nhan dan huyen, phong Lao ddng Thuang binh va Xa hoi huyen, bao eao sa ket, tdng ket ciia Ban Chi dao thuc hien Chuang trinh giam ngheo huyen, Chi cue Thdng ke huydn va cac nghien cuu lien quan ve van de giam ngheo eua hd ngheo 2.2.2, Phirffng phap thu thap thong tin sff cap: ' Vdi ddi tugng khao sat la hd ngheo, tac gia ehpn dia diem nghien cuu xa Hieu Thuan, Trung Thanh va Trung Thanh Ddng cua huyen Viing Liem Vi day la xa cd ty le hd ngheo cao thii nhlt, thir nhi, thu ba eiia huyen, vdi dac didm cua xa cd hp ngheo ngudi dan toe Khmer; cac hd dan da phan san xuat ndng nghiep, ed nhidu phan nhu la san xuit liia, chan nudi va trdng trot Chi tiet d Bang Bang So lieu ho ngheo timg xa - thi tran nam 2018 tren dia bdn huyen Viing Liem STT DoTi vi Nam 2018 T6ng so ho Sd hd ngheo Tyie(%) Thi tran Vung Liem 2.175 67 3,08 Tan Quoi Trung 2.186 39 1,78 Quai An 2.411 51 2,11 Quoi Thien 2.536 94 3,7 Trung Chanh 1.669 72 4,31 Trung Hiep 2.558 27 1,06 Thanh Binh 2.949 60 2,03 Trung Thanh Tay 1.529 47 3,07 Tan An Luong 2.904 68 2,34 10 Hieu Phung 2.426 83 3,42 11 Trung Thanh Dong 1.418 107 7,55 12 Trung Hieu 3.041 45 1,48 13 Trung Thanh 2.641 114 4,32 14 Trung Ngai 2.237 57 2,55 15 Trung Nghia 2.285 95 4,16 16 Hieu Thuan 1.730 137 7,91 17 Hieu Nhon 2.428 43 1,77 18 Trung An 1.826 33 1,81 19 Hieu Thanh 2.370 87 3,67 2.166 50 2,31 45.485 1.376 3,03 20 Hieu Nghia Tong cong NguSn: Nien giam thong ke VUng Liem, nam 2018 Nhiing yeu to tac dong vd giaiphdp gidm ngheo quy tac Tabachnick & Fidell (1996) va dam bao mau nghien ciin dai dien cho huyen nen tae gia ehpn 179 quan sat • Thiet ke ehgn mau thuan tien da dugc sir dung va dugc xem la hgp ly de tien hanh nghien Clin de tai Ly de lira ehpn phuang phap ehpn mau vi hd ngheo eua xa khao sat mang tinh dai dien cho huyen va vi ngudi tra Idi de tiep can, hp san sang tra Idi bang cau hdi nghien cuu ciing nhu it tdn kem ve thdi gian va chi phi de thu thap thdng tin can nghien euu Nghien euu se dua vao danh sach cac hd ngheo d xa Hieu Thuan, Trung Thanh va Trung Thanh Ddng de tien hanh phong van Chi tiet d Bang • Theo kinh nghidm cua cac nghien cuu trudc day, ndu kich thudc mau nhd thi kdt qua nghien cuu khdng dam bao tinh chinh xac, ngugc lai ndu kich thude mlu cang Idn thi se cang dam bao tinh chinh xac cua nghien ciin Tuy nhien, nhu vay vide nghien euu se kha tdn kem vd thdi gian va sd lugng nhan vien tai nai khao sat Trong nghien euru nay, quy md mau dugc tac gia udc lugng theo quy tac dua bdi Tabachnick & Fidell (1996): Sd lugng mau tdi thidu la n>=50+5p (p la s6 ydu td) De tai ehpn yeu td, cd mau se la n>^50+5*7^85 Tuy nhien, dua vao dac diem dia hinh, su phan bd dan cu va cac dieu kien ehii quan khac, quy md mau khao sat dugc tang so vdi udc lugng mau tdi thieu tir Bang 2: Phan bo so ho khao sat theo xa Dia b^n nghiin ciru S6 ho nghio Ty ie phSn bo S6 h§ di^u tra Xa Hieu Thuan 137 50% 69 Xa Trung Thanh 114 50% 57 Trung Thanh Dong 107 50% 53 Tong cong 358 50% 179 Nguon: So lieu khao sat cua tac gid nam 2018 • Dii lieu dupe khao sat, tdng hgp va dugc xir ly bang phan mem SPSS Tren co sd cac dij lieu, thdng tin thu thap dugc va dua tren muc tidu dd tai nghien euu, tac gia sii dung phuang phap phan tieh tdng hgp, phuang phap thdng ke md ta va so sanh de danh gia mire dp tac ddng Phuang phap tinh diem trung binh duge su dung nhim danh gia miic dp tac dgng hay khdng tac ddng ciia ddi tugng khao sat vdi cae van de can nghien cuu Y nghTa eua timg gia tri trung bmh ddi vdi thang khoang (Interval Scale), trudng hgp cho thang Likert muc Gia tri khoang each = (Maximum - Minimum)/n = (5-l)/5 ^ 0,8 Gia tri trung binh Y nghTa 1,00 < X < 1,80 Rat khdng ddng y/Rit khdng tdt 1,80 < X < 2,60 Khdng ddng y/Khdng tdt 2,60 < X < 3,40 Khdng y kidn/Trung binh 3,40 < X < 4,20 Ddng y/Tdt Kit ddng y/Rit tdt 4,20 < X < 5,00 Nguon: Phuac Minh Hiep, Tap chi kinh ti vd du bdo sd 20, 201 • Thidt ke ehpn mau thuan tien da dugc sir dung va dugc xem la hgp ly de tien hanh nghien cim d^ tai Ly de lua ehpn phuang phap ehpn mau vi hd ngheo ciia xa khao sat mang tinh dai dien eho huyen va vi ngudi tra Idi dl tidp can, hg sin sang tra Idi bang cau hdi nghien cuu cung nhu it tdn kem ve thdi gian va chi phi de thu thap thdng tin can nghien cim Nghien euru se dua vao danh sach cae hp ngheo d xa Hidu Thuan, Trung Thanh va Trung Thanh Ddng dd tidn hanh phong van Chi tiet d Bang 25 Tap chi Kinh td - Kt thii^t KET QUA NGHIEN CUtl • Ddi vdi yeu td thu nhlt theo gia thuydt la cd tae ddng den ngheo ciia huyen Viing Liem, tinh VTnh Long "Dan tpc cua chu hg", tae gia dua tieu ehi de tien hanh khao sat Ca tieu chi bao gdm tidu ehi thii "Dan tgc Kinh", tieu chi thir "Dan tde Khmer" va tieu ehi thii "Dan tpc khac" bi loai dua vao khao sat CO sd diem trung binh dudi miie thang diem Bien tdng eua ehi tieu "Dan tde eua chu hd" cd sd diem trung binh nhd han 3,4 diem, dat 2,69 va lech chuan la 0,623 nen bi loai khdi yeu td can nghien cim nhiing yeu td tac ddng den ngheo trdn dia ban huyen Vung Liem, tinh VTnh Long • Yeu td thu hai theo gia thuyet la ed tae ddng den ngheo eiia huyen Viing Liem, tinh VTnh Long "Tudi eiia chu hd", tac gia dua tieu chi de tien hanh khao sat Ket qua eho thay tieu ehi thiir "Tudi ciia chu hd tren 70 tudi " cd diem trung binh cao nhat 4,10 lech ehuan 0,787 Ke ddn la tidu chi thu "Tudi ciia chii hg tir 18-29 tudi" cd sd diem trung binh 4,03 thang ludng mire tir den 5; lech chuan 0,686 Ke den la hai tieu chi "Tudi cua chu hd tir 30-49 tudi" va "Tudi cua chu hd tir 5069 tudi" cd sd didm trung binh la 4,02; lech chuIn lln lugt la 0,723 va 0,711 Tdm lai ydu td thu hai "Tudi cua chu hd" dugc dua vao khao sat vdi tieu chi deu dugc cac dap vien tra Idi la cd tac dgng den ngheo tren dia ban nghien euru • Ddi vdi yeu td thir ba theo gia thuyet la cd tae ddng den ngheo la "Trinh hgc van cua chu hd", tac gia dua tieu chi de tidn hanh khao sat Ket qua cho thay tieu ehi thu "Khdng bidt chii/Tieu hpc" cd diem trung binh eao nhat 4,05 vdi dp lech chuan 0,681 Ke ddn la tieu chi thu "Tdt nghiep Idp 9" ed sd didm trung binh la 3,94 va lech ehuan la 0,642 Ke den la tieu ehi thir "Trung cap chuyen nghiep trd len" cd sd didm trung binh la 3,81 va lech chuan la 0,725 Cudi ciing la tieu chi thii "Tdt nghiep Idp 12" ed sd diem trung binh 3,74; lech chuIn 0,696 Tdm lai ydu td thu ba "Trinh dg hgc van ciia chii hp" dugc dua vao khao sat vdi tieu chi deu dugc cae dap vien tra Idi la ed tac ddng den ngheo tren dia ban huyen Viing Liem, tinh VTnh Long • Ddi vdi ydu td thu tu "Sd ngudi phu thudc cua chu hg", tae gia dua tieu chi de tidn hanh khao sat Ket qua eho thIy tieu chi thii "Tren ngudi" cd diem trung binh eao nhlt 4,08; dp i?ch chuan 0,745 Ke den la tieu ehi thu "Khdng ed ngudi phu thuoc" cd sd diem trung binh la 3,80; dg lech chuIn la 0,810 Cudi cimg la tieu chi thii "Tir ddn ngudi" cd sd diem tnmg binh 3,69; dp lech chuan 0,736 Tdm lai ydu td thu tu "Sd ngudi phu thudc ciia chii hd" dugc dua vao khao sat vdi tieu ehi deu dugc cac dap vien tra Idi la ed tac dgng den ngheo tren dia ban huy?n Viing Liem • Kd tidp la ydu td "Quy md dien tich san xuit eiia hg gia dinh", tac gia dua tieu chi dd tidn hanh khao sat Kdt qua cho thay tidu chi thii "Khdng cd dIt san xuat" cd diem trung binh eao nhat 4,20; dp lech chuan 0,750 va gia tri nhd nhlt la va Idn nhat la Ke den la tieu ehi thir "Tir OOOm^ - 2.000m^" ed sd didm trung binh la 4,12; dp lech chuan la 0,705 Tieu ehi thii "Nhd ban GOOm^" cd sd didm trung binh la 4,11; dd Ideh chuan la 0,683 Cudi ciing la tidu chi thu "Tir 3.000m^ - 4.000m^" cd sd didm himg binh 3,99; dp lech ehuan 0,818 Tdm lai ydu td thu nam "Quy md dien tieh dat san xuit cua hd gia dinh" dugc dua vao khao sdt vdi tieu chi deu duge eae dap vien tra Idi la ed tac ddng ddn ngheo tren dia ban huydn Vung Liem • Ddi vdi ydu td thir sau la "Quy md vdn vay tir dinh chd ehinh thirc", tae gia dua tidu chi dd tidn hanh khao sat Ket qua cho thay tidu ehi thu "Vdn vay dudi 10 trieu ddng" cd didm trung binh eao nhat 3; dp lech chuan 0,696 Kd ddn la tidu chi thii "Khong vay vdn" cd sd didm trung binh la 3,93; dp lech ehuan la 0,703 Cudi eiing la tieu ehi thu "Vay vdn trdn 10 trieu ddng" cd so didm trung binh 3,90; dp lech NhCfng yeu to tde dgng va gidi phdp gidm ngheo chuIn 0,815 Thue td cho thIy ndu nha nude eho vay vdn it hoac khdng dugc nha nude quan tam tao didu kien tidp can nguon vdn thi hp ngheo rit khd eai thien kinh td dd hg gia dinh vuan Idn thoat ngheo; hd ngheo khdng cd ngudn vdn dd mua eay, eon, gidng va tu lieu san xuat hoae xay dung md bmh phat trien kinh td hd gia dinh Tdm lai ydu td thii sau "Quy md vdn vay tir dinh chd ehinh thiic" dugc dua vao khao sat vdi tidu chi deu dugc cac dap vidn tra Idi la cd tae ddng ddn ngheo trdn dia ban huyen VGng Liem, tinh Vinh Long • Cudi cimg la yeu td "Khoang each tir nha den chg", tac gia dua tidu chi de tien hanh khao sat Kdt qua cho thay tidu ehi thir "Trdn 15km" eddidmtrung binh eao nhat 4,12; dp lech chuIn 0,7 Ke den la tidu ehi thiir "Tir 1km - < 5km" cd sd didm trung binh la 4,00; dp Idch chuan la 0,645 Tidu chi thii "Tir 5km -