Nghèo đa chiều giai đoạn 2016 2020 ở các dân tộc thiểu số tại chỗ khu vực tây duyên hải miền trung và một số vấn đề đặt ra

Tgp chi Ddn tdc hpe sd'4 - 2020 NGHEO DA CHIEU GIAI DOAN 2016 - 2020 O CAC DAN TOC THIEU SO TAI CHO KHU VXTC TAY DUYEN HAI MIEN TRUNG VA MOT SO VAN DE DAT R A ' ThS Vu Dinh Mirdi Vien Dan toe hoc Tom tat: Hiin nay, ngheo da chiiu dang dien tram vd sdu sac nhitng khd khdn dgc thii vi diiu kien tu nhiin vd ddn cu, day Id vdn de ndi com, birc xiic d cdc dan tdc thieu sd tgi chd khu vgc Tdy duyin hdi mien Trung, the hien rd tren cdc khia canh ve ty le hd ngheo, hd can ngheo cao vd muc dp thieu hut cao mdt sd chi so tiep can dich vu xa hpi ca bdn vd chdt lupng cudc sdng nhu gido due, nhd a, nude sinh hogt vd nhd ve sinh Ket hpp tham chieu nguyen nhdn ddn den ngheo bdi viit ndy de xudt mdt sd gidi phdp gpi y xdy dung chinh sdch gidm ngheo a cdc ddn tpc thiiu sd tgi chd khu vuc Tdy duyen hdi mien Trung Tit khda: Ddn tpc thieu sd tgi chd, Tdy duyen hdi mien Trung, ngheo da chieu, gidm n Abstract: Today, multi-dimensional poverty is becoming a serious and complex issue d to features of the natural landscape and demographic obstacles This issue has emerged and troublesome amongst local ethnic minority groups in the Western central coast It is show through the poverty and near poverty rates, inadequate criteria of basic social service acce and life standard assessment These include education, housing, hydro, and sanitary system examining complex causes ofpoverty, this article recommends some solutions to create polic of poverty reduction for local ethnic groups in the Western central coast of Vietnam Keywords: Local ethnic minorities groups, Western central coast, multi-dimensiona poverty reduction Ngdy nhdn bdi: 29/6/2020; ngdy gui phdn bien: 3/7/2020; ngdy duyet ddng: 28/7/2020 E>at van de Khu vue Tay duyen hdi miin Tmng bai viet gdm mien mii phia tdy 10 tinh/thanh phd duyen hdi tii Qudng Tri vdo Ninh Thuan, cd dia hinh rimg mii ddc va hiem ti-d, ngoai ' Bai vi8t la kk qua ciia dk tai Khoa hgc cong nghe cip Quoc gia "Mpt so vdn de ca bdn vd cdp bdch CQng dong cdc ddn tpc thieu so tai cho khu virc tdy duyen hdi mien Trung", ma so CTDT 18.36/16-20 Vie Dan tpc hoc thye hi?n, PGS.TS Biii Van Dao lam chii nhiem Thupc Chuong trinh KH&CN ckp Quoc gia giai doan 2016 - 2020 "Nhirng vSn de ca ban va cdp bach vk dan tpc thieu so va chinh sach dan toe a Viet Nam den nam 2030", ma s6 CTDT/16-20 Uy ban Dan tpc chii tri dan tdc Kinh, hien ed tren 20 dan tdc thiiu sd (DTTS) smh sdng Trong dd co ! ddn tdc thieu sd tai ehd (DTTSTC) vdi dan sd la 586.624 ngudi (2009), gdm 10 dan tde diudc nhdm ngdn ngir Mdn-Khome Id Bm-Van Kiiu, Ta-di, Co~tu, Xo-ddng, Gie-Trieng, Co, Hre, Ba-na, Co-ho, Cho-ro va dan tgc nhdm ngdn ngu Ma Lai-Da Ddo Id E-de Gia-rai, Raglai Tir sau ndm 1975, Dang va Nha nude da trien khai nhiiu chii truong, chinh sdch phat trien ede DTTSTC khu vyc Tay duyen hdi mien Trung Nhung thdnh tyu dat dugc la vugt bdc vd to ldn, lam thay ddi dang ke dien mao kinh te - xa hgi va ddi sdng ngudi dan Tuy nhien, nhimg dae thii ve dieu kien ty nhien, hoan cdnh lich sir vd trinh phat tiien tu than, din cac DTTSTC khu vuc Tdy duyen hai mien Trung vdn dang tinh trang chdm phat triin Ben eanh nhiing thach thiie chung ciia ca nude, ede DTTSTC noi day dang phdi ddi mat vdi mdt sd van de ndi com va biic xuc cdn hda gidi de ed the phdt trien ben vimg, dd ed vdn de ngheo va gidm ngheo Theo dinh nghia cua Lien Hiep Qudc, ngheo da chiiu la thieu ndng luc tdi tiiieu di tham gia hieu qua vdo cdc boat ddng xd hdi, cd nghta la khdng ed du an, du mac, khdng dugc di hoc, khdng duge kham chiia benh, khdng cd ddt dai de trdng trgt hodc khdng cd nghe nghiep de nudi sdng ban thdn, khdng dugc tiep can tin dung, khdng ed quyen vd bi loai trir, de hi bao hanh, phai sdng cdc dieu kien rui ro, khdng tiep can dugc nude sach va cdng dinh ve sinh Tren co sd do, van de ngheo da chieu cd the bang cd tieu chi thu nhdp vd cac tieu chi phi thu nhdp Sy thieu hut co hdi, di kem vdi tinh trang suy dinh dudng, thdt hgc, benh tat, bat hanh la nhung ndi dung dugc quan tdm khai niem n^eo da chieu Thieu di su tham gia va tieng ndi ve kinh te, xa hdi hay ehinh tri se day cdc cd nhdn den tinh trang bi loai trir, khdng duge thu hudng cde lgi ieh phat trien kinh te - xa hdi vd vdy bi tudc di cdc quyen ngudi CO bdn (Dang Nguyen Anh, 2015) Viet Nam, khai niem chudn ngheo da chieu bat ddu dugc dp dung d giai doan 2016 - 2020 theo Quyet dinh sd 59/2015/QD-TTg, 9/11/2015 cua Thii tudng Chinh phu Trong cde tieu ehi tiep can ludng ngheo da chieu, ngodi cdc tieu chi thu nhdp (tieu chi nhat dp dung eho eac giai doan trudc), cdc tieu chi ve miic dp thieu hut sy tiep can dich vu xa hdi co ban da dugc dp dung, bao gdm: tiep can cac dich vu y te, bdo hiem y te, trinh giao due ciia ngudi Idn, tmh trang di hgc eua tre em, chat lugng nha d, dien tich nhd d binh quan dau ngudi, ngudn nude sinh hoat, hd xi/nhdtieuhgp ve sinh, su dung dich vu vien thdng, tai sdn phyc vu tiip can thdng tin Vdi ly neu tren, bai viet trinh bay thye trang ngheo da chieu tir nam 2016 den d ba khia canh ty le hd ngheo, ty le hd can ngheo va miic dp ngheo thieu but cdc dich vy xa hdi CO ban, lam ro mdt sd nguyen nhdn ngheo vd de xuat gidi phdp eho cdng tdc xdy dyng chinh sdch gidm ngheo bin viing d cac DTTSTC khu vuc Tdy duyen hai injen Tmng Ngoai ki thira eac nghien cuu cua Biii Minh Dao (2012), Biii Van Dao (2019 20?(i) Biii Xudn Dinh - Nguyin Ngpe Thanh (2013), Ly Hdnh Son (2020) va bdo cdo ciia ,:, ,;,,, phuong, dac biet sd lieu hai cudc Dieu tra thuc trgng kinh te - xd hdi 53 ddn tdc thieu ,,i nam 2015 vi Tap chi Dan toe hoc sd'4 - 2020 2019 ciia Uy ban Dan toe, bai viSt chu yia dua vao nguon tu lieu thuc dia cua il tai Mot so vdn de CO bdn vd cdp bdch a cdc DTTSTC khu vuc Tdy duyen hdi mien Trung Vien Dan tpc hoe thuc hien nam 2018 - 2020 Ty If ho ngheo Ty le hp ngheo la ehi bao quan trpng danh gia muc dp ngheo cua dan cu Mi6n nii bSc Trung Bp va Duyen hai nam Trung Bp la dia ban ehiu nhi ju su chi phSi khSc nghiet ciia diSu ki?n tu nhien, nai cu tru cua cac DTTSTC, da va dang la khu vuc co ty le hp nghep cao nhSt vung kinh te - xa hpi a nuac ta Qua cac tai lieu thong ke cho thay, mpi thoi diem, ty le hp ngheo ciia cac DTTSTC khu vuc Tay duyen hai mien Trung deu cao it nhat ban lin so voi ty le hp ngheo chung toan viing va hem lan so voi ty le hp ngheo chung ca nuac Trong xep hang ngheo cua viing kinh te - xa hpi a Viet Nam thap men dau the ky 21, Duyen hai nam Trung Bp xep thii nam, nhung Bac Trung Bp diing thii ba Ty le hp ngheo dae biet cao a cac DTTSTC cac tinh co dia hinh doc, dat dai xau va kho chuyen doi co cau cay trong, vat nuoi nhu Quang Binh, Quang Tri, Quang Nam, Quang Ngiii, Binh Dinh, la dia ban cu tni ciia cac dan tpc Chirt, Bru-Van Ki&, Ca-tu, Co, Ba-na (Biii Minh Dao, 2012) Nam 2015, theo tieu chi ngheo {thu nhap dual 400.000d/ngu6fi/thang), ty le hp ngheo trung binh a cac DTTS bac Trung Bp va Duyen hai mi8n Trung la 32,2%, cao gSp 1,5 lan ty ie hp ngheo DTTS chung cii nuac (23,1%), cao nhSt so vai ty le hp ngheo DTTS a viing kinh te - xa hpi ca nuac^ (ily ban Dan tpc, 2015) Sang giai doan 2016 - 2020, ap dung tieu chi ngheo da chiSu, ty le hp nghep DTTS khu vuc Tay duyen hai mien Trung van vao loai cao nhat nuoc va so vai cac vilng DTTS, mi6n nui khac Nam 2018, ty le hp nghep binh quan cr 20 xa DTTS dupe khao sat la 38%i, cao nhSt tai xa cua tinh Binh Dinh la Canh Lien 70%> va Canh Thuan 65%, xa ciia tinh Quang Nam la Tra D6c 66%, Song Kon 58%, xa cua tinh Quang Ngai la Tra San 51 %., Tra Thuy 52% Theo kSt qua xii ly phiSu diSu tra hp gia dinh cho thay, ty le hp ngheo binh quan a 10 dan tpc dupe diju tra la 45%, tit cao d6n thap la: Raglai 70%), BruVan KiSu 68%, Xo-dang 61%, Ba-na 59%, Co-tu 53%, Ca-ho 35%, Co 33%, Ta-6i 29%, Hre 23% va E-de 20% Nam 2018, ty le hp ngheo binh quan cac tinh vung Bac Trung Bp va DuySn hai mijn Trung la 29,4%, cao hon 7,2 digm so vai ty le hp ngheo binh quan DTTS ca nuac (22,2%), cao nh4t vung kinh te - xa hpi' (Bang 1) '• Trung du va mijn nui phia B5c 24,3%, Tay Nguyen 21,8%, Dong Nam Bp 3,3% D6ng btog song Cim Long 14.0% Ba tinli co ty 1? lip ngheo DTTS cao nhSt nuoc g6m Quang Binh 72,2% Quang Nam 62,9% va Binh Dinh 60,5%, cung la ba tinh thuoc Bac Trung Bp va Duyen hai mien Trung ^ Trung du va miSn nui phia BSc 25,4%, D6ng bang song H6ng 5,9%, Tay Nguyen 22.0% Dong bang song Cim Long 12,4% Bdng I: S6 hg va ty le hp DTTS ngheo tai vung kinh te - xa hoi nam 2018 So hp DTTS ngheo 1 > le hp (h9) "fjheo (%) Theo viing kinh te - xd hoi 1.715.522 Trung du va mien niii phia Bac 85.781 Dong bang song Hong Bac Trung Bp va Duyen biii mien Trung 505.810 502.370 Tay Nguyen 219.663 Dong Nam Bp 321.610 Dong bang song Cim Long 25,4 5.024 148.600 110.287 5.806 39.842 T9,4" ^,0 ^,6 Nguon: Didu toi thuc ttang kinh tS - xa hpi 53 DTTS nam 2019 ciia Uy ban Dan tpc Cung thep DiSu tra thuc trang kinh tk - xa hpi 53 DTTS nam 2019, ty le hp nghep binh quan a cac DTTSTC tai tinh diiu tra, khap sat la 35,4%, cao han so vai viing kinh te - xa hpi lai, cao hem nhieu so voi ty le hp ngheo binh quan DTTS trpng ca nuac (22,2%), cao nhat la cac tinh Bmh Dinh 64,5%, Quang Tri 52,7%,, Quang Nam 46,6%), th4p nhit la tinh Ninh Thuan 25,1% va Thira Thien HuS 25,0% (Bang 2) Bdng 2: Ty le hp ngheo DTTS tai tinh dieu tra, khao sat nam 2018 Stt Tinh Quiing Tri Thira Thien Hue Quang Nam Quang Ngai Binh Dinh Phii Yen Ninh Thuan Tong so Hp 18.865 13.684 35.410 50.369 10.681 1.6243 35.272 180.524 Ho ngheo 9.938 3.420 16.491 17.890 6.890 557 8.853 64.039 Ty le hp ngheo (%) 52,7 25,0 46,6 35,5 64,5 34,3 25,1 35,4 Nguon: Tong hpp tir so lieu dieu tra thuc trang kinh te - xa hoi 53 DTTS nam 2019 ciia Uy ban Dan tpc Tir Bang 1, Bang va tOng hpp s6 Ueu iiha tra thuc trang kinh te - xa hpi 53 DTTS nam 2019 chp thiy, trpng 10 tinh co ty le hp DTTS ngheo cao nhat ca nuac, tmh thupc 10 tinh Duyen hai mign Trung la cac tmh Bmh Dinh (64,5%, x8p thii hai), Quang Tn (52,7%, xSp thii ba), Khanh Hoa 50,6%, xSp thu tu), Quang Nam (46,6%, xep thii sau), Qu.> \gai (35 5%_ Tap chi Dan tdc hoc so - 2020 x6p thii bay) v4 Phii YSn (34,3%, xdp thii tam)" NSu tuih theo viing kinh tS - xa hpi thi BSe Trung Bp va Duyen hai miSn Trang la vimg cp 7/10 tinh voi ty le hp ngheo DTTS cao nhit ca nuac, ngoai tinh tren, co them tinh Quang Binh 67%,, xdp thii nhit So lieu \h ty le hp ngheo giai doan 2016 - 2020 tai mpt s6 tinh, huyen se phan anh ro net va sau s5c hon biic tranh ty le hp ngheo DTTSTC khu vuc Tay duyen hai miSn Trang Tai miSn mil tinh Quang Tri, ngheo DTTS tap trung a hai huyen Huong H6a va Dakrong d huyen Huong Hoa, nam 2016, ty le hp ngheo DTTS la 87,12%,, co 8/20 xa vai ty le hp ngheo 100% la A Xing, A Tiic, Xy, Ba Ting, Huang Linh, Huong Son, Huong Viet, Huang Lap; cac xa khac co ty le hp ngheo tir 25.93%, (xa Tan Thanh) dSn 99,58% (xa Hue) (Bang 3) Bang 3: Ty If ho ngheo DTTS * 20 xa thuoc huyf n Hirong Hoa, tinh Quang Tri nam 2016 Stt Xa Tong so hp dan Tong so hp DTTS CU" Tan Hpfp Tan Lien Tan Lap Tan Long Tan Thanh Thuan Thanh A Xing A Tuc 10 Xy 11 A Dai 12 Ba Tang 13 Huang Loc 14 Hue 15 Huang Tan 16 Huang Linh 17 Huang Phiing 18 Huang San 19 Huang Viet 20 iluong Lap Toan huyf n 1.188 1.017 981 1.002 911 638 648 478 471 354 605 684 476 692 677 448 1.771 416 286 280 19.207 42 94 211 72 118 479 614 458 460 347 423 666 460 664 417 448 568 408 279 273 8.108 Hp ngheo theo cac nhom doi tuong Tong so Ty le ho So ho Ty If ho ho ngheo ngheo DTTS DTTS ngheo ngheo (%)