characterization of welded joints mig and saw on ldx 2101 duplex ss

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 109 (2015) 484 – 491 ;;,,,,WDOLDQ*URXSRI)UDFWXUH0HHWLQJ,*);;,,, &KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRIZHOGHGMRLQWV0,*DQG6$:RQ/'; 'XSOH[66 8EHUWDOOL*UD]LDQR 'RQDWR)LUUDR*LDQPDUFR7DYHUL DISAT dpt., Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino 10129 Torino, Italy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© 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license 7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKH*UXSSR,WDOLDQR)UDWWXUD,*) Peer-review under responsibility of the Gruppo Italiano Frattura (IGF) Keywords:/';'XOSH[6WDLQOHVV6WHHO'66:HOGLQJ)=IUDFWXUHPRUSKRORJ\5HVLOLHQFHWHVW ,QWURGXFWLRQ 'XSOH[VWDLQOHVVVWHHOV'66DUHZLGHO\HPSOR\HGLQLQGXVWULDODSSOLFDWLRQVRIPHFKDQLFDODQGVWUXFWXUDOLWHPVDV ZHOODVIRUSURGXFWLRQRIKHDWH[FKDQJHUV$VFRPSDUHGWRWKHPRVWFODVVLFDODQGXVHGVWDLQOHVVVWHHOV66VXFKDV WKHDXVWHQLWLFRQHVWKH\RIIHUDJRRGJHQHUDOFRUURVLRQUHVLVWDQFHDGGHGWRWKHVWUHVVFRUURVLRQUHVLVWDQFHDQGORFDOL]HG &RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU E-mail address:JUD]LDQRXEHUWDOOL#SROLWRLW 1877-7058 © 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Peer-review under responsibility of the Gruppo Italiano Frattura (IGF) doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2015.06.253 Ubertalli Graziano et al / Procedia Engineering 109 (2015) 484 – 491 485 RQH>@ GXH WR WKH VLPXOWDQHRXV SUHVHQFH RI IHUULWH WRJHWKHU ZLWK DXVWHQLWH SKDVHV LQ PLFURVWUXFWXUH 5HPDUNDEOH FRUURVLRQSURSHUWLHVKDGEHHQQRWHGIRUSLWWLQJDQGFUHYLFHFRUURVLRQW\SH>@)URPWKLVSRLQWRIYLHZWKH35(1 3LWWLQJ5HVLVWDQFH(TXLYDOHQW1XPEHUYDOXHLVFRPPRQO\DGRSWHGZKLFKJLYHVDQLGHDRIWKHFRUURVLRQUHVLVWDQFH OHYHORIWKHDOOR\HYHQWKRXJKWKLVSDUDPHWHUUHIHUVWRSLWWLQJFRUURVLRQLWDOVRVXLWHVIRUFUHYLFH,WLVVWULFWO\UHODWHG WRWKHFKHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQRIWKHPDWHULDOVLQFHLWLVGHILQHGDVIROORZ>@ 35(1 &Uỵ0Rỵ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ı\DQGıXHYHQWULSOHRIWKRVHUHODWHGWRIHUULWLFDQGDXVWHQLWLF66>@,QFDVHRI ZHOGLQJSURFHVVHVLWLVRIUHOHYDQWLPSRUWDQFHWRSURSHUO\EDODQFHWKHIHUULWHDXVWHQLWHVWDELOL]LQJDOOR\LQJHOHPHQWV DPRXQWPRVWO\LQ'66WKHVHHOHPHQWVLQIOXHQFHWKHPLFURVWUXFWXUHRIWKHZHOGHGMRLQWVLQDZD\WRJXDUDQWHHWKH ULJKW FRQWHQW RI IHUULWH DQG DXVWHQLWH SKDVHV LQ RUGHU WR UHDFK WKH UHTXLUHG FRUURVLRQ UHVLVWDQFH DQG PHFKDQLFDO SURSHUWLHVRIWKHZHOGHGMRLQW&KHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQGHILQHVWKHIHUULWHDQGDXVWHQLWHVWDELOL]LQJHOHPHQWVDPRXQWDV IROORZV &UHT &U0Rỵ6Lỵ1E 1LHT 1Lỵ&ỵ1ỵ0Qỵ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ıDQGPHWDVWDEOHȤ5ʌDQG&U1SKDVHVZKLFKQRUPDOO\WUDQVIRUPLQWRVWDEOHıSKDVHDWURRPWHPSHUDWXUH ZKDWFRXOGLQGXFHDGURSRIWKHPDWHULDOGXFWLOLW\5HVHDUFKHVEHVLGHVWKLVSUREOHP>@UHYHDOVWKDWWKHPRVWGDQJHURXV WHPSHUDWXUHUDQJHWREHDYRLGHGLV±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bertalli Graziano et al / Procedia Engineering 109 (2015) 484 –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bertalli Graziano et al / Procedia Engineering 109 (2015) 484 – 491 RIWKHDXVWHQLWHLQIHUULWHVHHWKH:5&SKDVHGLDJUDP+$=YDOXHVRISODWHVDQGGRQRWYDU\WKDWPXFKWRMXVWLI\ WKLVYDULDWLRQSURYLGLQJWKDWWKHGLIIHUHQFHIDOOVLQWKHDGPLVVLEOHHUURULQDUHDLQWHJUDWLRQRIWKHLPDJHV 7DEOH$YHUDJHYDOXHVRIIHUULWHIRUWKHGLIIHUHQWZHOGLQJ]RQHVDQGZHOGLQJFRQGLWLRQV 6DPSOH %DVH PDWHULDO +$= )= PD[ PLQ EDFN ? ? SODWH SODWH SODWH ;5'DQDO\VLVDQGGLIIUDFWRJUDPVZHUHSHUIRUPHGRQWKHSODWHVE\PHDQVRI5LJDNX'0D[PDFKLQHZLWK&R DQWLFDWKRGH Į QP 7KDQNV WR WKDW LW KDV EHHQ SRVVLEOH WR TXDQWLI\ WKH IHUULWH SHUFHQWDJH LH DURXQG ZKDWSUHWW\ZHOOFRQILUPHGZKDWWKHLPDJHDQDO\VLVGHPRQVWUDWHGEHIRUHRQWKHEDVHPDWHULDO/LNHZLVH;5' DQDO\VLVFRQGXFWHGRQWUDQVYHUVHVHFWLRQRIWKHZHOGLQJ]RQHGLGQRWHYLGHQFHDQ\SUHFLSLWDWHSKDVHVıʌȤNHWF«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bertalli Graziano et al / Procedia Engineering 109 (2015) 484 –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bertalli Graziano et al / Procedia Engineering 109 (2015) 484 – 491 DVWUDLJKWHUIUDFWXUHSURILOHLVREVHUYHGZKLFKIROORZVWKHILQHUSULPDU\DQGVHFRQGDU\GHQGULWHJUDLQV 7DEOH%DVHPDWHULDODQGZHOGHGPDWHULDOSURSHUWLHV 0HFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHV %DVHPDWHULDO :HOGHGFRPSRQHQWV ıX 03D 03D ı\ 03D 03D (