NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT NGUON GOC VE TlTTlfOlNG OAN CHU DAI DIEN' Bau Cong Hiep* * TtiS Khoa Phap lu|t Hanh chfnh-Nha nifclc, Trtfdng Oai hoc Luat Ha Noi Thong tin bdi vi^t: Tir khod: Ddn chii d^i di$n, tutufrng dan chu d^i di^n Lfch stf bdi viet: Nhan bai : 04/5/2020 Bien tap : 24/5/2020 Duy^t bai 28/5/2020 Article Infomation: Keywords: Representative democracy, ideas of representative democracy Article History: Received Edited Approved T Tom tat: Bdi viet ndy trinh bay vl nguIn glc cila tu tudng ddn chd d^i di?n (tii thai co d^i a phucmg Tdy cho din chdu Au thoi Khai Sdng) vd qua cho thiy, ddn chii ^ i difn da trai qua mOt qud trinh phdt triSn lau dai lich sii vd tro thdnh mQt hinh mau bien to chiic quyen li^c nhd nir6c hi§n Abstract: This article describes the source of representative democratic idea, &om the ancient Occident to the EnUghtenment Europe and it is shown the fact that representative democracy has experienced a long history and became a common modality on the recent state power arrangements 04 May 2020 24 May 2020 28 May 2020 U tudng ve dan chu dgi dien cd rapt ljch sit rat sau xa va ben cgnh dd, sy thyc hdnh cua ddn chu dgi di^n da vd dang bdi dap them nhiing kinh nghipm cho nhdn logi v6 viec thiic ddy vai trd ciia nd Thdi ky co dai vdi nhung tu tudng so khai nhung lgi ddng vai trd Id nen mdng cho su ddi ciia tu tudng ddn chu dai dipn 1, Thdi ky c6 d^i d phuong T3y Khi nghien ciiu ve ljch sir th6 gidi cd dai, thdng thudng ngudi ta phan chia the gidi thdnh hai khu vyc chinh: phuong Ddng va phuong Tdy vdi nhung diem khac bipt CO ban ve van hda, sac tpc, kinh te cung nhu tu tudng Phuang Tdy ma tnmg tam la nen van minh Hy Lap - La Ma duac coi la cdi ndi khai sinh tu tudng ddn chii cd vj tri quan trpng lich sir chinh tri cua nhan loai Cy the, ndi den tu tudng dan chu d nai day, chimg ta can chii y mpt sd dilm: - Cdc dong tu tu&ng ddng luu y Khi ndi den dan chu, khdng the khdng quan tdm tdi y thiic ciia ngudi dan ve quyen lam chii cua minh Tir rat sdm, Heraclit Bai vilt ndy co sii dvmg ket qud nghien ciiu cua De tai khoa hpc cap co sfif "Chi dinh dan chu d^i di?n a Vi?t Nara, Thyc trang vd giai phdp" ciia Trudng Dai hgc Luat Hd Ngi NGHltN COU I l i S6 11 (411)-T6/202O\^ L A P P H A P NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT (530-470 TCN) da nhgn thiic dupc vl dilu ndy Ong cho rang, hanh phiic ciia ngudi khdng phai d sy thda man nhu cdu thi xdc ma la d sy tu duy, d cho biet ndi sy that, bilt lang nghe tieng ndi ciia ty nhien va bilt hanh ddng theo ty nhien^ Tu tudng ndy tien bp d chd, nd thiic day sy ty chu cua ngudi thdng qua hdnh dpng dya tren ly tinh, khuyen ran ngudi biet vuon tdi ldm chu chinh minh thay vi hudng thu nhiing hgnh phuc, ty dupc ban phat Ddi vdi Demdcrit (460-370 TCN), ben cgnh Ur tudng triit hpc vat tien bp so vdi thdi dgi thi dng cung rdt ung hd nen dan chu Theo dng "ngheo mpt nu&c ddn chd han la giau co mpt nuac dpc tdi, vi tif tot han no le"^ Ddi vdi dng, hgnh phiic nam d viec dupc tdn hudng mot bau khdng chinh tri ddn chil chir khdng nam d sy giau cd hay ngheo khd Ben cgnh do, Arixtdt (384-322 TCN) da cd nhiing nghien ciiu khd khach quan ve van de nha nudc, chinh quyen cd dan chii Trong tdc phdm cua minh, dng da dimg khdi niem "ddn chu" de chi logi chinh quyin thudc v6 nhieu ngudi, vd so sdnh nd vdi chS dp qudn chu (quyen lyc thudc vl mdt ngudi) va qua dau (quyen luc thupc vl mdt thieu sd)" Tinh khdch quan nghien ciru cua dng the hipn d chd, dng da chi nhiing uu, nhupc diem cua cd ba hinh thirc chinh quyen tren Tu tudng ciia Arixtdt cdn tiep tyc gay anh hudng len cdc hpc gid La Ma sau de qudc chiem dupc Hy Lgp, vdi nhiing nhan vdt dien hmh nhu Polybe vd Ciceron, vdn khdng tan duong mdt chinh thi thudn tiiy ndo ma can dung hda cd cdc yiu to cua quan chii, quy tpc va ddn chu^ - Nen ddn chu tgiAten Trong lich su phuang Tay, bang Aten dupc coi la "dinh cao cda nen ddn chu CO dgi "^ Dieu cho chiing ta thay, dan chil khdng chi dan thuan la mpt luong tu tudngradthyc sy da trd thdnh mpt hinh mau Sy tdn tai ciia nen ddn chii Aten Id ket qud cua sy phdt trien, tien hda ciia x3 hpi vdi nhung dpng lyc vd ddu tranh nhdt djnh Dmh cao ndy the hien d nhiing diem nhu': (1) Cdng dan Aten dupc quyin tham gia vao Hdi nghj cdng ddn de quyet dinh cdc vdn de quan trpng nhat va bau nhiing co quan khdc; (2) Nin dan chu dupc bdo vp bang lugt cho phep tryc xudt nhiing ngudi dpc tdi cd sd ddng dan cir bd phieu (Ostracism); (3) Ddn cu dupc qudn ly dya tren cac don vj hanh chinh dypc phdn chia ro rdng nham pha bd sy tdn tai cua che dp quy tpc CJud trinh hinh nin dan chii d Aten thudng dupc md td qua ba cupe cdi each ldn cua Xdldng, Clitxten va Periclet Nhin chung, myc dich vd ddng lyc cho sy tdn tai cua nen dan chii d Aten the hien d cho: Aten, giai cap chu no mdi gidu cd nhd budn ban thuang nghipp (Aten Id mdt hdi cang ldn) ludn mudn chdng lai giai cap chii nd cii vdn chiem nhieu dat dai canh tac nen sdm lien ket vdi gidi binh Tran Van Ph6ng, Trifit hpc Hy Lgp co d^ii, Nxb Ly luan chinh tri, 2006, tr.26 Theo N.M Voskresenskaia, N B Davletshina, Chi dg dan chu - nha nuoc vd xa hgi, Pham Nguyen Tmdng dich, Nxb Tri thiic, Hd Ngi, 2009, tr.5 Aristole, Chinh trj ludn, Nong Duy Tnrcmg dich, Nxb Thi gicri Ha Ngi, 2015, tr 167 Nguyen Nggc Huy, Lich sii cdc hgc thuyit chdnh tri, Nxb, Cap tien, Sdi Gon, 1970, tr 133-138 Luang Ninh (chu bien), Lich sii thi gicri c6 dai, Nxb Gido dye Ha Npi, 2012, tr 184 D^u Cong Hi?p, Cdi cdch dan chu ciia Cleisthenes Athenes cfl dgi va gia tri iham khao doi vai Vi?t Nara hi?n nay, Tgp chi Lugt hpc, so 4/2017 ciiru 12 NOHICN LAP P H A P _ 'S6ll(411)-T6/2020 NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT dan de md rdng quyin lam chu chmh quyen von gidi quy tpc ndm giii^ Nhu vdy, dan chii d phuang Tay cd dgi khdng don thudn la mpt -y ni^m, mpt hpc thuyit md da trd thdnh mpt hipn thyc dk nghien ciiu vd hpc hdi Nen ddn chu Aten cd nhilu khilm khuyet nhung nd da khai len mpt cam hiing cho vi$c xdy dyng chinh quyin md d dd ngudi ddn cd nhilu quyin lyc han viec quyet sdch cac van dl quan trpng Cam hiing dd mpt phdn din tir viec nin ddn chii Aten chinh la be da cho sy thang hoa vl van hda, triet hpc, nghp thugt cung nhu quan sy ciia bang Aten da ddn ddu Hy Lap hai ldn ddnh thang de qudc Ba Tu - Mo hinh ddn chd gidn tiip tgi La Md Lich sii La Ma trai qua ba giai dogn chinh Thdi k^ ddu gdn vdi sy hinh thdnh nhd nudc vd che dp vuong quyen Giai doan thii hai ddnh dau thdi ky thjnh tri vd banh trudng ciia ddt nudc ndy, tir mpt bang nhd be dan vuon khap khu vyc Dja Trung Hdi Thdi ky ciing gdn vdi nen cdng hda ndi tieng tgi day Cudi cimg Id giai doan La Ma quay ve vdi md hinh quan chii vdi nhieu bien dpng trudc suy vong vdo nam 476 SCN Mac dil Nhd nudc cpng hda d La Ma thudng dupc xIp vdo loai hinh thiic cpng hda quy tpc^, nhung nhung md thiic cua ddn chu "dai di?n" nhu bau cir, gidm sdt vipc thyc hdnh dan chu da tdn tgi d ddy Dien hmh nhdt Id bp mdy nha nudc La Ma thdi k^' ndy cd Vipn Nguyen lao ddng vai trd ca quan quyen lyc cao nhdt dugc bdu bdi nhiing ngudi quy tpc vd Vipn Dan bieu dupc bdu bdi ngudi dan; nhiing quyet sdch ciia Nhd nudc dupc thdng qua bdi mdt bp mdy hinh thdnh bdu cu vd cd the bj xem xet neu nhu chung xdm pham loi ich cua ngudi ddn Cd the thay rang, cd Aten vd La Ma deu de lai nhiing bdi hpc ve dan chii Tuy nhien, neu nhu d Aten, hinh mdu dan chii tryc tiep cd phdn bd hep khudn khd mdt bang vdi dan sd va dien tich nhd, thi nhiing yeu td mang tinh ddn chu dai dipn cua nen cpng hda La Ma lgi dupc hpc tap vd md phdng nhieu han^" Ngay nhiing cudc tranh lugn lam nen Hien phdp Hoa Ky, mpt thiet che cd xua cua La Ma Id Vipn Dan bieu da dupc dua xera xet vd cdn nhac" Nhu vgy, cd the thdy xa hpi phuang Tdy cd dgi da thai khdng chi tu tudng dan chii rod cdn cd nhiing nen dan chii thuc te Thdi ky Khai sdng vd cac cupe cdch m^ng hinh thdnh nen ddn chu dgi difn Chau Au budc vdo thi ky XVII, XVIII vdi nhung thay ddi to ldn ve kinh te, xa hpi vd keo theo dd la cac cudc cdch mang cd ve tu tudng Su ddi vd ldn manh ciia giai cap tu sdn Cling nhimgraduthuan sau sac vdi che dd phong kien khien cho hp phai lien ket vdi ndng dan vd gidi binh ddn cho cupe tranh ddu cua minh Dd la can nguyen sau xa cho sy ddi ciia nhiing ddng tu tudng cd vii dan chii ndi chung va dan chii dgi dipn ndi rieng La ngudi ddng gdp cho cd thuyet udc xa hdi va thuyet phan quyen, John Locke (1632-1704) da dat nhung nen mdng het siic ca bdn cho nen ddn chii dgi dipn Dieu the hien d hai diem Truac Nguyen Minh Tudn, Giao trinh ljch sii nhd nuac va phdp luat the gioi, Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia - si^ that, Hd NOi, 2014, tr.97-104 Truang Dgi hgc Luat Hd Ngi, Gido trinh Ijch sii nhd nuac va phdp lugt thi gioi, Nxb Cong an nhan dan, HdN0i,2O14,tr.lOl 10 Loke Hagberg, Mikael Nordfors, Demosocracy, the solution to the political dilemma?: How slavery started, still continues and can be ended Books on Demand, Stockholm, Sweden, 2019, p.72 11 Nguyin Cdnh Binh, Hien phap My dupc ldm nhu thi nao, Nxb Thi gioi, 2012, tr.l02 NGHltN CUU I S6I1(411)-T6/2020V_ L A P P H A P NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT hit, John Locke khdng djnh quy lugt co bdn ong "^^ Cd thi ihiy rdng, tu tudng ciia Locke cua nen ddn chu, dd id da sd thdng thilu sd ndi chung cung nhu ly thuyet cua dng ve ddn Trong tdc phdm "Khdo ludn thic hai ve chinh chii dgi dipn ndi rieng ndi len tinh than cdch quyen - Chinh quyen ddn su ", dng vilt: "Hp mang vi$c gidi hgn quyen lyc nhd vi the cUng da tgo cho cpng dong mpt ca nudc va trao quy^n Iam chii cho nhan ddn quan co quyen lifc de hdnh dpng vai tu cdch Tu tudng da soi dudng, lara sdng td tinh Id mpt ca thi chung, chi theo y chi vd quyet than ciia each mgng tu sdn Anh (1688) va dinh cda da so "^^ Cd the thay, John Locke gay dnh hudng Idn tdi each mgng My (1774)'5 da nhac den ca nguyen tdc da sd vd viec thilt lap mdt ca quan phyc vy y chi ciia da sd Va Trao luu Khai sdng d Phdp lgi chiing vdi chinh ban chdt phyc vy da sd nay, chinh kien nhirng quan niem ddi ldp ve dan CO quan cd quyen luc tdi cao (ca quan lap chu dai dipn Montesquieu (1689-1755) dupc phdp), theo Locke, ciing phdi chju nhiing coi Id ngudi tilp ndi va phdt trien hpc thuyit gidi hgn nhat djnh Theo dng, "quyen lifc do, phdn chia quyin luc ISn t ^ cao nhat Ban a ranh gi&i cuoi ciing cua no, chfu su giai thdn dng ciing cd nhimg kien gidi nhat djnh hgn vdo lgi ich cong cua xa hpi "^^ Dieu ndy ve van dl ddn chii Trong tdc phim ndi tieng "Bdn vi tinh thdn phdp lugt", dng da khang cung phdn anh bdn chat "dgi didn" ciia ca djnh rdng: "ludt ve cdch bdu cic ciing Id mpt quan lgp phdp, tiic la nd mac du cd quyin ludt eg bdn nen ddn chu Vi cdch bdu lyc rit ldn nhung khdng the lam gi khdc cu a moi nu&c cpng hoa mpt khdc, nen toi ngodi nhung thii md nd dai dien So sanh vdi cho rdng ciing nen bdn them: tdt nhien cdc nhd nudc chuydn che, ta cd the thay Locke dd chi vai trd cyc ky quan trpng cua ddn di bo phieu thi cupe bdu cie phdi cong khai Bdy phdi Id mpt dieu lugt ca bdn cua nen dan chu dgi dipn dd la khd nang gidi hgn quyin lyc nha nudc Thu hai, Locke cung de nen ddn chii "'* Nhu vgy, Montesquieu da khang djnh va cd vu cho vipc cdng khai hda cdp den mdt van de tdi quan trpng ma dan bau cu va coi day la dilu ca bdn cho sy ton chii dgi di$n dem tdi, la khd nang ngudi tai cua nen dan chu Dieu ndy cd thi bdt g§p dan cd quyen dung la phieu dfi quyet dinh nguyen tdc bdu cu cua hdu het cdc quoc vipc thiet lgp mpt chinh quyen phu hpp vdi gia duong dgi Ben cgnh dd, Montesquieu minh hon Quyen lyc ndy thupc ve nhan dan cdn di sau vdo van de raang tinh tranh lugn va nhdn ddn Id ngudi xung ddng nhat Theo giiia dan chii tryc tiep vd ddn chii dai dipn, dng, "Nhdn ddn se Id ngu&i phdn xet, vi mac dii cd hai deu la cdch thiic ngudi ddn lam Id nguai phdn xet rdng nguai dugc uy chd quyin lyc nha nudc thdc hay thay mgt cho minh co hdnh dpng xung ddng vd co theo su uy thdc dugc ddt Rousseau (1712-1778), Id ngudi dl vdo hay khong, ngodi ngu&i da dy nhipm choxudng thuyet chii quyen nhan dan vdi tdc 12 John Locke, Khdo luan thii hai vfi chinh quyen - chinh quyen dan sy, Le Tudn Huy djch vd gidi thi?u, Nxb Tri thuc, Hd Ngi, 2005, tr.l44 13 John Locke, Sdd, tr.I94 14 John Locke, Sdd, tr.323 15 A R M Murray, An introduction to poHtical philosophy, Routiedge Revivals 2010 16 Montesquieu, Ban vl tinh thdn phdp lugt, Hoang Thanh Dgm djch, Nxb Thi gioi Ha Npi, 2018, tr.66-67 Ciiu 14 NOHllH L A P P H A P _ / S 11 (411) • T6/2020 NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT phdm "Khi uac xd hpi", cung chi raraptvdi diem bat hpp ly cua phuong thiic dgi dipn Ddu tien, dng nhdn manh vipc y chi cua tap the Id rat khd dl thay mgt, cy thi "quyen tdi thugng, vi ly khong thi di nhugng dugc, nen khong thi de dgi dipn; no cdt yiu nam y chi tgp thi, vd se khong de cho nguai khdc dgi dipn dugc"^\ Tilp theo, dng cung chi rang, viec bau cir nhimg quan chirc cd vai trd dgi di$n cd thi rai vdo tinh trang nhiing ngudi ndy xa rdi vai trd ciia rainh Montesquieu thi lgp ludn rdng, ddn chii true tiep se ddy timg ngudi dan din vipc phai thyc hien nhung vipc rad hp khdng du siic lara Chang ban, neu b4t ky cdng viec ndo Cling cdn tdt cd ngudi ddn quylt sdch thi se cd nhimg vipc ma da sd ngudi ddn khdng du trinh dd dl hilu 6ng cho rdng, "ddn chung chi nen tham gia vipc nuac bdng cdch chpn dgi bieu cua minh Id nhimg ngu&i du ndng luc ldm vipc"^^ Ong phe phdn nudc Diic, nai cdc vj dgi bieu phdi hdi y kiln cu tri vdi tung viec nhd bdi dng cho rdng ldi lam vipc se din din vi^c k6o ddi thdi gian xu ly cdc cdng vi^c vd Idra ngung trp siic manh qudc gia nhung trudng hpp cdp bach Ben cgnh dd, dng cung rat sdu sac chi rapt diem yeu cua nen ddn chii dai didn Cy the, "khi ca quan lap phdp khoa ndy thay the khoa lien tuc, nhdn ddn se co quan niem xau doi vai nghi vipn duang thai, chi hy vpng a nghf vipn khoa sau nhung roi khoa ndo cung nhu thi nhdn ddn se thdy ro caquan lgp phdp da bgi hogi, changhyvpng gi a ludt phdp nira, hp se tire gidn hoac hiing v&i viec nuac "'^ 17 18 19 20 21 Mdt nhung hpc gid nghien ciiu todn dien ve dan chii dgi dipn phdi ke tdi thdi ky ndy la John Stuart Mill (18061873) 6ng da nhdn dipn dupc vdn de cdt ldi nhat ciia dan chii dgi dipn, dd Id binh dang Theo dng, "ttuang thudn khiet cua ddn chd theo dinh nghia cda no Id chinh quyen cua todn the nhdn ddn todn the nhdn ddn deu dugc dgi dien binh dang"^'^ Ddi vdi dng, nen dan chu hodn hdo khdng chi dya tren siic manh sd ddng md cdn cdn phai cd dgi dien theo giai cap Ddc bipt, dng chi rapt vdn de rat dupc quan tam, dd Id bdo vp quyen lpi ciia thieu sd vdn tdn trpng quyet djnh da sd Ong khdng djnh "cdc nhom thieu so phdi dugc dgi dipn day du, dy chinh Id mpt phdn mang tinh bdn chdt cua nen ddn chu Khong co dieu ndy thi khong the ndo co ddn chu thuc syc md chi Id mdn trinh dien gid doi cua ddn chu md th6i"^\ Ong ciing ddi hdi quyen bau cii cho nii gidi, the hien qua tdc phdm "Sir dp buc phu nic" dupe viet nam 1869 vd de don yeu cau quyen bau cii cho phy nii vdi 1.500 chii ky len Hg vipn Anh Ddy cd the coi Id mdt nd lyc ddy tiln bp cua dng neu xet bdi cdnh thdi bdy gid Nhin chung, ddng gdp cua Mill the hipn d chd, dng da chii gidi ti mi ve chinh thi - ca quan quyen lyc nha nudc chiu trdch nhiem tdi cao vipc td chiic, qudn ly ngudi va xa hdi, ve quyen luc nhd nudc, vl ddn chu, dng di sau phan tich hinh thiic chinh thi ly tudng bdng cdch phdn bipt ddn chii chinh hipu vd ddn chii gid hieu, dua tren thuyet cdng Ipi dua tieu chuan danh gid chinh the, vach phuang hudng xdy dung mpt Rousseau, Khi u6c xS hpi, Duang Vdn Hoa dich, Nxb Thi gioi, Hd Ngi, 2018, tr.l65 Montesquieu, Sdd, tr.l43 Montesquieu, Sdd, tr.l46 John Stuart Mill, Chinh thi dgi di?n, Nguyen Van Trpng dich, Nxb Tri thiic, Hd Ngi, 2016, tr.208 John Stuart Mill, Sdd, tr 215 NGHltN CVU I S6 11 (411) - T6/2020\_ L A P P H A P 15 NHA NUdc VA PHAP LUAT chinh the dgi dien cho tdt cd chii khdng phai cho sd ddng co hpc^^ O Hoa Ky, dan chii dgi dipn dupc coi la mdt truyen thdng tu thdi lap quoc^^ Vi vdy, dieu de hieu Id cdc nhd tu tudng va cdch mgng d ddy dd siic bdo ve cho nin ddn chii dgi dien nhu the ndo James Madison (1751-1836), ngudi dugc coi la cha de cua Hien phdp Hoa Ky da khang dinh: "Hieu qud cua mpt nen ddn chu dgi dien Id tinh chinh vd ma rpng quan diem cua cong chung, bdng cdch dua nhihig quan diem thong qua trung gian Id mpt cong ddn dugc lua chpn, nguai md co tri tue de nhgn ro nhdt lgi ich thuc su cua quoc gia Id gi"^^ Nhiing tranh lugn ve vipc cho phep ngudi dan bdu CO quan lap phdp lien bang d Hoa Ky chil yeu xoay quanh gdc dp tinh hipu qua cua di8u ndy^^ Vdi ca cau hai vipn, cac nha lgp hien Hoa Ky chdp nhgn mdt vien se ngudi ddn tryc tiep bdu ra, cdn vipn se CO quan lap phdp tieu bang bdu^^ Ndi chung, vipc lya chpn md hinh dan chu dgi dipn d Hoa Ky Id mpt qud trinh tranh diu Ban chat ciia mdt nha nudc lien bang khien cho ddn chu dgi dien lgi cdng cd ca hpi phdt trien bdi tinh chat khdc bipt va da dang xa hpi Mpt md hinh dan chu tryc tiep cd the bj lpi dyng d6 khien ngudi ddn ddng thudn theo nhiing phuang dn da dupc dinh san Trong dd, dan chu dgi dipn se giiip cdc cupe thdo ludn xung quanh nhiing khdc biet ve quan diem chinh sdch dupc sau sac han nhiing ngudi dgi dien thudng cd tieng ndi manh me vd hieu biet chuyen sdu Nen dan chu dai dipn d Hoa Ky da trdi qua ggn Ipc lich sir vdi hang tram ndm tdn tgi Dd ciing Id ly tai nghien ciiu ve Nhd nudc Hoa Ky, hpc gia Alexis de TocqueviUe da tdn thudng sy pha trdn kheo leo giiia dan chu tryc tiep vd ddn chii dgi dien d day^' Ong md td: "Khi thi nghi hpi ldm ludt giong nhu aAthenes, thi cdc ddn bieu dugc bdu tien hdnh vipc ndy du&i sif gidm sdt gdn nhu true tiep cua nhdn ddn "^^ Nhu vdy, ddn chii dgi dipn d Hoa Ky Id mpt yeu td ddng gdp vdo siic manh ciia nen ddn chii d nai ddy Nd ciing Id ngudn cdm hiing cho nhilu quoc gia xay dung nen ddn chu ciia minh Kit lugn Nhiing tu tudng ve dan chii dgi dipn da hinh thdnh tir rdt sdm ljch sir Nd thai tii cac nen van minh phuang Tdy, va tiep tyc dupc cdc qudc gia chdu Au nudi dudng sudt thdi ky Khai sdng Ljch su tu tudng ve dan chii dai dipn cho thdy, no khdng chi ddi mpt each ty nhien, nhiing bdi canh kinh te, xa hpi nhat djnh, md cdn trd thdnh rapt he gid trj rad ngdy nay, nhan logi van tim ve thara khdo nhdm hodn thien hp thdng chmh quyen de bdo ve tot hon quyen ngudi Ben cgnh do, dan chu dai dipn cdn Id ket qud cua nhiing cupe ddu tranh khdc lipt thdi ky each mgng tu san Do dd, nd la sy ket tinh khdng chi ciia tri tup md cdn tir thyc tien sdng dpng ciia nhan loai • 22 Dinh Thj Quynh Anh, Quan nifm ve bau cii cua John Stuart Mill tdc pham "Chinh the dgi di?n" vd y nghia cua no doi vai \^?t Nam hifn nay, Luan van thgc sT Tri6t hpc, Truang dgi hpc khoa hpc x3 hpi vd nhan van, 2016, tT.27-28 23 Joseph E Stiglitz, CanAmencanDemocracy Come Back?, Project Syndicate, 06/11/2018 24 The Federalist Papers: No 10 https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_centUTy/fedlO.asp 25 Nguyin Cdnh Binh, Sdd, tr.79-83 26 Dilu ndy da thay dli tii ndm 1913 Tu chinh an s6 17 yeu cSu Thugng vi?n phdi bau cii tryc tilp 27 Bui Van Nam Son, Alexis de TocqueviUe va s\r trdm tu vl nin dan trj, http://www.nxbtrithuc.com.vnArintuc/2654755/32I/Alexis-de-Tocqueville-va-su-tram-tu-ve-nen-dan-tri-Phan-l.html 28 Alexis de TocqueviUe, Nin dan tri My, Phgm Todn djch, Nxb Tri thiic, Ha Ngi, 2015 tin 16 NOHllH LAP P H A P ^ 'S611 (411)-T6/2020