NGHIEN CUU VAI TRO CUA PHU NV TRONG GIAOiNH (!y VIET NAM ^'g/6^ K BUITHINHlTNGQC hoang 30 nim gan diy, vdi sy ddi eua ^ mg, lim cha, lam eon - dilu mi n^n gidi rit Tnmg tim nghidn cflu khoa bgc vl phy it ngudi lim dugc Thdng qua nghidn cflu mdt sl nft (nay la Vifn Nghidn cflu Gia dinh v i Gidi), trudng hgp cy ttil (bi nfi eua Dgng Thai Mai, cg nghidn cflu vl vai trd cua phy nu ttong gia dinh ba Vu Nhu Ky, ey an ba Nguydn Chi Dgo ), tic (hoge ed lien quan ddn gii Nguydn Xuan Kinh de tai nay) d nudc ta da nhan dinh phy nu \^dt Nghiin cihi vd vai t r i cAa phu nir tPong tuong ddi phit tridn Nam xua rit dim dang, gia dlnh la linh vuc quan song tuong Nhung nghidn cflu thio vit, thyc sy Ii ngi flfil moi d nuoc ta, chi phat tridn khoang vai thudng dupc ttidn khai tu&ng ttong nhi Nhu chuc nim tro lai flay Truoc 1854, co thd theo hai hudng chinh: trudng hgp b i ndi cua ke den cac cong trinh Phu tfir gia Sinh dit phy nft ttong bdi Dang Thai Mai: "Dim ciia Dam Phuong nir sii Van Si pbu nQgiii cinh gia dinh; dit phy nfl phong cila Dit 8i Ms, Piin nSt v6i gia einh ciia duang mpi vife ttong nhi, ttong bli eanh ling xi, Io ddi ngi, ddi ngoai, gjo Dung - Kim va mfit sti hai viit trdn hdo cgng ddng v i cic mdi Nam Phong, Phu na tan vin, Phsi nu thai tdt,flngphd vdi chfle dich, quan hf xa hfi nha lgi Cy khdng chi lo Sam Cong trinh dau tidn nghidn cilu vai toan vife nhi mi cdn hilu trd cda phu nu d Viet Nam tmmg ddi tung Sat phy Dir ngbia ldn cho cac thd la cudn Pbn ntt Vi$t Nam gaa eac thai boi cinh gia fflnh chiu di hgc chu Phip" (1) aai cua Ld Thj Nhdm Tuydt Didm ddc ddo Cd hai hudng nghien Chung quan diem, nghidn cua cudn sach la sir dijing kdt hop cdc cflu chu ydu: thfl nhit, edu cua Thinh Duy nhin phuong Phap, khai nidm va chdt lidu cua sii nhan manh tim quan manh,ttongkhi d gia dmh hoc, ddn tdc hoc, vdn hec dd khde hoa SIJT ttgng va thim chi la vai Trung Qudc, uy quyen ciia bidn ddi vai trd, thdn phdn ngudi phu nu ttd thdng tri cfla ngudi ngudi cha dupc bidu thi l|ch sii Vidt Nam phy nft ttong gia dinh; ddi vdi mpi thinh vidn, tttt thfl hai, ngudi phy nft gia dinh ngudi Viet cd die tnmg li ngudi vg ttong gia dmh cd dia vi thip kdm, phai chiu nhidu da thyc sy binh ding vdi ngudi chdng Sy khac ttiift thdi, bit cdng nen anh hudng khdng nhd ddn bift dang luu y nhit, la gia dinh W t Nam cd xu vai ttd eda hg cung nhu sy phit ttiln gia dinh hudng t^p trung vao quan hf vg - ehIng, gia fflnh Huang nghien euu thie nhdt Trung Qudc cd xu hudng tip trung vao quan he Cae nghidn cflu da ehi rd, du phai chiu anh cha - (2) hudng tfl tu tudng Nho giao, nhung gia dmh Viet, ngudi vp vin cd vai ttd nhit dinh, ttiam chi Hu&ng nghiin ciru thir hai quylt dinh Tie gii Vu Ngpc Khanh cho ring, phy Tic gii Ding Cinh Khanh, Le Thi Qu^ cho nft cd mpt quyln khdng till xem li hinh ding vdi ring anh hudng cfla tu tudng Nho giio, phu nam gidi dugc, ma phai dit lenttdnci nam quydn, nu ttong gia dinh khdng bao gid thufc hgng ^lido la quyln lim mg, quyln lim vg Tie gii khing (ddi tugng nhftng ngudi chfl ttong gia dlnh cd djoh phu nft cd nang lyc die bidt d chd vfla ed ttid quydn uy tuyft dli ttong ci doi ngi va dli ngoai) S6 385 Thang 7-2016 (0) TU LIEU m i chi thufc hing su (bic thfl dudi) hi ttdi budc bdi cic nguydn tic tam tdng, tfl due Nhilu nghien cdu chi rd ngoii vigc lim ttdn nhung chuc ning cda ngudi me ra, phu nft cdn phii dim duong vifc sin xuit nhu ho§c bon nam gidi Thdi gian lao dgng ttong mft ngiy cda phy nft thudng dii hon din dng - gid, nhilu ngudi phii chiu ciitti ching "dlt nit, gia trudng, ludi nhac, nhgt tli ngiy v i dinh dip, bach sich vg " (3) Tfl dd, bit birtti ding sinh ttong mli quan hg nam nfl, ttong sy tham gia, hudng lgi cfla phu nft d gia dlnh v i cfng ddng, cie ca hfi dd phy nft phin diu, vuon ldn khing dinh gii tri, °ing ^vc bin thin Cie nghien euu cung chi thin phin thap kem cda ngudi phy nu gia dinh, bi ddi hdi phii If thufc vio ngudi dan dng Con gdi la eon nguai ta, ndn "khi sdng thi d qud cha, din ehdt thi lim ma qud ching" (4) "Chl df gia trudng gia dhih phy hf phit triln sy thing tri cda nam gidi dli vdi nu gidi Ngudi phu nu da liy chdng chi cd mgt dudng tha chdng nudi v i thyc hidn cac ngbia vy vdi gia dinh nhi chdng" (5) Tic gii Dd Hoing nhin mgnh ve dinh kidn tdn tgi hf thdng gia dmh: "Nam gidi try cdt kinh tl gia dinh, phy nft cd thidn chfle lim edng vifc nfi ttg Nam gidi bin chit la phii mgnh ndn thich hgp vdi nhimg cdng vide ldn, la ngudi chd gia dinh, ngudi quylt dinh; cdn phy nft d vi tri phy tiiuf e, vi tri thfl ylu" (6) Trong x i hfi dang hudng vio cae hogt dgng vi binh ding nam nft, vi sy tiln bf cua phy nu, thi dinh kidn nhu tten lgi l i suy nghi cda khdng it phy nfl Nhftng suy nghl dd dugc hp dung dl dinh gia hinh yi cfla nam gidi v i cfla bin thin Cic nhi nfl quyln gpi dd li tiip thu su dp buc Tuy nhidn, hiu hit cic nghidn cflu diu gdp phin thd hifn hoic nhin mgnh thuc tl ring d nudc ta van tin tai vdn hda mf Ngudi vp ttong gia dinh Vift dugc kmh ttgng v i dl cao hon, cd tinh thin chu dpng hon so vdi ngudi vg ttong gia dinh Nho giao Trung Hoa Nguydn tic phu xu&ng, phu tiiy bao gid cung dugc dit bdn canh mpt nguyen tic quan ttgng khic li thudn vg thugn ehdng tdt biin Dong cUng cgn Nhflng nghien ciru gan diy thudng d$t phy nft ttong bli canh gia dinh thdi ky toin eau hda, hudng tdi phat triln bdn vflng Vai ttd eua ngudi phy nu dupe neu bgt vdi tu cich ngudi lao dfng, tii sin xuat ngudi, giio dye, hinh thinh nhin each tte, gin gift, Iruyln thy cie gii tii vin hda cho ttie hf ttd, vi gift gin sy can bing tim ly, tinh eim cua cic thinh vien ttong gia dinh Chi mdi lidn hf mit thidt gifta vai ttd eua phu nfl vdi phit tiiln gia dinh, gifta vin hda vdi phy nfl, tic gii Ld Thi cho ring cin thyc hifn binh ding gidi mdi cd tbl giup ngudi phy nfl dim nhifm tit nhftng ttich nhifm, vai ttd ciia minh v i ddng gdp tieh cyc vio gin gift van hda gia dinh, vin hda din tfe, phit triln xa hgi (7) D$t phu nft bli cinh ling x3, cfng ding v i cic moi quan hf xi hfi Tic gii Bfli Xuin Dinh cho rang, bdi cinh hf thing thang bic x i hgi ciia ling x i dugc dya tten nln ting tu tudng li y thfle hf Nho giio di gat toin bf nfl gidi khdi chon dinh trung va Mg t|p v§ Anh Hoing Giang So Thdng 7-20161 cic hogt dfng x i hfi cfla ling, dk bg bi giam him "chl df nd If gia dinh" (8) Tuy nhidn, theo tic gii Trin Qudc Vugng, Thinh Duy, phy nfl ed vai ttd ldn ttong sinh hogt kinh tl, ddi sdng x i hfi v i ddi sing vin hda tinh thin Vai ttd dd duge tbl hifn qua vife nudi dgy cii, sin xuit, kinh doanh, quin ly kinh tl, tii sin gia dlnh; diu ttanh ching ich dd hp cfla phong kiln xim lupc, gdp phin bio tin, phit huy tinh hoa vin hda nudc nhi, trudc hit li bio tin ndi gilng, gin gift, phit triln tilng ndi cua din tfe Tic gii Tran Quic Vupng d i chi nhihig bien dli linh boat vai ttd cfla ngudi phy nft: " Vift Nam, ciiu nudc khdng chi li nhifm vy cfla din dng mi din ba cung lo cflu nudc" (9) Tic gii Ld Minh d i khii quit nhftng budc chuyln ttong vai ttd, vi tri cfla ngudi phy nft qua cic thdi ky Uch sfl Tfl thdi c l xua din dng li chfl nd thi phy nft li vgt trao ddi vd cdng cg sinh de thdi phong kiln, din dng li gia trudng, thi phy nfl li vgt mua bdn dd lim phin mdy de v i phyc vy ching con, gia dinh nhi ehlng Trong chiln ttanh, ngudi phy nu tham gia tich cyc chien dau bio vf td quoc Nhung hda binh lip lgi, ngudi din dng tfl chien trudng ttd vd, thi phy nft mit din vai ttd d x i hgi v i gia ffinh m i hp d i tgo dyng ducfc ttong khing chidn Vai ttd tham gia cic hogt dpng x i hfi, quyln quydt dinh nhiing vifc ldn lao dgng sin xuit, kinh tl, flng xfl vdi hg hing, ling mgc v i ttong ngi bf gia dlnh, hudng nghidp eho cic diu chfl ylu ngudi din dng nim gift (10) Tuy nhidn, ttong x i hfi ngiy nay, phy nft dang din vuon ldn lim chfl eugc ddi mirtti bing nghl nghifp, kiln thflc cfla bin thin, di diu ttong cufc cich mang giii phdng sflc lao dfng, giii phdng tii ning v i giii phdng ngudi phy nfl (11) Cic cdng tiinh nghidn cflu gin diy da phit hifn v i din lim sing td nhihig vin dl ve vai ttd cda phu nu ttong qui tiinh phit tiidn, tim hilu inh hudng cda dli mdi kinh tl xa hfi dit nudc tdi phy nft Nhiing chu dl nghien ciru chu ylu gdm: inh hudng, tic dfng cua nln kinh te thi trudng ddn mdi quan hf gidi ttong gia dinh 1SI385 Thing 7-2016 v i x i hfi; nghidn cdu vai ttd cfla phy nfl ttong moi quan hf gidi gia dhtti; nghidn cflu vai ttd cfla phy nfl ttong gia dinh gin vdi phit tridn bin vftng Nghidn cflu cfla Ld Minh nhin nhin phy nu ttong cii nhln binh ding, khing dinh hp eung ed quyln v i nghia vy cdng din, vfla li ngudi lao dgng, ngudi edng din, vfla la ngudi mg, ngudi thiy diu tidn Tic gii cho ring sd mdnh "ngudi thiy diu tien" (12) d ngudi phy nfl cd inh hudng, tic dfng tryc tilp den khdng chi gia dlnh, ma cdn din c i x i hfi hdm v i mai sau Trong do, tic gii Trin Thi Vin Anh, Ld Nggc Hflng dit vai trd cua ngudi phy nft ttong gia dinh ttong tuang quan vdi vin dl gidi v i phit ttidn, coi phy nft cd vai ttd hdt sue to ldn, quan ttgng, cin thilt ttong qui triitti xiy dyng gia dinh, dit nudc, ddng vai ttd chfl thi ttong qui trinh hogch dinh, thyc hifn, dinh gii cic myc tidu phat trien kinh te xa hpi Theo tic gii Ld Nggc Van, inh hudng cfla cdng nghifp hda tgo sy thay dli cic mli quan hf gia dinh Trong dd, mdi quan hf vp ehlng, md rfng li gifla hai gidi, li mli quan hf theo ehilu ngang, hdn nhin chuyln dan tfl the chl kinh tl li chinh sang the che tim ly v i gia dinh chuyen tfl chu ylu li don vi sin xuit sang don vi tidu dflng Vai ttd cfla ngudi phy nft vi thi cung cd thay dli nhit dinh ttong vifc ydu duong, hdn nhan, ttong lya chpn md hinh gia dinh de sdng v i cic mli quan hf x i hfi (d$c bift li quan hf ddi 16a) Mft sl nghien cflu neu ldn thyc ttang hifn cd mpt bg phgn khdng nhd phy nu vfla phii dim duong vigc nhi, vfla lim cin bf lanh dgo, quin ly, nghien cflu khoa hgc Uu didm cfla phy nu ttong vai ttd lim linh dgo so vdi nam gidi cung dugc chl nhu kha ning kilm tra, giim sit, xu ly mft s l tinh hudng, ning tham muu, chap hinh tit ban Cflng vdi dd, d i xuit hifn nhftng thay dhi thufn lgi ban dli vdi phy nft ttong vifc tham gia linh dao, quin ly nhu sy thay dli dinh kiln ciia xa hfi vl phy nft, ttiay dli tii chtoh ngudi phy nft TYiy nhidn, tiieo tic gii Nguyin Thi Thugn v i Trin Xuin Ky, phy nft vin phii chiu nhilu khd YTU LIEU khin, bi phin bift dli xu, khdng cdn dfl sflc khde, tri tuf dd phan diu, phii chiu nhieu thif t thdi vd phin cdng lao dfng ttong x i hfi phii tdn phi thdi gian, cdng sue cho gia dinh, it cd CO hgi duge tip tnmg hgc hinh, phii cbiu dinh kiln gidi Nhftng nam gin diy, trudc thyc ttgng mot bf phgn khdng nhd phy nft Vift Nam kit hdn vdi ngudi nudc ngoii, mft sd nghidn cflu d i thi hifn, lim rd vai ttd cfla hp ttong gia dinh qua qua trinh hda nhip xa hfi, sinh sing vdi gia dinh ehdng d ngogi qudc Thdng qua nghidn cflu trudng hgp nhihig ngudi phy nft Vift Nam liy chdng ngudi Trung Quic d Vgn VT (Trung Quic), tic gii Nguydn Thi Phuang Chim khing dinh du ed nhidu khd khin vl khic biet van hda, lli sing , nhung phy nfl d i ning dfng, chd ddng va thdng minh ttong qui trinh thich nghi vdi cufc sdng mdi dd cd cupc song ydn In noi dit mdi (13) Nghien ciru cfla Phgm Van Bich va Iwai Misaki cho thiy nd lyc vuon len cfla mpt bp phgn cd diu \^f t lay chdng Dii Loan dd dim duong vai ttd lam vg, lam me cung ittiu ttong eie hogt ddng ddi nhin xfl thd nhim tin tai, hda nhap dugc vdi vin hda nudc sd tai, mic du liy ehlng Dii Loan "cflng gilng nhu choi xd s l " (14) ; fife Airirsi' Qk khing dinh v i phit huy ban nfta vai ttd cfla ngudi phy nft ttong gia dinh, tic gii Ding Cinh Khanh, Ld Thi Quy cho ring cin thay dli cii nhln vl binh ding gidi Tuy nhidn, phy nft v i nhin logi tidn bg khdng thd t l chfle diu ttanh vu ttang ehlng bit binh ding gidi, m i cbi ed thi tidn hanh cic hogt ddng nghidn cflu, xiy dyng lugt phip, lim thay ddi mgt sd quan niem tdn giao, nhgn thuc eua nhin din, chinh quyln v i die bift Ii cfla nhung ngudi thin ttong gia dinh (15) Nhin chung, cd tbl thiy cic cdng trinh nghidn cflu vl vai ttd cfla ngudi phy nfl gia dinh d nude ta ttidi gian qua him chda nhftng phin tich ding chu y vl dli tin?ng tten nhilu phuang difn, gin vdi tic dfng, inh hudng cfla bli cinh x i hfi v i nhin thuc, quan nidm cua ngudi Trong bli cinh hfi nhip ngiy nay, nghien cflu vai ttd cfla phy nft ttong gia dinh rit cin dupc tilp ti^c vi dd li ydu ciu buc tiiilt cua thyc tiln, li ca sd quan ttpng gdp phin dinh gii, nhin nhfn, khoi day tilm ning nguIn nhan lyc nfl nhim thilt thyc dip flng nhu ciu xiy dyng, phit triln gia dinh, ngudi, dit nudc bin vflng • B.T.N.N Nguyin X u ^ Kinh, Con nguoi, moi tru&ng vi vin hda, Nxb Khoa hpc Xa hpi, Hk NOi, 2013, tr.362 Th^nh Duy, Vin hda Vift Nam trudc xu thi toin cku hoa - thifi cff va Ihdch thirc, Nxb Van hda Thong tin \k Vi?ii van h6a, H^ NOi, 2007, tr.l21 15 D|lng C4nh Khanh, Le Thi Quy, Gia ^nh hpc, Nxb Chinh tri - Hanh chinh, Ylk N$i, 2009, tr.347,357 Trin DSng Sinh, Nhihtg khia cpnh triet hpc tin ngirihtg th& cung to tien cua ngu&i Vi^t ^ng bang Bic Bp hipn nay, Nxb Chinh tri Qudc gia, H4 Ngi, tr 115 LS Ng9c van, Mpt s6 dpc diim biin doi gia dinh tir xa hpi nong nghiip truyin thong sangxa hpi cong nghidp hda Tap c\aKhoa hgc viphu nii, s6 1,2002, tr.49 D§ Ho^g, ThfTc trpng ^nh kiin doi vdi vai tro cia nam gidi vi php nu gia Xnh, Tap chl 7am ly hpc, s6 11 (92), t h ^ g 11-2006, tr.ll LS Thi, Gia dinh, php n& Vift Nam v&i din so, vin hda vi sgphit triin bin viing, Nxb Khoa hpc Xa hpi, HS NOi, 2004, tell Bdi XuSn Dinh, i p ling phdp nu&c, Nxb Phap ly Ha Npi, 1985, tr 137 Trln Qu6c Vupng, Tri^in thongphp nit Hit Nam, Nxb Vdn hoa ddn tpc, Hk N^i, 2000, tr 120 10 U.Le Minh, Ph^ nit Viit Nam Irong gia £nhvi xahpi.-bi\b Lao ddng,Ukli9i, 1991,ti.l55-[56,26 12 L€ Minh, Gia ^nh vi ngu&i php nir, Nxb Lao dpng, HaNpi, 2000, tr.56-57 13 Nguyin Thj Phuong Cham, Lim diu nai dAl khich - Trii nghifm vin hda cia nhihig ngir&iphg n& Viit Nam tdy chdng Trung Quoc & Vpn VJ (Dong Hung, Quing Tiy, Trung Quic), Nxb Lao dpng, Hk Npi, 2012, tr.376 14 Nguyen Hihi Minh (chu bign), Gia dinh Viit Nam qui trinh cdng nghidp hda, hiin dpi hda vi hpi nh^p tir cdch tiip c^n so sdnh, Nxb Khoa hpc Xa hpi Ha NOi, 2014, tr.467 S6 385|ljm Thdng 7-2016 lilfiJ ... hf thdng gia dmh: "Nam gidi try cdt kinh tl gia dinh, phy nft cd thidn chfle lim edng vifc nfi ttg Nam gidi bin chit la phii mgnh ndn thich hgp vdi nhimg cdng vide ldn, la ngudi chd gia dinh,... mdi quan hf gidi ttong gia dinh 1SI385 Thing 7-2016 v i x i hfi; nghidn cdu vai ttd cfla phy nfl ttong moi quan hf gidi gia dhtti; nghidn cflu vai ttd cfla phy nfl ttong gia dinh gin vdi phit... Ho^g, ThfTc trpng ^nh kiin doi vdi vai tro cia nam gidi vi php nu gia Xnh, Tap chl 7am ly hpc, s6 11 (92), t h ^ g 11-2006, tr.ll LS Thi, Gia dinh, php n& Vift Nam v&i din so, vin hda vi sgphit