Vài nét vè phương pháp siêu phân tích trong nghiên cứu tâm lý học giáo dục và các lĩnh vực khác của khoa học giáo dục

VAI NET VE PHaONG PHAP SIEU PHAN TICH TRONG NGHIEN CC/U TAM LY H O C G I A O DUC vA CAC LINH VUC KHAC C U A KHOA H O C GlAO DUG PGS.TS Dao Thi Oanh ien N nhien cini Sit plum Truimg Dgi Iwc Suphiini Ild Npi TOM T M ' a nudc ngodi sieu phdn lich Id mijt phuang phdp dupc su dung khd phd bien Irnng nghien cim cdc linh vuc khoa Imc gidn due trnng dd cd Jam ly hpc gido due song dlil viri nuirc la dd cdn Id diiu nidi me licn viil di cap den nhirng Ipi ich cimg nhu nhirng thdch Ihirc Jtii viri ciic nha nghien ciru gido due Viet Nam hien neu mudn thue hien phuang phdp nin Tir khoa: rhuimg phdp sii'U phdn lich: Diemphdnvi cini sii'it phdn lich .Vlirc dp hiiu qua .\'gliien \'gdy nhdn hin 2/6/2015: \'gdy duyet dang hdi: 25/1/2017 AB.STRAC I \hrixid inela-unalysis is a method widely used in the sillily pf educational science, including educational psychology', hut lor our counlry il m/.s something ne^v The article mentions advantages as well as challenges Jor the Vietnamese educational researchers ij iliey svant lo ii.se this method Kex-xxords: Meta-uiuilylic method: Percenliles Effect-size: Meta-analysis research Sir can thict ctia nghien cii'u sicu phiin tich Vao nhirng nam eudi the kx XX de ciip den chat lucmg eua cac nghien cuu khoa hpc giao due nhicu nha nghien cuu d xii ngoai nganh giao due cdn cd thai thieu tin tudng ddi vdi dp ehinh xac hoac tinh thuxit phuc cua cae nghien eiru so vdi nhung nghien ciru ciic ngiinh khoa btic ty nhien nhu Vat Ix hay Hda hpc ("khoa hpc c u n g " ) Dicu niix da k h i i n Larry Hedges lien hanh khiio sat cae cdng trinh nghien cuu 13 ITnh xuc cua Tam Ix hpc va Giao due hpc (vdi tu each la cac cau phan cua khoa hpe mini 36 TAP CHl TAM LV HOC, V (21.5) - 2017 due - "khoa hoe m^m") va dem so sanh vai eae nghien eihi nganh Vat l> K6i qua la Hedges da tim th4y mot tinh trang tircmg tir \a\ ca khoa hpc tir nhien va khoa hpe xa hpi rang, xap xi 50% cac cong irinh nghien ciru dira nhirng kcl qua khae ca Tam 1\' hoe, Giao due hpc \ a Vat l\ Co nghTa la, eac nghien cuu Vat ly cung dua nhung ket qua trai ngupe tucmg tu nhu cac ket qua nghien cuu ve giao due Do la \ i cac nha nghien ciiu thucmg loai bo nhung nghien cuu eo khuynh huang cho ket qua cue doan tong hop Iai Tham ehi, dieu dien khoa hpc lu nhien nhieu han khoa hpc xa hpi (40% so vai 10*^0) NhiJng phat hien da duoe Hedges trinh bay ban bao cao co lua de "How Hard Is Hard Science? How Sort Is Soft Science'.''" Trong do, ong di den nhan xet khai quat rang, nghien cuu cac nganh "khoa hpc mem" co ihc so sanh \oi nghien ciiu cac nganh "khoa hpc cung" ve tinh chinh \dc va dp tin ea\ Do can phai co cang nhicu cang tot nhung nghien ciiu \e ciing mpt chu de \a dem chung de tong hop, phan tich Nhiing phat hien tir su phan tieh long hop se dupc eoi la danh gia tot nhat eo the co ve nhirng gi dupc biet den a chii de tuang ling [dan theo 4] Khoa hpc giao due dupc xem la ITnh \Trc cac "khoa hpc mem" boi cac hien tuang giao due luon van dpng phat trien \a chiu tae dpng ciia nhieu yeu to khae khien nha nghiC-n cuu kho co the danh gia mpt each tuyet doi chinh xac va khaeh quan ve hicn tupng nghien ciru thong qua phmmg phap dinh lupng nhu doi vdi cae hicn tupng tu nhien Vi ihe bat k> mpt nghien ciru dan lc nao du dupc ihiet kc tot den dau cung khong the khae phue hoan loan nhiTng "loi khong kiem soal dupe"' [dan theo 3] Da\ cung la l\' \i cac nghien cuu ITnh vuc giao due duae phep eo xae suat sai toi da la 5% (p ^- 0,05) BSng each ket hcTp phan tieh ket qua eiia nhicu nghien cuu nha nghien cuu c6 the noi chac chan hon nhicu so vol chi dua iren mpi nghien cuu dan le rang, mpt phucmg phap hoac mot bien phap giao due nao la hicu qua hay khong hicu qua nude ngoai, nghien cuu sieu phan tich irong ITnh \irc giao due da duac thuc hien tir nhirng nam cuoi the ky XX \k hicn dupe trien khai cang nhieu bdi cac ehu\cn gia nghien ciru giao due dac biet la d M\ nhu: Christopher Jeneks (1972) Powell G (1980) Rcdtlcld D.L \a Rousseau i-:.W (1981), Jacob Cohen (1988) I lunter \ a Schmidt (1990), Rosenthal R (1991) John I lallic (1992 1996 - Danh gia va bai lap MI- nha) Robert J Mar/ano (2001 2003, 2007), Debra J Pickering Jane E Pollock (2001), David P Baker va Gerald K LeTendre (2004) Phucmg phap sieu phan tieh eho phep xay dung nhimg khai quat hda ve giao due ma Irudc da\ chua cd Ket qua thu dirpc lir cae nghien ciru sieu phan tich la nhirng cdng trinh TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd' (21 s ( - 2017 37 khoa hpc cd gia tri tham khao ldn khdng chi ddi vdi nhimg ngudi lam cdng lac nghien cuu khoa hpc giao due ndi chung Tam ly hpc giao due ndi rieng ma cdn ddi vdi ca cac giao x ien ciic nha quiin ly giao due va nhiing ngudi lam chinh sach xc giao due \'icc ung dung sieu phan lich vao cic cdng trinh nghien cuu dd dupc the hicn rat rd d kx thuat phan tich danh gia dinh lupng Chang ban xu hucing chung cimg nhirng dicm khac biet nhirng dicu da lam dupc hoac ehua lam dupc nhuitg nghjch Ix trpng giao due hoc dutmg hicn tren loan cau va d timg qudc gia nhirng khd khan ma cac qudc gia dang phai ddi mat x icc cung cap giao due hpc duimg cho the he Ire; dinh hucmg phat trien giao due tuang lai tren toan cau la nhirng van de dupc chia sc cudn sach "National DiTTcrcnces Global Similarilics World Culture and the T'uture of Schooling" cua ciic tiic gia Daxid P Baker xii Gerald K I.eT'endre Day la ket qua nghien cim sieu phan tich dya triin nhflng dfl' lieu thu dutre tir eac nghien cim cua nhieu qudc gia tren the git'ri thudc ITnh xuc Tam ly hpc giao dye (van dc "Bao lye hpc duimg" ) Tam Ix hoc day hpc (xiin dc "Biii tap x'e nha" ) Xii ciic Itnh x'ye khac eUa khoa hoc giao due nhu diio tao giiio vicn danh gia giao due quan Ix nha truimg Cdng trinh sieu phiin tich cia cung cap eho cac nha nghien cim X e giao due nhflng thdng tin cd gia tri khoa hpc ldn ddng thdi goi x x i nhflng kx' thuat dinh lutmg can Ihiet ciic nghiiin cuu ndi chung 11 ] Cudn sach "Quan ly hicu quii Itip hpc" eua Robert J Mar/ano va cting sir la ket qua cua cdng trinh lap hcrp lu hon 100 nghien cuu thyc nghiem rieng lc vi quan Ix hip hpc ddi vdi ca cap hiic phd thdng d cii hinh thirc giao due thdng thuimg lan chuyen bii-t Ndi dung eua nd cung luc di cap ldi nhiiu khia canh Tam Ix hpc giiio due: Ndi dung xii qux liic ung xu Idp hpe k> luat hpc tap, Inich nhiem ea nhan, mdi quiin he thiix - trd ItVp hpc, dinh huting lain ly hpc sinh Itrp hoc , Nhicu khuxiii nghj cudn sach dutrc dua dya tren mdt each ticp can nghien ciru mdi, trudc dd chua lung dupe van dune tidi xdi cae nghien cim xi- quan ly Itip htic Dd chinh la phuong phap sieu phiiii lich \'e mat ky thuat xii-c van dung siiiu phan tieh vao cdng trinh nghien cuu mix khien cho van de djrih lutmg trd nen phiic lap hon nhiiu ma sd lutmg cae "mirc dd hicu qua" can dupc \cm \ct linh loan Icn ldi so 134 Irong d hau bet eac trudng hirp thuimg chi cd mot mire dp hieu qua duae tinh loiin doi xdi mdi nghien cim (3| Tutmg ty de danh gui hieu qua tdng thi cua cac phuone phap mdi day bpc va danh gia kcl qua hpc lap eua hpc sinh Robert J M.^ry.uw x;i cpng sy da phan tich hang tram nghien euu xe chu di d cac Idp hoc tu mSu giao cho den lap 12 Phutmg phap nghien cuu su dung cho vice dd chinh la sicu phan tich ("Classroom Instruction Ihat W oiks" - cUa Robert J Mar/ano) p] TAP CHl TAM LV HOC Sti 1215) - 2017 Mdi s6 cong trinh nghien eiru thuc nghiem khac \ e Tam !>' hpc giao due da khang dinh ring, khong cd nghien eiru nao cd the dua cau ira ldi \ c phuang phap giao due hieu qua cho tirng hpc sinh va eho mpi tinh hudng day hoc Cimg mot kieu hanh vi song cd the dupc thuc hien theo nhirng trinh tu nhung each thue khae nhau, dd cd the dua den nhu'ng ket qua khdng gidng d hai giao \ ien khac Bang chung la cac nha nghien euu tap hap cac cdng trinh don lc lai de danh gia hp phat hien rang, da ed nhirng nghien cihi thuc nghiem tac ddng cd muc dp hieu qua la am va diem phan vi giam Nhirng phat hicn na\ ed duac la cac nha nghien cuu da su dung phuong phap sieu phan lich |4] Phirong phap sicu phan tich la gi? Sicu phan tich (Meta-analysis) la mdi phuang phap nghien ciru da dupc Gene Glass va cpng sir ehinh thuc xa> dung vao dau nhirng nam 70 cua the ky XX Hieu dem gian ihi dd la k\ thuat ket hop djnh luong cac ket qua tir nhieu nghien cuu \c cung mpt ehii de Ngay tir mdi ddi, phuang phap da dupc sir dung rpng rai cac ITnh \ irc nghien euu Tam l> hpc Y hpe, Giao due hpe Tpi pham hpc va nhicu ITnh vuc khac, ma d dd ngudi ta bat budc phai dua nhQ-ng quyet dinh ddi \'di hinh thire can thiep hoac hinh thue tac dpng tdt nhat cd the cd Lien quan den \an de nha nghien euu Morton Hunt (1997) da neu nhiJng tae dpng manh me eua phuong phap sicu phan tich den cac ITnh vue nghien cuu khae I dan Iheo 3] Sieu phdn tich hieu mdi each dan gian nhat, la mot phuang phdp nghien ciru sir dung ky thugt thong ke xdc sudt nhdm ket hap dinh luang nhirng dir lieu tir nhieu nghien ciru ihuoc ve citng mot chu de chung, tren co sd hogc ddnh gid thtrc trgng dua tren minh chirng hogc xdc dinh linh hieu qud ciia cdch thirc can thiep hay cdch ihirc tdc dong Khi mue dp hicu qua d lat ca cae nghien ciru dupc tap hpp Iai la phii hpp va nhat quan thi sicu phan tich ed the dupc sii dung dc xac djnh mue dp hieu qua chung dd Cdn mirc dp hieu qua ciia cac nghien euu la khac thi sicu phan tich cd the dupc su dung de xac dinh nguyen nhan ciia su khae dd Ddi vdi cac ITnh \TJC khoa hpc giao due, phuang phap sieu phan tich ed the dupe su dung ca nghien euu co ban lan nghien cuu img dung Trong nghien cuu umg dung, sicu phan tieh dupc sOr dung nham \ac dinh each thirc can thiep hieu qua nhat [2| [3] [4] Cdn nghien cim co ban, sieu phan tich duac sii dung dc danh gia thuc trang dua tren minh ehung cac ITnh \ uc khoa hpc khac nhu; Giao due hoe Xa hpi hpe Tam ly hpc giao due, Tam ly hpc xa hpi, Kinh te - Tai chinh Khoa hpc ehinh tri Khoa hpc moi Uudng [1] TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd (215) - 2017 39 Ky thuat thong ke \ac suat dupc sir diing nghien ciru sicu phan tich Cung vdi sy phat trien cua khoa hpc luimg va irng dung cdng nghe thdng tin xao nghien euu cic ITnh xuc khoa hpc giao due ky thuat thdng ke xac suat dupc sir dung irpng nghien cuu sieu phan tich da cd nhOrng buiic ticn quan trpng giiip cho ki-t qua danh gia trd nen de hicu chinh xac Trong nhflng nghien ciru sieu phan lich ky thuat dupc sir dung la linh toan mirc dp hiiu qua X a diim phdn vi Idng dya Ircn eac md hinh loan hpc Thdng thucmg nghien cim khoa hpc giao due, sieu phan tieh bao gdm nhung kcl qua thu ducrc tit mdt sd nghien cim cung loai de xac dinh hicu qua trung binh cua mcit phuong phap/bicn phap lac ddng giao due nao dd Khi thyc hien phucmg phap sicu phan lich nha nghien ciru chuxcn ddi ket quii cua nghien cim don x j luimg dupc gpi ki "muc dp hieu qua" (en'cet size) Nhu xax ed the ndi mdc dp hieu qua la mdt chuan lutmg dupc sir dung nghiiin cim sicu phan tich Chang ban mdt nghien cuu xc phuang phap dax' hpe hieu qua thi nd cho biet muc dp khac bicl giiia hanh x i (ma ngudi nghien cim cd the kx vpng) cua kip hpc cd ap dung hicu qua mdt phuong phap day hoc niio dd so xcii nhung Idp hpc khdng dupc ap dung phucmg phiip dd Muc dp hicu qua biiiu thj sy tang len hax giiim di ciia ket qua dat ciupe nhdm hpe sinh tham gia thyc nghiem (la nhdm hire sinh dupc licp can xdi mdt phuang phap day hpc nao dd) boi nhimg don x i dp lech chuan (standard deviation) Nhflng dim xi' dp lech chuan se dupe phien sang dicm phiin x i Cd dicm phan XI tang Xii dicm phan vj giam Phan xi la mtit thuat n g u cUa t h i n g kc toiin hpc the hien vi tri cua mdt ca nhan phan b i chung ctia n h d m m a u M d t phan xi bieu dicn cho I 100 n h d m biing d u o c chia lir mot l a p h a p Vi du mdt hpc sinh dat d u p c dicm phan xi la 21 m p t bai trac n g h i e m cd nghia rang hoc sinh dd lam bai cd kin quii ktim htm % tdng sd h p e sinh tham gia lam bai trac nghiem dd | d a n theo | Gia s u mirc dp hicu q u a tinh dutrc c h o mpt phuimg phap uic ddng giao due nao dd bang l.O, ed nghTa la d i i m trung binh cua hpe sinh tham gia nhdm thyc nghiem phucmg phap dd cao hem mdt dp lech chuiin so xdi dicm Irung binh cua hpc sinh n h d m ddi chirng (hi nhdm khdng nhan dircrc s y lac ddng thyc nghiem) I lax ndi each khac m p t hpc sinh dat 50 dicm phan xj nhdm thyc nghiem si; d t h u h a n g cao hem I dp Icxh chuan so vdi here sinh cd cimg dicm phan vi n h d m d i i chfl'ng N h u xiix neu mdi nghien cim cho thiix m u c d p hieu quii eua mdt phucmg phap day hoc bang I dp lech ehuan (1.0 SD) thi ngucri ta cd t h i phien sang d i i m phan vi tang ^ Mdi nghien eiru sicu phan tich vi bit eu linh vyc nao cung diu ed gang ldng hcrp lai nhung phat hien lu eac cdng irinh nghien cuu thudc ITnh x yc dd 40 TAPCHfTAMLyHOC, St' (21.5), - 2017 dudi dang dinh lupng Nhirng phat hien tir cac nghien ciru duae ehuyC*n "mirc dp hieu qua" - Trong trudng hop sicu phan tich hudng vao danh gia tac dpng len mgt nhdm/l&p hoc muc dp hicu qua sc duac xac dinh theo cdng thuc: \firc dil hieu ana = ^"^ "'^ ^^ ^"" "^^""' '^"•'^ nghiem - Gid tri TB cua nhdm did chimg Do lech chudn Theo each dd hicu sd giira gia tri trung binh cua nhdm thuc nghiem va gia tri trung binh cua nhdm ddi chung sc dupc phien sang dem vi eiia dp lech chuan Vi du nhdm thue nghiem la mdt Idp hpc cd sir dung mdt phuomg phap day hpc mdi nao dd cdn nhdm ddi chung la mpt lap hpc khdng sir dung phuang phap day hpc Khi dd mirc dp hieu qua sc la dp tang len eiia diem trung binh cpng ciia toan bp Idp hpc - Trong trudng hop sicu phan tieh hudng vao danh gia cd nhdn hoc sinh vice tinh toan mue dp hicu qua se dua tren dp tang len cua diem trung binh ciia timg hpc sinh (Crosbic 1993) Tuy nhien eho dii thue nghiem dupe thiet ke ddi vdi loan Idp hpc hay ddi \ di timg ddi tuong hpc sinh thi mirc dp hicu qua \ an cd ihe ehu\cn sang dicm phan vi Od la vi muc dp hieu qua thutmg dupc bieu dicn bang dan \i la dp lech chuan cdn dp lech chuan tai dc dang dupc phien sang dicm phan vi Dieu hoan toan cd the de tha\ quan vit dudng cong ciia phan bd chuan \a dd la mdi nhirng diem loi the ciia sicu phan tich nghien ciru khoa hpc giao due Dudi da\ la mot \ I du ve trinh bay ket qua sicu phan tich lien quan den Ciic npi qu\ va qu\ tae ung xu ciia hpc sinh phd ihdng Nhu da neu d tren, sicu phan tich la mdt phutmg phap ket htrp dinh luomg ket qua lir nhieu nghien cuu Trtmg trudng htrp na\ ket qua lir 10 nghien euu dutTc tdng htirp lai de dua mire dp hicu qua irung binh -0.763 cho eac nt)i qu\ \a t]u\ tac irng xir \Urc dti hieu qua chi rang, d cac cap ItVp ht>e khac nhau, sd hanh \i sai pham trung binh irong nhiimg lap thuc hicn hicu qua cac nt)i qu\ \a quy lae img xu cd 28 dicm phan vj thap hom so \di sd hanh vi sai pham irung binh d nhiing Itirp khdng thuc hien Dicu dd khien ta tin tudng vice de va thirc hien cac niii quy qu> tac ung xu cd tae ddng tieh cue mdi each rd rang den hanh vi ciia hpc sinh (giam sd lupng cac hanh vi vi pham k\ luat trung binh cua htKsinh)[3.tr 24| Ngay nav \di su phat trien nhanh chdng eiia cdng nghe thdng tin, da co nhung phiin mcni ung dung dupc viel giiip eac nha nghien ciru de dang TAP CHI TAM l y HOC .V^ {215) - 2017 thuan lpi han viec trien khai thuc hien sieu phan tich irong Tam ly hpc giao due ndi rieng khoa hpe giao due ndi ehung Thue te la hicn da cd san mpt bang diem phan \ i tang hoac giam tuang irng ma cae nha nghien euu dua de tien tra cuu su dung eho mpi ngudi ticn hanh sieu phan tich Muc dp hieu qua bang duac bao quat tCr 0.00 den 2.33 \ a lioac -2.33 Bdng 1: Mirc hieu qud doi v&i noi quy va quy tac irng xir lap hoc Mirc hieu qua So lirong doi t u-ong nghien curu So luwng cac nghien ciru Dicm phan vi (giam h^nh vi vi pham ky lual) -0,763 636 10 28 T H P T ( l a p - 12) -0.772 425 28 THCS (Icrp - 9) -0,617 48 23 De \ a thirc hien cac ngi quy, quy lac img xir Cuoi tieu hpc (lop - 6) -0.772 163 28 Dau tieu \\ thudc phai dua vao \o sd nghien cuu va nhirng y kien trao ddi dc cd dupc ca sd kien thiic mang tinh ca biet viec trao ddi \di timg benh nhan Tai lieu tham khao David P Baker Gerald K l.c Tcndre Khdc biel qudc gia - Ddng dgng todn cdu I dn hda the gidi vd tirang lai cita gido due hpc dudng NXB Van hoa Sai Gdn, Dai hpc lloa Sen, Ho Chi Minh 2010 (Ban djch ciia Pham Tan Hoang Son) Robert J Marzano Debra J Pickering Jane E Pollock Cdc phuang phdp dgy hgc hieu qua \XB Giao due Vicl \ani Ha Noi 201 (Ban djch ciia Nyuycn l-i6ng Van) Robert J Marzano, Ouan ly hieu qua lap hgc NXB Giao due Vicl Nam Ha Noi 2011 (Ban dich ciia Pham Tran Long) Robert J Mar/ano SghO thugt vd khoa hgc dgy hgc, NXB Giao due Vict Nam, I la Ngi 2011 (Ban dich ciia Ngu\en Hiiu Chau) TAP CHf TAM LY HOC, SC^' (215), - 2017 ...due - "khoa hoe m^m") va dem so sanh vai eae nghien eihi nganh Vat l> K6i qua la Hedges da tim th4y mot tinh trang tircmg tir a ca khoa hpc tir nhien va khoa hpe xa hpi rang,... dien khoa hpc lu nhien nhieu han khoa hpc xa hpi (40% so vai 10*^0) NhiJng phat hien da duoe Hedges trinh bay ban bao cao co lua de "How Hard Is Hard Science? How Sort Is Soft Science'.''" Trong. .. dua tren minh ehung cac ITnh uc khoa hpc khac nhu; Giao due hoe Xa hpi hpe Tam ly hpc giao due, Tam ly hpc xa hpi, Kinh te - Tai chinh Khoa hpc ehinh tri Khoa hpc moi Uudng [1] TAP CHI TAM