Đánh giá hiệu quả của sự khích lệ trong công việc đến người trẻ

DANH GlA HIEU QUA CUA SU KHICH LE TRONG CONG VIEC DEN NGUOI TRE Bai viet \i mot phan ket qua nghien cCfu cOa de tai co sd 2019: Khicli le cong viec cOa dong nghiep ddi vdi can bo tre; Vien Tam IJ hpc chCi tri; ThS Pham Minh Thu ISm chO nhiem Pham Minh Thu Vien Tdm ly hpc TOM TAT De tim hieu hieu qud cua su khich le ciia ddng nghiep cong viec den ngudi tre, ndm 2019, nghien ciru tien hdnh khdo sdt 191 nguai tre tudi hien dang idm viec igi cdc vien nghien ciru igi Hd Npi Ket qud cha thdy, theo ddnh gid ciia nhiing ngudi ire, sau nhan duac su khich le, hp lu nhdn thdy minh tuang dpi hdi long vd ddnh gid lich cue ve hieu qud ciia su khich le dpi vdi cong viec vd tdm ly cua hp Cdng nhdn duac su khich le, dii vdi hinh thirc ndo thi hp deu cd nhirng thay doi tich cue, ddng thdi ket qud du bdo cUng cho thdy, nhimg dnh hudng tich cue cua su khich le tdi nhiing thay doi ve tdm ly vd cong viec cua nhiing ngudi tre Tir khoa: Khich le: Ngudi tre: Khich le trang cdng viec Ngdy nhdn bdi: 28/9/2019; Ngdy duyet ddng bdi: 25/1/2020 Mij- dSu Bat ke tre tudi tham gia lao ddng, du d linh vuc nao, cflng deu cd nhirng xuat phat diem gan nhu gidng nhau: thieu kinh nghiem, thieu kien thurc thuc te, thieu nang lire ve chuyen mdn, thilu ky nang lam viec Mdt sd trudng hgp khac cdn thieu ca su tu tin, manh dan, tham chi khdng nhan gia trj ban than NhOng diem d nhu:ng ngudi tre tudi cd the tdn tai va keo dai ISu hay nhanh phu thudc khdng chi vao ban than hg ma cdn phu thudc vao nhu-ng yeu td khac ben ngoai, dd, nhu-ng su khich le cua iihung ddng nghiep khac, dac biet la nhflng ngudi ddng nghidp Idn tudi vdi nhieu kinh nghiem cd gia tri hflu ich sir phat trien cong viec ciia nhflng ngudi tre Hieu qua ciia su khich le da dugc mdt sd nghien ciru va ngoai nude quan tam Nhflng tac ddng cua phin thudng nhu mpt hinh thuc cua sir khich le cd tic dung gay dnh hudng din cdng viec, din din kit qua nhat dinh (Thomas, Ambrosini va Hughes, 2017), ngudi tap huin giup cae hgc vien hieu TAP CHf TAM LY HOC, S6' (251), - 2020 59 duge cac van de va lam each nao dl vugt qua nhflng rao can, dong thdi khuyen khich hgc vien no lu thuc hien kl hoach hanh ddng ca gap trd ngai va that bai (Martin, 2010) Danh gia vai trd ciia sit khich le thdng qua phong each lanh dao, quan ly, Le Thi Thanh Huong (2017) ghi nhan ring, hoat dgng san xuat chung ciia cae hd ndng dan, su khich le cua ngudi ditng dau cd anh hudng tdi su tuan thu lao ddng, tdi moi quan he giti-a cac vien thuc hien cdng viec chung theo ehilu hudng tich cue Them nfla, Tran Huang Thanh (2012) cho ring, phong each hi hoac dan chil dudng nhu khuyen khich dugc tinh tich cue ban la phong each dgc doan Mdt sd nghien cuu cung quan tam tdi mdi quan he gifla cac hinh thirc khich le vdi bieu qua cua nd den cdng viec Hinh thuc uu tien chu y giao viec va thudng vat chat dugc su dung thudng xuyen hon ca va la hai binh thirc dem lai hieu qua lao dgng trdi hon so vdi cac hinh thiic khac (Le Huong, 2003); hinh thuc danh gia, ghi nhan tich bing vat chit va khen thudng ddi vol qua trinh lam viec cua ngudi lao dgng nhim dat dugc muc tieu mong mudn (Thomas, Ambrosini va Hughes, 2017) Sir cung cip thdng tin, dua Idi khuyen ciia cac ddng nghiep vdi nhau, cQng nhu cua ngudi giam sat tdi cac nhan vien se giiip cho cdng viec dugc thuan Igi va de dang ban Mdt sd nghien ciru khac lai quan tam tdi mdi quan he giiia cac binh thirc khich le vdi hieu qua ciia nd doi vdi tam ly ngudi Martin (2010) nhan thay rang, viec cae nha tap huan giiip hgc vien hilu cac vin de, ap lire can phai ddi mat giup cac hgc vien nd luc hon nhung tinh hudng khd khan, vugt qua nhQng rao can ca gap nhirng trd ngai va that bai Nhirng hinh thuc lien quan den phuc Igi vat chat (luang, thudng, che dai ngd) giup cho ngudi lao dgng tich cue ban (Tran Huong Thanh, 2012; Nguyln Thi Tinh, 2009; Le Huang, 2003) La nhQng ngudi ddng nghiep di trudc dii trai qua nhflng khd khiin, hieu va thdng cam vdi nhQng vudng mac ca ve mat tam ly va cdng viec ma ngudi tre da, dang va se trai qua, hg can va cd trach nhiem giup eho nhQng ngudi tre nhan sire manh ciia ban than minh, cd ca hdi de the hien, va cd ddng lire, nd luc ban mgi hoan canh de tien hanh cac boat dgng, giai quyet cac khd khan cdng viec Rd rang, ben canh viec danh gia hieu qua cua sir khich le cac boat dgng lao ddng, cac nghien ciru cGng da de cap tdi tac dgng cua cac hinh thurc khich le khac tdi cdng viec cflng tam ly ngudi dugc khich le Mac dii vay, nhung van de dugc quan tam Idng ghep cac nghien cuu lien quan din boat ddng lao ddng, din cac phong each quan ly khac mdt each chung chung, tren nhQng ddi tugng lao ddng khac nhau, cac ITnh vuc khac Dl tim bieu sau cac vin dl dudi gdc tam ly hgc, bai vilt tap trung vao tim hieu danh gia cua chinh ngudi dugc khich le - la nhung ngudi tre 60 TAP CHI TAM ly HOC, Sd' (251), - 2020 mdi - vl hieu qua cua su khich le, ddng thdi tim hieu mdi quan he giua cac hinh thiic khich le vdi hi$u qua cua nd Phu-o-ng phap nghien ciiu 2.1 MSu khdch the nghien ciiu Mlu khach the nghien ciiu gdm 191 ngudi cd thiim nien cdng tac tQ 10 nam trd xudng (trung binh la 5,65 nam; SD = 2,63), hien dang lam viec tai cac vien nghien ciiu thudc Vien Han lam Khoa hgc xa hdi Viet Nam (chilm 46,9%) va Vien Han lam Khoa hgc va Cong nghe Viet Nam (chilm 52,1%) tai Ha Ngi Vdi dac thu ngudi dugc hdi la nhflng ngudi dang lam viec cac vien nghien ciiu nen sd ngudi cdng tac khdi nghien ciru chiem da sd (vdi 80,5%), phan Idn la nu (vai 63,4%) va chu yeu vdi trinh hgc van sau dai hgc (chiem 74,7%) Khao sat bang bang hoi dugc thuc hien vao nam 2019 2.2 Cdng cu va phuffngphap nghien ciiu Nham tim hieu hieu qua tac dgng ciia su khich le ddi vdi ngudi tre thong qua sir danh gia cua chinh hg, nghien ciru sit dung phuang phap dilu tra bing bang hdi Cac cau hdi dugc thiSt ke biing cac thang Cu the: Thang Hieu qua ciia su khich le din nhitng ngudi tre tudi bao gdm 12 menh de (item), dugc thiet ke va su dung bang tilu thang Thang Thay ddi ve tam ly bao gdm item, xoay quanh nhung tac dung ve mat tam ly cua ngudi tre sau nhan dugc su khich le nhu tin tudng vao the manh cua ban than, tu tin, manh dan, nd luc ban cdng viec Thang Thay ddi cdng viec bao gdm item, xoay quanh nhQng tac dung ve cdng viec nhu y tudng, tien va san pham cong viec Tat ca cac item cua hai thang gdm phuang an vdi mire dimg tang dan: tu hoan toan khdng dung den hoan toan diing, tuang Omg vdi miic diim tu din Diem cang cao thi nhflng thay dpi cang mang chieu hudng tich cue Do tin cay Alpha cua Cronbach ciia hai tieu thang lan lugt la 0,90 va 0,82 Do tin cay ciia toan thang la 0,92 D I tim hieu mdi quan he gifla su khich le vdi nhQng hieu qua tac dgng sau nhung ngudi tre nhan dugc sir khich le, nghien cuu thiet ke va su dung thang cac hinh thirc dugc khich le vdi 27 item va chia tieu thang dua tren hinh thiic cua su khich le Tieu thang Dugc quan tam: bao gdm item xoay quanh cac ngi dung lien quan den viec cac ddngnghiep the hien su quan tam ciia hg vl cdng viec cua ddng nghiep tre nhu san sang ling nghe, khuyin khich, tham hdi va ddng cam vdi khd khan ciia ddng nghiep tre Tilu thang Dugc tdn trgng - Tin tudng bao gdm item, xoay quanh cac ndi dung lien quan din sir ling nghe, tao co hdi lam viec cho ddng nghiep tre Tilu thang Dugc chia se - hd trg bao gdm item xoay quanh ve ngi dung TAP CHI TAM LfHOC, Sd'2 (251), - 2020 61 lien quan den chia se vl kiln thuc, thdng tin, hudng dan, hd trg ddng nghiep tre cdng viec Tilu thang Bugc ghi nhto bao gdm item, xoay quanh ve hinh thirc dugc ghi nhan, nhu bing su chiic mtmg, khen nggi, earn an bing 1°" vabing vat chit Tilu thang Dugc khoi day su tu tin bao gdm item, dugc thi hien bing nhQng Idi nhan xet tieh cue, khuyin khich ddng nghiep tre the hien nang luc ciia minh Tilu thang Dugc truyin cam hirng bao gdm item, dugc the hien bang su khai day cho ddng nghiep tre cam hirng, niem tin, long tu hao vao cdng viec Dd cae hinh thuc khich le nay, cac item ciia cac tieu thang deu dugc xay dung theo phuang an tuong ung vdi diem sd tir I - (Hilm = I diim, Thinh thoang = diim, Kha thudng xuyen = diem, Thudng xuyen = diim) Diim ciia cac item va cac tilu thang cang cao thi thang cang dugc thi hien ro, hay muc dd khich le ddi vdi ngudi tre cang dugc thuc hien thudng xuyen Kilm tra tin cay Alpha ciia Cronbach ciia cac tilu thang lin lugt cho kit qua la 0,90; 0,79; 0,90; 0,79; 0,86 va 0,89 Toan thang Dugc khich le cd tin cay bing 0,96 Cac gia tri deu cd tin cay cao (> 0,7) Mdt sd phdng vin sau cflng dugc thuc hien dl tim hieu nhflng sac thai cu the danh gia hieu qua cua su khich le Sd lieu khao sat dugc xii ly bang phin mem thdng ke toan hgc SPSS phien ban 22.0 Cac phep phan tich sau day dugc su dung: phan tich theo ty le %, gia tri diim trung binh (M), lech chuin (SD) cua tflng menh dl, tilu thang va toan thang do, phan tich T-test, Anova, tuong quan va hdi quy dan bien Ket qua nghien cii'u J Ddnh gid hieu qud lac dgng cua su khich le cong viec d ngudi tre tuoi Bang 1: Ddnh gid vi hliu qud ciia su khich le cong viec d ngudi tre tudi Mii-c dunE (%) Hieu qua ciia su- khicli Ic M 2,90 0,49 16,8 73,2 9,5 2,92 0,53 1,1 23,7 62,6 12,6 2,87 0,63 2,1 21,1 62,6 14,2 2,89 0,65 Tin tirang vao kha niing, gia tri cua ban than (lin vao the manh, niing lire ciia ban than ) 0,5 Coi mff hon chia se cac van de cong viec Tir tin trinh bay y kiSn, y tirong cong vice / Tiiiiy doi ve tiim Iv 62 SD 3^ TAP CHI TAM I t HOC, S6' (251), - 2020 Manh dan th6 hien kha nang ban than nhieu hon truQC tap the 4,2 23,2 61,1 11,6 2,80 0,69 Nhiet huyet hon vdi cong viec 2,1 17,9 65,3 14,7 2,93 0,64 No lire hon cong viec 1,6 14,2 66,3 17,9 3,01 0,62 Khong nan long g^p virdng m k cong viec 3,2 21,1 57,9 17,9 2,91 0,71 Chii dpng hoc hoi tir nhirng nguoi dong nghiep khac 1,6 10,5 64,7 23,2 3,09 0,63 2,83 0,55 Co nhieu y tuong hon cong vice 1,6 30,0 58,4 10,0 2,77 0,64 Chat luang san pham cong viec tot hon trirdc 2,1 16,3 68,9 12,6 2,92 0,61 Tien cong viec dirge hoan nhanh chong hon 3,2 18,9 65,8 12,1 2,87 0,65 Co so lirang san pham c6ng viec virot mire chi tieu 3,2 29,5 56,8 10,0 2,77 0,81 2,89 0,48 // Tliay itoi ve cdng viec Toan thang Ghi chii: Hoan loan khdng diing (I diem): Phdn tdn Id khdng diing (2 diem): i Phdn lan Id diing (3 diem): Hoan todn dung (4 diem) Biem ciia cdc item, lieu thang vd tocm thang cdng cao Ihi sir thay doi cdng nhieu va mang chieu hudng tich cue Ket qua khao sat cho thay, nhirng ngudi tre tuang ddi hai Idng sau nhan dugc sir khich le tit nhflng ngudi ddng nghiep (M = 7,29/10 va SD = 1,43) Khich le cua nhung ngudi ddng nghiep Idn tudi (M = 7,72), nhQng ngudi ddng nghiep cap tren (M ^ 7,71), nhflng ngudi ddng nghiep ciing phdng (M = 7,55) va nhung ngudi ddng nghiep ciing nhdm lam vice (M = 7,63) dem lai cho hg sir hai Idng hern ca Dieu cho thiy, cdng viec, uy tin, quyen lire, kinh nghiem va sir gan bd cdng vi§e gian tiep la nhung yeu td tac ddng them khien nhflng ngudi tre cam nhan thiy su hai Idng ban nhan dugc su khich le, ddng thdi nhung cam xuc tich cue ciing gian tiep eho thay hg kha hai long ve hieu qua ma su khich le dem lai Nhin chung, nhan dugc su khich le, nhQng ngudi Ue tadi danh gia tuong ddi cao va tich cue ve hieu qua ciia nd ddi vdi ban than minh (M = 2,89) Cac y kien tuang ddi thdng nhat gifla nhihig ngudi tre (SD = 0,48) Hieu qua cua sir khich le dugc thi hien thdng qua nhung thay ddi ve mat tam ly va ve mat cdng viec ciia nhirng ngudi tre Nhirng thay ddi ve mat tam ly dugc nhflng ngudi tre nhan thiy ro rang va theo ehilu hudng tich cue hdi hon mdt TAP CHf TAM LfHOC, Sd'2 (251), - 2020 63 chut (M = 2,90; SD = 0,49) so vdi nhQng thay ddi vl mat cdng vifc (M = 2,83; SD = 0,55) Trong cdng viec, nlu moi ngudi tre cd nhflng thay ddi ve mat tam ly theo chieu hudng tich cue thi xu hudng tuang lai ngudi dd se cd nhieu thay ddi tich cue vl mat cdng viec Cbinb vi vay, day la nhung tin hieu dang mtmg nhin nhan vl gia tri cua su khich le ddi vdi nhflng ngudi tte Nhflng sic thai tich cue vl mat tarn ly dugc thi hien thdng qua cac bieu hien d nhung ngudi tre nhu hg cang cam thiy manh dan, tu tin, nd luc, nhiet huyet, chu ddng va cang cdi md hem viec the bien ban than va cdng viec (diim trung binh ciia cae item dao ddng khoang 2,8'7 - 3,09); dd sir nd lire (M = 3,01) va su chu dgng hgc hdi (M = 3,09) ^la nhung thay ddi trdi ban ca Nhung su thay ddi cho thiy viec khich le can phai dugc thue hien cd tinh chit thudng xuyen ban Khdng chi chinh hg nhQng ngudi tre va nhan dugc su khich le - cam nhan thiy nhflng thay ddi do, ma nhung ngudi Idn tuoi vdi vai trd la nhflng ngudi khich le - da nhan thay nhflng thay ddi nay: 'To; thdy, cdc em dy manh dgn hon, chit dpng sang hdi tdi ve nhimg kien thirc, chit khdng nggi ngdn nhu truac nira" (nu, 40 tudi, nghien ciru vien, Vien Tam ly hgc) va "Hdi trudc thi cd hot mdi cUng khong thdy cd y klin gi, nhung sau tdt khich le thi cd ve tu tin han, thdy cd y tudng hay hodc y klin ndo khde hodc gidng thi cUng tu bo sung thim Md ciing mgnh dgn trinh bdy truac tap thi, chic khdng nhdt nhu trudc nira" (nam, 45 tudi, nghien ciiu vien, Vien Sir hgc) Chat lugng san pham cdng viec va tien cdng viec cua ban than nhflng ngudi tre duge hg nhan thay rd mgt loat nhQng thay ddi ve cdng viec (diem trung binh lan lugt la 2,92 va 2,87) Dieu gian tiep cho thay, nhung ngudi tre da danh su chuyen can, chuyen tam va tap trung nhieu ban vao cdng viec Day la nhung bien ddi ca ve chat va ve lugng Nhung ket qua dugc hien dien va chac chan da kem theo su danh gia ciia nhung ngudi ddng nghiep Idn tudi, cd vi tri cao ban se cang la dgng luc thuc day khien cho cho nhQng ngudi tre cang tu tin vdi kha nang va chuyen mdn ciia minh Khi xem xet su danh gia theo cac tieu chi, kit qua cho thay khdng cd su khac biet giQa nhflng ngudi lam khoi nghien cuu va khdi phuc vu, giua nhung nhdm cd trinh tu dai hgc trd xudng va nhdm cd trinh sau dai hgc trd len, gifla nam va nfl (p > 0,05) Dieu chung td cd su thdng nhat giua cac nhdm cac danh gia ve hieu qua cua sir khich le hoac su khich le cd tac dgng khdng nhieu tdi viec lam thay ddi cdng viec va tam ly cua nhflng nhdm ngudi tre Mac dii giQa nam va nQ khdng cd su khac biet Uong each danh gia (p > 0,05), nhung nfl vin thiy minh ed nhung thay ddi tieh circ ban so vdi nam nhan 64 TAPCHfTAM LtHOC, SS2 (251), - 2020 dugc su khich le Nhung thay ddi vd tam ly, ve cdng viec va nhflng thay ddi ndi chung d nu (M„5 lan lugt la 2,94; 2,87; 2,92) deu cao ban so vdi nbihig thay ddi d nam (M„„ lin lugt la 2,89; 2,77; 2,85) Dilu cho thiy, vl mat tac ddng, nu vin chiu nhflng anh hudng tac dgng nhieu hem, dac biet la hiu hit cac hinh thiic ciia khich le cd tac dgng vao khia canh tinh thin cua mdi ngudi Nhflng nhdm ngudi tre cd tham nien cdng tac tu - nam cd sir nhan thay nhflng thay ddi ve cong viec it ban so vdi nhQng ngudi tre cd tham nien cdng tac tren nam (M lan lugt la 2,68 va 2,98 vdi M khac biet la -0,29 vdi p = 0,008 < 0,01) va dugc the hien sir khac biet vl tiln cdng viec (p = 0,042) va so lugng san phim cdng viec (p = 0,019) Va mac du, nhin chung, giua hai nhdm khdng cd sir khac biet nhflng thay doi vl mat tam ly sau nhan dugc su khich le, nhung nhflng ngudi cd tham nien cdng tac tren nam cd nhflng sir tu tin vao kha nang, vao gia tri ciia ban than nhilu han so vdi nhung ngudi cd tham nien cdng tac tren - nam (p = 0,031) Dii cd khac biet hay khdng khac biet giua cac nhdm cd tham nien cdng tac khac thi su thay ddi ve cac mat (ca vl tam ly va vl cdng vice) sau nhQng ngudi tre nhan dugc sir khich le deu dugc thay rd d nhflng ngudi cd tham nien cdng tac tren nam Phai chang, vdi thdi gian cdng tac thi hieu qua cua sir khich le mdi dugc thiy rd? Va phai chang vdi dac thu da phin ngudi tra Idi deu hien dang lam viec khdi nghien cuu - chilm 80,5%) va nhdm cd tham nien cdng tac tren nam lam khdi nghien cuu chilm tdi 75% thi thdi gian cdng tac lau hon cd thi khiln cho hieu qua cua su khich le khiln cho nhflng ngudi tre nhdm cd ca hdi the hien nhieu ban cdng viec? Bdng 2: Hliu qud ciia su khich le cong vlic o ngudi tre (so sdnh theo thdm nlin cdng tdc) - Anova NhomS tir nam Nhom tren nam Nhom >7 nam / Thay doi ve torn ly 2,96 2,S} 2,99 p > 0,05 Tin tuang vao kha niing, gia tri ciia ban thiin (tin vao the manh cua ban than ) 2,92 2,80 3,03 M2 0,05 Tu tin trinh bay y kifin, y tuang cong viec 2,90 2,81 2,97 p > 0,05 Manh dan the hien kha nang ban than nhieu hon Iruae lap the 2,85 2,71 2,85 p>0,05 Ilicu qua ciia sir khi'ch Ic TAP CHI TAM l y HOC, Sd (251), - 2020 Mijc y nghia (p) 65 p>0j05 Nhiet huyet hon vdi cong viec 2,97 2,83 3,00 No lire hon cong viec 2,93 2,93 3,17 P>qs05 _ Khong nan long gap vuong mic cong viec 2,98 2,80 2,97 p>0,05 Chil dong hgc hoi tii- nhiing nguoi d6ng nghiep khac 3,23 2,97 3,08 p > 0,05 // Thay doi ve cong viec 2,87 2,68 2,97 M2 0,05 Chat lupng san phiim cong viec 161 han truac 2,95 2,80 3,05 P > 0,05 Tien cong viec duac hoan nhanh chong han 2,93 2,71 2,98 M2