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TIP chi N0KB cvv Nnvc ngoai, T|p 36, So (2020) 145-155 145 DAC DIEM NGHiA CIJA NHOM CHir HAN CO CHUA "It" (TRUC) TRONG HE THONG VAN T y HAN Pham Ngoc Ham* Tru&ng Dgi hge Ngogi nga, Dai hge Quoe gia Ha \'di Phgm Vdn Ddng, Cdu Gidy, Ha Ngi, Viit Nam Nhan bai 13 thang 02 nSm 2020 Chinh sua 04 thang 03 nam 2020; ChSp nhan dSng 31 th^g 03 nam 2020 T6ni tat: Chft Han von la lo^i hinh vin Ur hieu y, sau dugc coi Id biiu y kiem biiu am, thi hi^n sinh dpng d|c diem tii nh|in cua nguoi xua vi Ute gidi khach quan m6i lien he \0i doi s6ng.Nh6m ch& Hin cd chiia "Vt" (tnic) lam bo thu bieu nghia la mpt thi dy tieu bieu Bai viit chit yiu sii dung cic phuong ph4p vi thii phip nghien cihi nhu thong ke, mieu ta, phan tich, tiin hanh khio sit m6i quan h? gifta chft \'a n^ia ciia nh6m chft Han co chiia "W" (tnic), lim sang to qui trinh phit triin nghTa ciing nhir him y v5n h6a ciia chiing, nhim gop mpt tki li^u tham khao ve nghien ctxu chir Hin ciing nhir cong tac dgy hpc tieng Hind VidtNam Tir khoa: Vl, tnic, chu Hin, nghTa, tri nh$n I D^t vin dl Thi gioi khich quan co muon loii thyc vjt ton t^ii xung quanh la, moi loai mpt ve D$c Inmg cua cac loai thuc vat dugc phan inh sinh dpng ngon ngG - vSn tyr Han, the hi?n r5 nel nang lire kham pha the gioi \k d$c diem nhan thOrc cua nguoi xua Voi tinh chat la mgt loai van tu bieu y kiem bieu am, chO Han dugc coi la "hoa thach", la "trim tich" v§n hoa, the hien sau sic kha nang lien luong \*a siic sang tao to Ion ctia nhan dfin Trung Hoa Co thd noi, chiJ Han la mgt bp ph^ hgp cua ngon ngu va van hoa Han Tu xua den nay, chii Han luon thu hiit sy quan tam ciia gioi nghien cuu ngon ngij va vin h6a Trung Quoc ciing nhu Viet Nam Thanh qua nghien cuu lnr6c h^t phai ki den nhiing bp i\r dien 1cm nhu Thuyet vdn gidi tu (i513:IS^) cua Hiia Than (\^i%), hoan khoang hon 20 nam, lu nim Han Hoa D^ thii 12, nic nam 100 den nam An Di Kiin DT 84-904123803 Email: phamngochainnnvhlq@gniaii.com Quang nguyen nien, tiic nam 121), Khang Hy tu dien ( ^ ^ A ) cua Trucmg Nggc Thu (5fe51i) va TrSn Dinh Kinh (P^jJi^) doi vao nSm Khang Hv doi Thanh Hai cuon t^r dien ve sau da dugc tai ban nhieu lan Tu Ihang 10 nam 1986 din thang ID nSm 1990, Tir Tnmg Thu ( ^ ' f ' ^ ) chii bien cung tap the ban bien soan hon 300 nguoi sau nhieu nam phan dau da xual ban bg Hdn ngu dgi tu diin ( S ^ i § : ^ ^ ^ ) ISn ihii nhat va den nim 2010 tai ban lan ihii gom cuon, lap trung giai thich hinh, am, nghia ciia khoang 56000 chir Han Tiep do, nhieu cong trinh nghien cuu noi tieng ve nguon goc, cau tao, y nghTa va ngi ham van hoa the hien chO: Han dugc xual ban sach nhu Gdc nhin vimd vi vdn hoa chu Hdn Trung Qudc (^WK"^ 'Xib'XM) (f"I:^S, 1990), Gidi thich bdng hinh dnh cdc cha Hdn thuang didng (%^ VJJ ^ S ^ ) ( # ^ ^ , 1997), Vdn di chu Hdn vd vdn hda (U.-^^XibHU) in^%, 2000), \ldl md cha Hdn iW^rn^) i^U, 2001), Tit chu nhdn ( M A ^ i ^ S ) ( ^ ^ ^ 2004) CJ Viet Nam nhimg nam gan day, nghien ctiu 146 P.N Him/ T»p chi NghifB cmi Nirix ngoii T*p 36, SA ao^*" '•'-'" *** \ e cha Han phai nhic den Chu Hdn: chit vd nghia (Pham Nggc Ham, 2012) va mgt s6 bai \iet \ e chii Han khac ciia cung tac gia Van lu Hdn vd vai trd cua gi&i hdn nhdn (Cam Tii Tai, Le Quang Sang, 2017) Cac cong trinh tren day tu> o tam sau rpng khac nhimg diu tap trung nghien ciiu \e cau tao, nghia va ham y v3n hoa cung nhu qua ninh dien tien ciia chir Han Trong bon nguyen tic cau t^o chu: Han gom tugng hinh, chi sir, hgi y va hinh thanh, chu cau lao theo nguyen tac tugng hinh dcri som nhSt va chii hinh (loai chii gom mgt phan bieu nghia, mgt phan bieu am h^p thanh) chiem ty le cao nhat (Nguyen Kim Than, 1984) Theo ghi chep ciia ong o-ong chucmg cuon sach nhan de Lugc sir ngdn ngu hgc, muc chu viel a Trung Qude, hoc gia Vuong Quan doi Thanh da khao sat 9353 chu' Han thu thap Thuyit vdn gldi tu ciia Hiia Than doi vao the ky va phan xuat bon loai iheo bon nguyen tac cau lao chii Han, d6 so chii dupc cau tao theo nguyen tic tugng hinh la 264 chii, hinh ggi Ik hai la 7697 chii Theo thong ke ciia chiing toi lir phan Ion cac bp tu dien, he thong chii Han co khoang 214 bo thu, "Yi" (tnic) vira co the dgc lap tao mgt chii Han, mgt tir don am tiet, vira co the dong vai tro lam bp thu cau tao chir phiic thi NghTa ciia nhom chQ Han c6 chira "t^" (inic) vo ciing phong phii, khong nhiing the hien die diem tri n h ^ ciia nguoi xua \ e loai thuc vat manh nhtmg co siic song manh liet, vugt len hoan canh nay, ma the hien gia tri vat chat \ a gia trj tinh than doi dao ciia tre/tnic doi \oi doi song xS hpi Bai viet n3\ la su ki thira bai tham luan nhan de Nghta cua cde cha Hdn cd chda bg "tV" (tnic) vd mdy suy nghT vi dgy hgc tiing Hdn ("t+" ^uZ^'^Si'^^ Sr^fi^/l.^ S^#) dang tren Ky yiu Hgi thao khoa hpc ve Giang da\ va Nghien ciru tieng Han nam 2018 ciia chiing toi Bai viit chu yeu su dyng cac phuong phap \ a thu phip nghien Cliu nhu thong ke tin s6 xuit hi?n mieu ta cau tnic, phan tich dien biin nghia de lien hanh khao sat, chi m6i quan h? giiia cha va nghia ciia "ti"' (triic), dac bi?t la nhom chO Han c6 chiia "tl"" (tnic), lam sang to d$c diSm qui trinh phdt triin nghia ciing nhu ham y vSn hda ciia nh6m chii Han nay, nhim gop mgl tai li?u tham khao cho cong tac nghien cihi va d?;y hpc tieng Han hien Viet Nam NghTa ciia " W (tnic) Truoc hit, xet \ e m$l van t\r, Thuyit vdn giai thich ring: "ChO "Yl" (tnic) la mgt chii tupng hinh, chi loai thuc vat sinh song dugc vao miia dong, canh la buong ni Noi chung, cic chii Han co lien quan den tre/ tnic deu sii dyng " t t " (tnic) l^m to biiu nghia, am dgc la tnic ("tt", ^±^^^ ^M TS #, nm^' RYi;^mwbKY[ m^m true ddng sinh thdo dd, tugng hinh, hg thiiy gid, bdu nhugc da, phdm true chi thugc giai Idng true, trdc nggc thiit) [i^fX 2012], Cic bp ty dien lieng Han khic ciia Tnmg Quoc nhu Hdn nga dgi tu diin ciing co cich giii thich tuong tir nhu Thuyil vdn ciia Hiia Than va khang dinh Ihem "day li loai thyc vat xanh luoi quanh nam, von thugc hg hoa thao, than vi canh r6ng, co d6t, co the dimg lam nguyen vat lieu phuc vu xay dyng vi che lac cac dyng cu, cung co thi diing d i lim giay, Irii qua gii ret cua miia dong, canh li vin khong tan lia" ( ^ * ^ ^ ^ ± ^ ^ f f i ! ^ , ^ A , 2010] Loai thyc vat tiing Hin chia lam nhiiu lo^i, nhu g^ft ban true, :SC -M" van truc^i^Yi bi true , c6 gia trj thuong ngoan rit cao, dugc nguoi ta coi li cay canh, tuong duong voi tnic tieng Vi?t, va ^ n mao true mong duong voi tie tieng Vijt Duoi day, chiing toi gpi chung la Ttp cki NgUte cvu fiuitc ngoii, T^p 36, So (2020) 145 - 155 Tir each giai thich cua cic bg ty dien co uy tin, c6 the thay cac nha tir dien hgc deu diii y din d$c diim vi hinh dang, tap tinh sinh tnidng, moi truong song va chiic ning ciia tie tiiic mi cic loai thyc vat khac khong thi co Ihipc Trong d6, n6i bat la cac dSc diem nhu ire tnic co siic s6ng mSnh li?t, trai qua mua ddng gii l^nh van tuoi xanh, than va cinh deu CO cic dot voi khoing cich khong qui dai ciing khong qui ngin, mpc thinh khom, cic than cay sinh cimg Tre tnic khong thugc than thao, ciing khong thugc thin mgc, khong qui cuong, ciing khong qui nhu, deo dai kil hpp vdi siic m?nh tong the cua ca cum kh6m khiin n6 c6 kha nang vugl qua gio b3o Miu xanh ciia tre tnic khdng bao gio ihay doi suot bdn miia Tit ci nhiing d^c tinh giiip ngucri xua lien tucmg den pham gii cua nguiri Ngoii ra, nhiJng cong dyng ciia tre tnic nhu diing lim nguyen vat li?u xay dyng, c6ng cy lao dpng, dyng cy thudng ngiy, tham chl li diing de chi tic vii phyc vu sin bat, chiin tranh vi che tic mpt s6 nhac cu truyen thong nhu tieu, sio, senh, din lo rung, phyc vy doi song tinh than ciia nhan dan ciing khiin cho tii ngii chi tre tnic tro thinh di tai nhifin Cliu rat thii vj duoi goc nhin ngon ngir vin ty vi vin h6a Chiing toi cho rang, nhirng d^c tnmg niy ciia tre tnic chinh li co so quan trpng de hinh nen qui trinh dien tien ve nghia ciia chii "Yi" (tnic) va nh6m chii Hin c6 chiia " t t " (tnic) Iam thinh 16 biiu nghia Thong qua khio sit sy phat trien nghia ciia nhom chii Hin co chira"ti"" (tnic), chiing ta ci the hieu dugc die diem tri nhan, nang luc Mng t^o vinhfit li tu li^n tuong cua nguoi xua ve loai thyc vat dgc dio niy Quan sit qua trinh dien bien cua chiJ "YS" (trie), CO the dl ding n h ^ thiy "1t" (tnic) •nwg giap cot vin (chit viet tren mai riia vi Wong thii) gi6ng nhu hai than cay tnic sinh c«ng buong ni canh la, chii " I t " (tnic) ^& tifiu tri?n ciing co hinh dang giong nhu nhirng Ii tnic dang ni xuong dang chii khii ctia ""Yl" (tnic) ciing dugc phit triin tir chii tieu trien, rat gin voi sy mo ti bing duong net ve hinh tugng tre tnic mgc thinh khom Xet ve mat nghia, theo khio sit ciia chiing toi, cuon Hdn ngu dgi tit diin da dua nghia ciia "1t" (tnic), gom: (1) chi bin than cay tre/ tnic (cy the nhu tren da mo ti); (2) mpt tim loai nhac cu thoi xua (con ggi la mgt bit am), chi chung cho cic loai nhac cy nhu tieu, , lim bing ire tnic; (3) the tre; (4) biia bing tre; (5) ten mpt loii thyc vat than thio; (6) hp Tnic [ ^ ^ ? ^ A 2010] Trong do, nghia thii ba li thi tre lien quan mat thiet den nguyen lipu dimg de ghi chep cua nguoi xua chua lim giay Nghia thii tu la bita lam bang tre, sau chuyen nghia thinh an trien vi the lenh bai De CO them co so khoa hgc, chiing toi liin hanh khao sit each giii thich nghia ciia " W (tnic) voi tu cich li mgt Hi don qua mgt s6 b$ tii dien vi thay rang, cuon Tir diin quy phgm tiing Hdn hien dgi ciia Ly Bio Gia, Duimg Chi Sieu vi cuon Tdn hiin dgi Hdn ngu tir diin ciia Vuong Dong iTc diu dua bon nghia cua " ^ " (tnic) gom: (1) loai thyc vat xanh tuoi quanh nim, miia xuan mgc mSng, than CO nhieu dot, rong, song tren nen dil Cling, chiing loai nhieu, co the dimg lam nguyen lieu che cic loai dung cu, ciing co thi dimg lim vat lieu xay dung, cac rii^ ^ o ^ ^ '^^o ~ ^ ; (2) chi loai nhac cy hinh ong lim bang ire' tnic, cym tu kim thgch ty tnic ( ^ ^ M — ) tiic li b6n loai nhac cu truyen th6ng Iim bang kim loai, di, day to vi tre triic; (3) mpl irong bit am, nhac cy CO dai Trung Quoc; (4) Hg Tnic Trong cic nghia tren da\" chiing toi die biet quan tam den ba nghia sau: (1) mgt loai nhac cu lim bing tre/ true; (2) the tre (dimg d i ghi chep); (3) biia/ tnen' lenh bii bing tre Ly la ci ba nghia niy deu phin inh ning khim pha, tim toi, sang tao to Ion ciia 148 P.N H i m Tfp chl Nghifin cnn > irar i^oii, T | p 36,5£ (ZO^u) ' ngudi xua doi voi \iec tan dyng tre tnic phyc x'y doi song Siic sang tao niy phin anh phin nao dien m ^ xi hpi xua tren cac phuong dien im nhac, Ijch su, v ^ hoa giio dye Mil khac, moi lien hp giira tinh chat ciia tre tnic voi ddi song v|t chat v i tinh than ciia ngudi dugc the hien qua chii va nghia ciia " t t " (tnic), d3c biet la nhom chu Hin chiia "YS" (tnic) ciing hel sue ly thii Qui trinh chuyen hoa tir nghia cy the sang nghia triru tugng cua cic chii Hin CO chira "11"" (tnic) vdi vai trd li thinh to bieu nghia da the hien ro net nang tu lien ludng va ning luc tri nhan ciia ngudi xua ve d(lc tinh cua tre/ tnic Kha nSng tao chii" phirc the cua " t ^ " (true) Trong h? thdng van ty Hin, "YS" (tnic) vdi tu cich la thinh td bieu nghia cau lao nen hang ngan chii mdi, phan ldn dugc the hien bing bien the ** So vdi cic to khic, kha ning lao chflr ciia "YS" (tnic) rat cao Theo ihong ke cua chiing toi, Hdn ngu dgi IV diin thu thip dugc tit ca 1115 chii Hin cd chiia "t!r" (inic), dd chti cd so net it nhit la net, nhieu nhil Ii 27 net [ ^ ' ^ ^ A 2010] Tit dien quy phgm tiing Hdn hi^n dgt thu thip dugc 166 chir cd chira "'tt" (tnic) [ $ ^ ft.=£Jg, 2001], Tdn hien dgi Hdn ngu tu diin thu thap dugc 208 chu [ JEl^fc • 1993] Dieu ding lim y la sd cac chii Hin cd chiia "ft" (tnic), vi tri ciia "ft" (tnic) thudng d tren diu, ddng vai trd bieu nghia tao thinh chD phirc the kit ciu tren dudi, ngudi hpe tieng Hin thudng ggi thinh td niy li bg true ddu Dieu mpt mSl the hipn tre tnic ciing nhu cac loai thyc vat than thio canh li nhp nhang, ludn vuon len tren ddn anh m$t trdi, nhung hiu het cac loii cay cd di tin lyi thi tre tnic cimg vdi timg bach van tuoi canh xanh la, bat chap ret gii ciia miia ddng, m$t khic phan nao the hipn su veu ehupng ciia ngudi xira ddi vdi loai thuc vat niy Trong tam thiic ciia ngudi xua, tnic sinh cimg timg mat lim nen ba ngudi b ^ vugt Ifin niyit gii cua miia ddng, dugfc m?nh danh Ii tui hdn lam huu Tnic sinh ciing mai, Ian ciic dugc ngudi xira ggi li tu qudn tu Mdi nim thu qua rdi ddng din, cic loii ci>- cd hiu nhu dS khd hfio, lyi tin thi tre tnic cimg vdi timg, bich vSn tuoi xanh, trin diy siic sdng, tda miu xanh c3i trdi Vi thi, tnic cimg vdi tiing, bich li chiia cua mudn loii cay Chinh vi viy, "Yi" (tnic) dugc coi Ii hinh inh bieu trung cho pham cich cao thugng v i siic sdng deo dai cua ngudi quin tir Ngudi xua cin cii vio die tinh ket hgp vdi gii tri v^t chit vi tinh thin cua tre tnic doi vdi ddi sdng ngudi de sii dyng "ti"" (inic) vdi tu cich li th bieu nghia va mgt sd tmdng hgp bieu nghia kifim bieu am tao nen hing loat chii Han phiic Ihi Dieu dd ddng nghia vdi dai da sd chir Hin cd chira " t t " (tnic) la chii hinh Ihanh, nhu 3S lung (ldng), ^ lam (cii lan), ^ dogn (cii dang bat ca) Chii hgi y chiim sd lugng khdng nhiiu, nhu ^ but, % lodn (tinh t o i n ) , ^ todn (bien tap sach) vi mgt sd rit it chii h^i 'y kiem hinh nhu % tiiu (cudi) va ^ bdn (g6c Ire/ ngu ddl) Cd thi ndi, " t t " (tnic) vi nhdm chu Hin cd chira " f t " (tnic) li bd phan hgp quan trgng he thdng van ty Han Khu vyc nghta cua nhdm ch& Hin c6 chda " t t " (triic) De lam rd sy phan bd nghia cua cic chii Han cd chira " t t " (ttric), chiing tdi d i tiin hinh khao sit nghta cua mdt bp phan chii Hin so 1115 chii Han mi Hdn ngu dgi lit diin thu thap dugc Tren co sd cic nghta co bin ciia cho " t t " (tnie) (nhu da neu myc 2) chiing tdi chpn nhung cha Han cd chira " t t " (true) Iam thinh id biiu nghta hen quan din dac linh ctia tre tnic vi cic nghta niy dfi phan tich qua trinh phat trien nghta cua chiing muc dich li lam sing td nhiing nghta duoc hinh tiiinh tiidng qua tu lien tudng giaa tre mic Tff chi N^itn eta Niivc ngoii, Typ 36, So (2020) 145 - 155 vdi nhiing su v|t hiiu quan, tir dd chi dac (jjim tri n h ^ ciia ngudi xua vfi tre tnic Kit qua khio sit cho thiy, 35 chu cd hdi du nghia lien quan din " t t " (tnic) thi hai chu tiit (d?ng gian the la 'V) va ^ qudn cd nhiiu nghia lien tudng nhat, d^t tdi 24 nghta Ticp dd li cha ^ phii cd tdi 23 nghia Chu flj gidn CO 22 nghta, cha M sdch cd 21 nghia Cic chS cd tir den nghta chiem phan ldn S6 Ui mpt phan cd tir 11 den 14 nghia, mpt phan nhd cd ta 15 nghia den 20 nghia vi S nghia trd xudng Qua dd cd the thay, nhOng chii Han cd chiia " t t " (tnic) lim thinh td bifiu nghia khdng nhiing sd lugng ldn ma ph^m vi npi dung lien tudng ve nghta ciing rit rdng, bao gom cic phuong dien nhu (!) lien quan den nh^c cu; (2) lien quan den giay myc but nghifin; (3) lien quan den vu khi; (4) lifin quan den v(lt dyng thudng ngiy; (5) lifin quan dfin ph^ chat dao due ciia ngudi Dudi day, dfi lim ro cac khu vyc nghia ciia nhom chft Han nay, chiing tdi di sau phan tich n^Ta ciia mpl sd cha Han tieu bieu cho timg khu \*irc 4.1 Nhiing chu Hdn ed lien quan den nhgc cu Iruyen ihdng Nhu chiing ta da biel, am nhac cd dai Trung Hoa xuit hi?n rat sdm, khoing 6000 nam trudc tin: la nim 177 trudc cdng nguyfin (https:// baike.baidu.com/), nham dap iing nhu cau ddi song tinh than, nhat li ddi sdng tin ngudng ciia ngudi xua Ngoai nhiing nhac cy phuc vu cugc s6ng ciia vua chua, quy tdc cung dinh ra, am nh^c dan gian ciing rit phal trien Phong, nha, lyng Kinh thi - bd tdng tap tho ca