ACHIEVEMENT AND TRENDS OF CHAMPA STUDIES IN THE 21 ST CENTURY FOCUS ON EXHIBITION AND PROMOTION OF CHAMPA HERITAGES

ACHIEVEMENT AND TRENDS OF CHAMPA STUDIES IN THE 21 ST CENTURY: FOCUS ON EXHIBITION AND PROMOTION OF CHAMPA HERITAGES DO TRUONG GIANG ALEXGIANGVN@GMAIL.COM FIRST STAGE 2ND STAGE TRENDS • • • • Construct Inscription; Chinese and Vietnamese sources; Excavation Indianization context vs Sinocization United/Single state • • • • • Deconstruct Reevaluate the available sources New Interpretation and Narrative Mandala and Confederation states Cham and other ethnics Champa revise • • • • • Reconstruct New Narrative and Interpretation New Technology New Themes and topics Big History CHAMPA STUDIES IN LATE 19TH – EARLY 20TH CENTURY • Parmentier • G.Maspero • MaJumdar • G.Còedes • Boisselier • Cabaton • Aymornier • Claeys Colonial Scholarship on SEA history • Maspero (1928), Le royaume de Champa, Translated into English as The Champa kingdom – The history of an extinct Vietnamese culture • R.C.Majumdar, Ancient Indian Colonies in the Far East, Vol.1 Champa (1927); and Vol.2 Suvarnadvipa (1937) • G.Coedes (1944), Histoire ancienne des etats hindouises d'Extreme-Orient Translated into English as The Indianized states of Southeast Asia (1968) • D.G.E.Hall (1955), A history of South-east Asia Colonial Scholarship on SEA history • Main arguments: • - Great “kingdoms” or “empires” – Funan, Chenla, Angkor, Srivijaya, Daiviet, Champa • - Framework of “états hindouises” – Indianized States, “Hindu colonization” • - Unified Empires • - Continuity from this dynasty to others without question about these changes • - Came to an end roughly 15th Century AD Colonial interpretation on Champa history • Sources: Sanskrit inscriptions, Chinese and Vietnamese sources, Archaeological findings • Champa in the framework of Indianized states • focus mainly on political history of Champa • An unified kingdom of Champa • Continuity • Champa as kingdom of Cham ethnic • Came to an end in 1471 Vietnamese interpretation on Champa History • Major figures: Prof Luong Ninh; Prof Ngo Van Doanh; Dr Le Dinh Phung; Prof Phan Xuan Bien… • Using French and Russian books as primarily references; Could not use Sanskrit Inscriptions and Cham manuscripts ; limited connection with English-published works • Inherited almost from previous French works on Champa • Contribution: New archaeological findings, art history of Champa; preservation of Champa relics; cultural aspects in contemporary Cham communities New trend in Champa historiography since 1980s - - “Re-visionist” or EFEO-based scholars on Champa history: Lafont, Po Dharma, Nocolas Weber, Danny Wong New generation of historians working on Champa: William Southworth, Momoki Shiro, Mariko Yamagata, Vickery, Mohamad Effendy →Conference on New Scholarship on Champa at ARI, 2004 Vietnamese Scholars: Tran Quoc Vuong, Tran Ky Phuong, Lam My Dzung… Synthesizing new archaeological findings with new theories • • • • • • • • P.B.Lafont (ed.)., Proceedings of the seminar on Champa University of Copenhagen on May 23, 1987 Po Dharma, Le Panduranga 1822-1835 Ses rapports avec le Vietnam (PhD Diss) Tran Quoc Vuong (1995), Miền trung Việt Nam văn hoa Champa [Central Vietnam and Champa Culture] Another work: Tran Quoc Vuong (1998), Vietnam, a Geo-Cultural View Momoki Shiro (1998), Was Champa a pure maritime polity?: Agriculture and Industry Recorded in Chinese documents Another paper: Momoki Shiro (1999), “A Short introduction to Champa studies” William Southworth (2001), “The origins of Campa in central Vietnam: A preliminary review” (PhD diss., SOAS) Michael Vickery (2005), "Champa Revised“, Asia Research Institute Working Paper, No 37 Tran Ky Phuong (2008) “‘Riverine exchange network’: An exploration of the historical cultural landscape of central Vietnam.” The Cham of Vietnam: history, society and art edited by Bruce Lockhart and Tran Ky Phuong Singapore: NUS Press, forthcoming Main arguments • Sources: Archaeological vestiges; Sanskrit and Cham inscriptions; Cham manuscripts; Chinese and Vietnamese sources • Examining many aspects of Champa history: Political history, economic history – maritime polity, foreign relationships… • Origin of Champa: Native ethnic • Champa was not a unified state, but a “confederation of states” or mandala(s), coatal states → applying new models to explain history of Champa • Discontinuity in Champa history • Multi-ethnic of Champa kingdom • The history of Champa was not end in 1471 but continue to exist till 1832 • Positioning Champa history into regional history – Malay world in particular • It is not clear exactly where in Champa the Chinese junks traded because the Chinese sources not indicate specific ports • In previous studies, with the assumption that the capital and trade center of Campa move south from Amaravati to Vijaya nagara since 1000 CE • With this in mind, previous scholars also assumed that the role of Dai Chiem port and Cu Lao Cham came to an end with the move of capital to the south • This conventional view, however, need to be reconsidered thanks to recent archaeological discoveries in these areas, especially the Chinese ceramics found in Amaravati region TRIỀN TRANH – SVON TRALAUN CITADEL 11TH 12 CENTURIES? BIA MỸ SƠN C95 BIA CHIÊN ĐÀN C64 ĐỒNG DƯƠNG – REVISING THE OLD GLORIOUS PAST OF A GRAND BUDDHIST MONASTERY AND INDRAPURA CITADEL SHIPWRECKS AND CERAMICS AS NEW SOURCE The Chau Tan shipwreck The Chau Tan shipwreck and the bunch of its commodities show the strong presence of international merchants on the coast of Champa by the 9th-10th centuries • In the meantime, the incised Arabic inscriptions provide evidence of the presence of Arab merchants/travellers on board of the ship It appears that all the pieces with bits of Arabic on them carry the same text as “amdada dadu muhammad wa dafa…” which could be translated as"To aid Dadu[?] Muhammad and to resist/ward off…" (This translation provided by Prof.Michael Feener of National University of Singapore) • Interestingly, several Indic inscriptions bear the name “Ambārak” which appears to be a location in presentday Iran “Ambārak” is known to be a place in the north-west of ancient port of Siraf on the Persian Gulf where was a well-known destination of the maritime trade route during the Tang period (Noriko Nishino, Toru Aoyama, Jun Kimura, Takenori Nogami and Le Thi Lien “Nishimura project: The oldest shipwreck found in Vietnam”) Photo Credit: Nishimura Masanari CHAMPA CERAMICS • CHAMPA CERAMICS • CERAMICS IN CHAMPA Champa ceramics in trading network THANK YOU! ... unified state, but a “confederation of states” or mandala(s), coatal states → applying new models to explain history of Champa • Discontinuity in Champa history • Multi-ethnic of Champa kingdom • The. .. • focus mainly on political history of Champa • An unified kingdom of Champa • Continuity • Champa as kingdom of Cham ethnic • Came to an end in 1471 Vietnamese interpretation on Champa History...FIRST STAGE 2ND STAGE TRENDS • • • • Construct Inscription; Chinese and Vietnamese sources; Excavation Indianization context vs Sinocization United/Single state • • • • • Deconstruct Reevaluate