Tiểu luận học phần thực hành tiếng anh 1 (đọc)

lOMoARcPSD|12114775 TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC HẢI PHÒNG KHOA NGOẠI NGỮ Sinh viên: Nguyễn Thu Phương Mã SV: 213114231015 ………………………… Mã SV: ………… Lớp: Sư Phạm Anh 1…… Khóa: …K22… BÀI TIỂU LUẬN Học phần: Thực hành Tiếng Anh (Đọc) Mã học phần: ENG5207 HẢI PHÒNG - 2022 Downloaded by Vu Vu (quangchinhlas199@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|12114775 CONTENTS PAGE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY I INTRODUCTION II DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: VOCABULARY 1.1 Leisure time 1.1.1 Synonyms 1.1.2 Antonyms 1.2 Sports and feelings 1.2.1 Synonyms 1.2.2 Antonyms 1.3 Education 1.3.1 Synonyms 1.3.2 Antonyms 1.4 Science and technology 1.4.1 Synonyms 1.4.2 Antonyms 1.5 The natural world 1.5.1 Synonyms 1.5.2 Antonyms 1.6 Communication 1.6.1 Synonyms 1.6.2 Antonyms CHAPTER 2: SKILLS DEVELOPMENT 2.1 Multiple - choice questions 2.1.1 Questions 2.1.2 Answers and explanations 2.2 Short - answer questions Downloaded by Vu Vu (quangchinhlas199@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|12114775 2.2.1 Questions 2.2.2 Answers and explanations 2.3 Completing tables and flow charts 2.3.1 Questions 2.3.2 Answers and explanations 2.4 Completing notes and summaries 2.4.1 Questions 2.4.2 Answers and explanations III CONCLUSION Downloaded by Vu Vu (quangchinhlas199@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|12114775 INTRODUCTION Downloaded by Vu Vu (quangchinhlas199@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|12114775 CHAPTER 1: VOCABULARY 1.4 Science and technology ( Nguyễn Thu Phương ) 1.4.1 Synonyms 1.4.2 Antonyms Downloaded by Vu Vu (quangchinhlas199@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|12114775 1.5 The natural world ( Nguyễn Thu Phương ) 1.5.1 Synonyms 1.5.2 Antonyms Downloaded by Vu Vu (quangchinhlas199@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|12114775 1.6 Communication ( Nguyễn Thu Phương ) 1.6.1 Synonyms 1.6.2 Antonyms Downloaded by Vu Vu (quangchinhlas199@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|12114775 CHAPTER 2: SKILLS DEVELOPMENT 2.3 Completing tables and flow charts 2.3.1 Questions Pearls A Throughout history, pearls have held a unique presence within the wealthy and powerful For instance, the pearl was the favoured gem of the wealthy during the Roman Empire This gift from the sea had been brought back from the orient by the Roman conquests Roman women wore pearls to bed so they could be reminded of their wealth immediately upon waking up Before jewellers learned to cut gems, the pearl was of greater value than the diamond In the Orient and Persia Empire, pearls were ground into powders to cure anything from heart disease to epilepsy, with possible aphrodisiac uses as well Pearls were once considered an exclusive privilege for royalty A law in 1612 drawn up by the Duke of Saxony prohibited the wearing of pearls by the nobility, professors, doctors or their wives in an effort to further distinguish royal appearance American Indians also used freshwater pearls from the Mississippi River as decorations and jewellery B There are essentially three types of pearls: natural, cultured and imitation A natural pearl (often called an Oriental pearl) forms when an irritant, such as a piece of sand, works its way into a particular species of oyster, Downloaded by Vu Vu (quangchinhlas199@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|12114775 C D E F G mussel, or clam As a defense mechanism, the mollusk secretes a fluid to coat the irritant The layer upon layer of this coating is deposited on the irritant until a lustrous pearl is formed The only difference between natural pearls and cultured pearls is that the irritant is a surgically implanted bead or piece of shell called Mother of Pearl Often, these shells are ground oyster shells that are worth significant amounts of money in their own right as irritant-catalysts for quality pearls The resulting core is, therefore, much larger than in a natural pearl Yet, as long as there are enough layers of nacre (the secreted fluid covering the irritant) to result in a beautiful, gem-quality pearl, the size of the nucleus is of no consequence to beauty or durability Pearls can come from either salt or freshwater sources Typically, saltwater pearls tend to be higher quality, although there are several types of freshwater pearls that are considered high in quality as well Freshwater pearls tend to be very irregular in shape, with a puffed rice appearance, the most prevalent Nevertheless, it is each individual pearl’s merits that determines value more than the source of the pearl Regardless of the method used to acquire a pearl, the process usually takes several years Mussels must reach a mature age, which can take up to years, and then be implanted or naturally receive an irritant Once the irritant is in place, it can take up to another years for the pearl to reach its full size Often, the irritant may be rejected, the pearl will terrifically misshapen, or the oyster may simply die from disease or countless other complications By the end of a to 10-year cycle, only 50% of the oysters will have survived And of the pearls produced, only approximately 5% are of substantial quality for top jewellery makers From the outset, a pearl farmer can figure on spending over $100 for every oyster that is farmed, of which many will produce nothing or die Imitation pearls are a different story altogether In most cases, a glass bead is dipped into a solution made from fish scales This coating is thin and may eventually wear off One can usually tell an imitation by biting on it Fake pearls glide across your teeth, while the layers of nacre on real pearls feel gritty The Island of Mallorca (in Spain) is known for its imitation pearl industry To an untrained eye, many pearls may look quiet similar There is, to the contrary, an intricate hierarchy to pearls and several factors exist that determine a pearls worth Luster for instance, depend on the fineness and evenness of the layers The deeper the glow, the more perfect the shape and surface, the more valuable they are Moreover, if you can see the reflection of your face clearly by gazing into the pearls, that is a high quality luster The foggier the reflection, the less valuable the pearl Size in the other hand, has to the age of the oyster that created the pearl ( the more mature the oysters produce larger pearl ) and the location in which the pearl was cultured The South Sea waters of Australia tend to 10 Downloaded by Vu Vu (quangchinhlas199@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|12114775 produce larger pearls, probably because the water along the coast line is supplied with rich nutrients from ocean floor Also, the type of mussel common of the area seems to possess predilection for producing comparatively large pearls H Pearls also come in many colors The most popular colors are whites, creams, and pinks Silver, black and gold are also gaining increasing interest In fact, a deep lustrous black pearl is one of the more rare finds in the pearling industry, usually only being found in the South Sea near Australia Thus, they can be one of the most costly items I Historically, the world’s best pearls came from the Persian Gulf, especially around what is now Bahrain The pearls of the Persian Gulf were naturally created and collected by breath-hold divers The secret to the special lustre of Gulf pearls probably derived from the unique mixture of sweet and saltwater around the island Unfortunately, the natural pearl industry of the Persian Gulf ended abruptly in the early 1930s with the discovery of large deposits of oil Those who once dove for pearls sought prosperity in the economic boom ushered in by the oil industry The water pollution resulting from spilt oil and indiscriminate over-fishing of oysters essentially ruined the once pristine pearl-producing waters of the Gulf Today, pearl diving is practised only as a hobby Still, Bahrain remains one of the foremost trading centres for high-quality pearls In fact, cultured pearls are banned from the Bahrain pearl market, in an effort to preserve the location’s heritage J Nowadays, pearls predominately come from Japan, Australia, Indonesia, Myanmer, China, India, Philippines, and Tahiti Japan however, controls roughly 80% of the world pearl market, with Australia and China coming in second and third, respectively Complete the table below Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer Types of pearls Production Process Comments Natural pearl Forms when a sand works its way into oysters, mussels or excude clams fluid continually to cover the irritant Downloaded by Vu Vu (quangchinhlas199@gmail.com) a would lOMoARcPSD|12114775 Cultured pearl Forms from a Mother of Pearl is beads or shells normally worth more the core is much than usual ones Imitation pearl Utilize glass bead dipping The coating would into a solution made from _ _ It can be identified by _ II.3.2 Answers and explanations Answer keys Mollusks Implanted Larger Fish scales Wear off Biting Explanations 2.4 Completing notes and summaries 2.4.1 Questions Writing was first invented by the Sumerians in ancient Mesopotamia before 3,000 BC It was also independently invented in Meso-America before 600 BC and probably independently invented in China before 1,300 BC It may have been independently invented in Egypt around 3,000 BC although given the geographical proximity between Egypt and Mesopotamia the Egyptians may have learnt writing from the Sumerians 12 Downloaded by Vu Vu (quangchinhlas199@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|12114775 There are three basic types of writing systems The written signs used by the writing system could represent either a whole word, a syllable or an individual sound Where the written sign represents a word the system is known as logographic as it uses logograms which are written signs that represent a word The earliest writing systems such as the Sumerian cuneiform, Egyptian hieroglyphics and Mayan glyphs are predominantly logographics as are modem Chinese and Japanese writing systems Where the written sign represents a syllable the writing system is known as syllabic Syllabic writing systems were more common in the ancient world than they are today The Linear A and B writing systems of Minoan Crete and Mycenaean Greece are syllabic The most common writing systems today are alphabetical These involve the written sign (a letter) representing a single sound (known as a phoneme) The earliest known alphabetical systems were developed by speakers of semetic languages around 1700 BC in the area of modem day Israel and Palestine All written languages will predominately use one or other of the above systems They may however partly use the other systems No written language is purely alphabetic, syllabic or logographic but may use elements from any or all systems Such fully developed writing only emerged after development from simplier systems Talley sticks with notches on them to represent a number of sheep or to record a debt have been used in the past Knotted strings have been used as a form of record keeping particularly in the area around the Pacific rim They reached their greatest development with the Inca quipus where they were used to record payment of tribute and to record commercial transactions A specially trained group of quipu makers and readers managed the whole system The use of pictures for the purpose of communication was used by native Americans and by the Ashanti and Ewe people in Africa Pictures can show qualities and characteristics which can not be shown by tally sticks and knot records They not however amount to writing as they not bear a conventional relationship to language An alternative idea was that a system by which tokens, which represented objects like sheep, were placed in containers and the containers were marked on the outside indicating the number and type of tokens within the container gave rise to writing in Mesopotamia The marks on the outside of the container were a direct symbolic representation of the tokens inside the container and an indirect symbolic representation of the object the token represented The marks on the outside of the containers were graphically identical to some of the earliest pictograms used in Sumerian cuneiform, the worlds first written language However cuneiform has approximately 1,500 signs and the marks on the ouside of the containers can only explain the origins of a few of those signs The first written language was the Sumerian cuneiform Writing mainly consisted of records of numbers of sheep, goats and cattle and quantites Downloaded by Vu Vu (quangchinhlas199@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|12114775 of grain Eventually clay tablets were used as a writing surface and were marked with a reed stylus to produce the writing Thousands of such clay tablets have been found in the Sumerian city of Uruk The earliest Sumerian writing consists of pictures of the objects mentioned such as sheep or cattle Eventually the pictures became more abstract and were to consist of straight lines that looked like wedges The earliest cuneiform was an accounting system consisting of pictograms representing commodities such as sheep and a number The clay tablets found might for example simply state “ten sheep” Such writing obviously has its limitations and would not be regarded as a complete writing system A complete writing system only developed with the process of phonctization This occurs when the symbol ceases to represent an object and begins to represent a spoken sound, which in early cuneiform would be a word This process was assisted when the symbols which initally looked very like the object they represented gradually became more abstract and less clearly related to an object However while the symbol became more closely connected to words, it was words dealing with objects, such as sheep, bird or pot It was still not possible to write more abstract ideas such as father, running, speech or foreigner The solution to this problem was known as the rebus principle Words with the same or similar pronuciation to an abstract word could be used to represent the abstract word The sign for eye could be used to represent the word “I” The sign for deer could represent the word “dear” Which word is referred to by the picture is decided by an additional sign Pictographs which originally represented a word began to represent the sound of the word The rebus principle is used to represent abstract words in all word writing systems in Sumer, Egypt, China and in the Aztec and Mayan writing in central America The Rebus principle lead to cuneiform becoming a form of logosyllabic writing consisting of both logograms and syllabic writing The effect of the change from logographic to logo-syllabic writing was substantial Logographic writing cannot produce normal prose and is resticted to nouns, numbers, names and adjectives The vast majority of early Sumerian writing consisted of bureaucratic records of products received or products distributed Only when syllabic writing was introduced into cuneiform did it become possible to write prose such as myths and royal propaganda The next major development in writing in the old world was the development of the alphabet The alphabet was developed out of Egyptian hieroglyphs which contained 24 signs for 24 Egyptian consonants About 1700 BC Semites who knew Egyptian hieroglyphs began making certain changes in their writing system They put the letters in a particular sequence and gave them simple names to assist learning and ease of memory They also dropped the 14 Downloaded by Vu Vu (quangchinhlas199@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|12114775 logograms and other signs used in hieroglyphs and just kept the Egyptian consonants and resticted the signs to those for individual consonants Finally, they introduced vowels into their alphabet Alphabets were soon to spread over most of the world as they provide both flexibility and simplicity for a writing system Complete the summary below Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer There are three types of writing systems Logography utilizes written signs representing a Syllabic writing systems were more common in the ancient world, as they adopt written sign symbolizing a _ The most common alphabetical systems use a letter to represent a 2.4.2 Answers and explanations Answer keys Word Syllable Single sound / phoneme III CONCLUSION Downloaded by Vu Vu (quangchinhlas199@gmail.com) ... Antonyms 1. 3 Education 1. 3 .1 Synonyms 1. 3.2 Antonyms 1. 4 Science and technology 1. 4 .1 Synonyms 1. 4.2 Antonyms 1. 5 The natural world 1. 5 .1 Synonyms 1. 5.2 Antonyms 1. 6 Communication 1. 6 .1 Synonyms 1. 6.2...lOMoARcPSD |12 114 775 CONTENTS PAGE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY I INTRODUCTION II DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: VOCABULARY 1. 1 Leisure time 1. 1 .1 Synonyms 1. 1.2 Antonyms 1. 2 Sports and feelings 1. 2 .1 Synonyms 1. 2.2... (quangchinhlas199@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD |12 114 775 1. 5 The natural world ( Nguyễn Thu Phương ) 1. 5 .1 Synonyms 1. 5.2 Antonyms Downloaded by Vu Vu (quangchinhlas199@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD |12 114 775 1. 6 Communication