TRADE AND ENVIRONMENT AND INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION SELECTED CASE STUDIES.DOC

MEDPOLICIES INITIATIVE MEDITERRANEAN ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAM (METAP) TRADE ENVIRONMENT AND INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION: AND SELECTED CASE STUDIES A METAP Project Implemented by the Harvard Institute for International Development i NOTE The views and interpretations reflected in this document are those of the authors and the individual project teams They not necessarily reflect the opinion of the Mediterranean Environmental Technical Assistance Program, the World Bank, the Harvard Institute for International Development, or Harvard University ii iii MEDITERRANEAN ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAM MEDPOLICIES INITIATIVE The MedPolicies Initiative assists non-European Union Mediterranean countries gain the skills and understanding needed to develop sustainable environmental and economic policies The project is funded by the World Bank under the auspices of the Mediterranean Environmental Technical Assistance Program (METAP) and implemented by the Harvard Institute for International Development (HIID) at Harvard University since its inception in 1997 The MedPolicies Initiative focuses on three pressing issues affecting environmental and economic policy-making in the Mediterranean region:    Trade and environment; Privatization and the environment; and the Social and economic aspects of air quality MedPolicies addresses these themes through a work program that espouses a crosssectoral, analytical, and empirical approach to environmental and economic policymaking Specifically, the themes are examined and discussed through a series of case studies, technical workshops, national roundtables, and regional policy seminars designed to engage both public and private sector stakeholders in the policy development process The project targets three groups of stakeholders in the beneficiary countries: decision-makers and parliamentarians; the public, private, and financial sectors; and the NGO community MedPolicies has conducted its activities within the context of METAP’s operating principles by: (1) giving METAP National Focal Points and local policy groups ownership over the choice and development of case studies; (2) managing the project through country-based lead analysts and a MedPolicies office in Beirut; (3) consulting with public and private stakeholders on case study findings and coordinating project activities with regional organizations focusing on similar themes; (4) organizing regional policy seminars, national roundtables, and technical workshops to discuss case study findings; and (5) conducting site visits and assessments of project effectiveness through meetings with local counterparts This country-based approach emphasizes both the process and product of identifying sustainable environmental policy measures for the Peoples of the Mediterranean region ******* The MedPolicies Initiative is a project of the Mediterranean Environmental Technical Assistance Program (METAP) METAP was established in 1990 to assist beneficiary countries (Albania, Algeria, Croatia, Cyprus, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Slovenia, and the West Bank and Gaza) respond to increasingly complicated environmental challenges The program focuses on capacity building and human development; arresting and controlling emerging pollution hot spots; and integrated water resource management In addressing these issues, METAP channels technical assistance and grant funding to the Mediterranean region through a process that seeks country ownership and management decentralization of projects Consultation with local stakeholders and donors on resource mobilization is integral to the program, as are the monitoring and evaluation of activities to ensure maximum impact on the ground METAP is jointly sponsored by the European Commission, the European Investment Bank, the United Nations Development Program Bureau for Arab States, the United iv Nations Development Program Capacity 21 Unit, the Swiss Development Agency, the World Bank For more information on METAP activities, please contact: Sherif Arif Regional Environmental Coordinator/METAP Coordinator Rural Development, Water & Environment Department/Middle East & North Africa Region The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Room H8-133 Washington, DC 20433 USA Tel: (1-202) 473-7315; Fax: (1-202) 477-1374 E-mail: sarif@worldbank.org v vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Forward…………………………………………………………………………………… … Acknowledgements………… ……………………………………………………………… Abbreviations……………….…………………………………………… ………………… PART I: INTRODUCTION Introduction to Environment and Trade Competitiveness in the Mediterranean Region Theodore Panayotou The Impact of Environmental Regulations on Exports: An Overview and Synthesis of the MedPolicies Case Studies……………………………………………………………… Bruce A Larson PART II: CASE STUDIES ON TEXTILE AND LEATHER BASED INDUSTRIES The Effect of Environmental Legislation in the EU on Syria's Export of Raw Cotton and Cotton Based Textile Products to the EU Policy Brief – English………………………………………………………………………………… Policy Brief – French……………………………………………………………………… ………… Case Study – English………………………………………………………………………… Interactions between Moroccan Textile Exports and Environmental Regulations: A Case Study on Water Pollution Policy Brief – English…………………………………………… ………………………………… Policy Brief – French…………………………………… ………………………………………… Case Study – French………………………………………………………………………… Environment and Trade Relationships affecting the Tanned Leather Industry in Cairo Policy Brief – English……………………………… ……………………………………………… Policy Brief – French……………………… ………………………………………………………… Case Study – English… ……………………………………………………………………… The International Competitiveness of Turkish Leather Exports Policy Brief – English………………………………………………………………… ……………… Policy Brief – French………………………………………………………………………… …… Case Study – English … ………………………………………………………….………… PART III: CASE STUDIES ON FERTILIZERS AND AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS vii The Effect of Environmental Legislation on Fertilizer Exports: The Case of Jordan Policy Brief – English……………………………………………………… ………………………… Policy Brief – French……………………………………… ………………………………………… Case Study – English…………… …………………………………………………………… The Effect of Environmental Regulation on Potato Production in Cyprus Policy Brief – English…………………………… …………………………………………………… Policy Brief – French…………………………………………… …………………………………… Case Study – English………………………………………………………………………… Estimation of the Impact of Environmental Regulations on Agricultural Exports in Tunisia: The Case of Increasing Water Prices and Packaging Policy Brief – English……………………………………………………… ……………………… Policy Brief – French………………………………………………………………………… ……… Case Study – French………… ……………………………………………………………… viii Below are several tables that provide lists of the dyes that may release one of the banned amines Table 2: List of prohibited acid dyes C.I.-Nr 22195 14710 14905 16140 27290 22245 23635 27200 26660 24125 26665 27190 20530 18133 26420 18065 22245 18075 42640 30334 30336 18129 26501 28632 16155 42650 Acid Dye Acid Orange 45 (Reddish Orange) Acid Red (Bright Red) Acid Red (Red) C.I.Acid Red 24 (Yellowish Red) Acid Red 73 (Yellowish Red) Acid Red 85 (Yellowish Red) Acid Red 114 (Bright) Acid Red 115 (Blueish) Acid Red 116 (Red) Acid Red 128 (Yellowish Red) Acid Red 148 (Blueish Red) Acid Red 150 (Bright Red) Acid Red 158 (Red) Acid Red 264 Acid Red 104 Acid Red 119:1 Acid Red 167 Acid Red 35 Acid Red 85 Acid Violet 12 (Bright Reddish Violet) Acid Violet 49 (Bright Blueish Violet) Acid Black 232 Acid Black 94 (Blueish Black) Acid Red 265 Acid Red 167 Acid Red 420 Acid Brown 415 Acid Black 29 Acid Black 131 Acid Black 132 Acid Black 209 Acid Orange 156 Acid Orange 165 Acid Dye Acid Violet 17 Trade Name Orange R Eosine G/GC Pink B Rhodine GR Red R/RR Ponceau G/RT Croceine MOO/3B/3BA Red G Red 2R/RS/BE Red 2B Cloth Red G2B Red 3B/Bordeaux R Red BC Cloth Red 2R Scarlet Red 3BL/ER Brill Red 3BL Red 2B/BB/BBA/A2B Violet 3B/4B/6B Black B/BV Red BL Red B Scarlet Y-LFW Brown S-GL Black B/BS Black GBL/BGL Black BRL/RBL Black FC Orange 3G Orange 3RE Ponceau 3R/3RN Violet 4B/4BS/R Table 3: List of prohibited azoic dyes C.I.-Nr 37085 37105 37255 37235 37225 37230 37270 37175 37155 Azoic Dye Azoic Diazo Component Azoic Diazo Component Azoic Blue 037 Azoic Diazo Component Azoic Diazo Component Azoic Diazo Component Azoic Diazo Component Azoic Diazo Component Azoic Diazo Component Azoic Diazo Component 11 12 Trade Name Fast Red TR Base or Salt Fast Scarlet G Base or Salt 29 48 112 113 20 24 Fast Fast Fast Fast Fast Fast Fast 76 Red GTR Base or Salt Blue B Base or Salt Blue Cornith B Base or Salt Dark Blue R Base or Salt Orange R Base or Salt Blue RR Base or Salt Blue RR Base or Salt 37165 Azoic Diazo Component 41 Fast Violet B Base or Salt Table 4: List of prohibited disperse dyes C.I-Nr 64500 61505 62500 63305 11030 11005 11110 62015 60710 11210 26130 26090 26070 - Disperse Dye Disperse Blue (Blue) Disperse Blue Disperse Blue Disperse Blue 26 Disperse Orange Disperse Orange Disperse Orange 76 Disperse Orange 60 Disperse Red Disperse 11 Disperse 15 Disperse 17 Disperse 151 (Bright Red) Disperse Red 221 Disperse Yellow (Reddish Yellow) Disperse Yellow 23 (Reddish Yellow) Disperse Yellow 56 Disperse Yellow 218 Disperse Orange 149 Trade Name Blue 2Gs; Blue Extra Blue B/BN/RBl; Blue 3B Blue 7G; Blue Green B/CB/PE Navy B-G/2G/2GL; Blue GL Orange 5R; Scarlet 2G Orange G/GR; Orange 2R Yellow Brown 2RL Scarlet B/2B/BG Red 3B; Pink 4B/5B Red 2B/3B; Pink B Red 2G/GG Red 4G Table 5: List of prohibited basic dyes C.I.-Nr 41000 51004 42595 42595 48070 48013 48060 21020 - Basic Dye Basic Red Basic Yellow Basic Blue Basic Blue Basic Blue 81 Basic Red 12 Basic Violet 16 Basic Yellow 21 Basic Yellow 103 Basic Brown (Solvent Brown 12) Basic Red 42 Basic Red 111 77 Trade Name Fuchsine, Rosaniline; Magenta N Auramine O Blue BG/3G; Blue Green 5G Blue BO Blue FGA Phloxine G; Pink AS/Red BG Violet 3R; Red BG/6B Yellow 6G/7G Bismark Brown R; Vesuvine B Red BJ Red K-B/K-2BN Table 6: List of prohibited direct dyes C.I-Nr 22580 30235 30245 30400 24410 22590 24340 23850 24400 23710 24175 24145 24280 23790 23820 23705 24203 24145 22610 24411 24140 24155 23860 30045 30110 31740 36300 30120 22311 30368 36030 31725 35660 35520 31710 22345 30140 30056 30145 30295 30315 30387 30280 22370 23370 Direct Dye Direct Black 29 (Blueish Grey) Direct Black 38 (Black) Direct Black (Black) Direct Black 154 Direct Black 91 (Reddish Black) Direct Blue (Bright Greenish Blue) Direct Blue (Dull Blue) Direct Blue 10 (Blue) Direct Blue 14 (Blue) Direct Blue 15 (Blue) Direct Blue 21 Direct Blue 151 (Reddish Blue) Direct Blue 201 Direct Blue 215 Direct Blue 22 (Blue) Direct Blue 25 (Blue) Direct Blue 295 Direct Blue (Dull Reddish Blue) Direct Blue 306 Direct Blue 35 (Blue) Direct Blue (Blue) Direct Blue 76 Direct Blue (Blue) Direct Blue (Blue) Direct Blue 53 Direct Brown (Brown) Direct Brown 1:2 (Brown) Direct Brown 101 (Brown) Direct Brown 74 Direct Brown 223 Direct Brown 154 (Brown) Direct Brown (Reddish Brown) Direct Brown 222 Direct Brown 25 (Reddish Brown) Direct Brown 27 (Dull Reddish Brown) Direct Brown 31 (Reddish Brown) Direct Brown 33 (Dull Reddish Brown) Direct Brown 51 (Brownish Olive) Direct Brown 59 (Brown) Direct Brown (Brown) Direct Brown 79 (Brown) Direct Brown 95 (Reddish Brown) Direct Green (Dull Green) Direct Green (Dull Green) Direct Green 8:1 Direct Green 85 Direct Green (Dull Green) Direct Orange (Yellowish Orange) Direct Orange 10 (Bright Orange) 29173 23375 23380 Direct Orange 108 Direct Orange (Yellowish Orange) Direct Orange (Yellowish Orange) 78 Trade Name Black RO Black E/2E/EC/EG/ER/RT Black W/RW/R/RX/D Deep Black XA/AXN Copper Black R/RL/RLW Sky Blue FB/FF6B Black BT/BH/ABC Blue G/GS/DG Blue 3B/3BX/NB-2BG Sky Blue; Pure Blue FB Copper Blue B/BB/A Blue BRL Cooper Blue GR Blue RW/Blue 5G Blue/Brill, New Blue 5B Blue 2B-NB Azurine 3R; Violet 2B Brill, Blue 3B/3BN Blue 2B/BB/2BX Blue 2G/4G/6G Azurine G; Blue X, Blue G Blue BW/BN Pure Blue BF; Evans Blue Brown 3G/3GR/CG Brown CN/CGN/5C Chrome Brown LG/GL Brown 3G/3GC/3GN Brown M/MR/MH/MY Brown 3GA Catechine; G/GS/GR Chrome Brown B/B3G Brown B/BP/TB/BCW Catechine B/3B/BN Bronze SH/G Brown B/CB/BN/BM Congo Brown G/GR Brown/Orange 3G Brown BR/BRL/BRLL Green B/BN Green G/GN/GC Green G Dark Green BA Green/Black Green B/EG Orange G/2G/GL/GR/R Orange/Coupling Orange R Viscose Orange A Orange G/Gg/GR Orange G/TG 22130 22310 Direct Orange (Reddish Orange) Direct Red (Bluish Red) 79 Orange R/RR/3R Red F/FC/FR/FN/FE Table 7: List of prohibited direct dyes (continued) C.I-Nr 21450 22155 22150 23500 23560 23565 29185 29190 22120 22240 23630 22500 23050 29175 23505 24100 29200 22570 22550 23520 22555 24080 22480 22250 22010 23660 22595 24115 23820 30230 21060 29173 24411 Direct Dye Direct Red 10 (Bordeaux) Direct Red 13 (Bordeaux) Direct Red 17 (Bluish Red) Direct Red Direct Red 21 (Yellowish Red) Direct Red 22 (Bluish Red) Direct Red 24 (Red) Direct Red 26 (Bluish Red) Direct Red 28 Direct Red 37 (Red) Direct Red 39 Direct Red 44 (Bright Red) Direct Red 46 (Bright Bluish Red) Direct Red 62 (Bright Yellowish Red) Direct Red 67 (Bright Yellowish Red) Direct Red (Bluish Red) Direct Red 72 (Bright Red) Direct Violet (Violet) Direct Violet 12 (Violet) Direct Violet 21 (Dull Reddish Violet) Direct Violet Direct Violet 13 Direct Violet 22 (Bluish Violet) Direct Yellow (Dull Yellow) Direct Yellow 24 Direct Yellow 48 (Reddish Yellow) Direct Blue 64 (Dull Blue) Direct Black 86 (Bluish Black) Direct Dye Direct Dye Direct Dye Direct Orange Direct Blue 75 Trade Name Garnet H/B/BY Bordeaux B/BR/BN/BW Congo Rubine Red 4B Purpurine Red B; Benzopurpurine B Red 5B, Purpurine 5B Scarlet 4BA/4BAS/4BSL Scarlet 8B/8BS/8BA Congo Red Red B; Scarlet B/BL Scarlet 3B Rubine B; Bordeaux Extra Red 8B; Purpurine 8B Orange R/RS/F3R Purpurine 4B Red 10B; Purpurine Scarlet 4BN/4SW Violet N/MN/NN/R/3R Violet R/O/OC/ON Corinth B Violet LN Yellow G; Chrysamine G Golden Yellow N Yellow TC Table 8: List of other prohibited dyes C.I-Nr 76035 74160 22310 26105 26120 - Other Dye Developer 14 (oxidation base 20) Metatoluylenediamine Ingrain Blue 2/2 Mordant Red 57 Mordant Yellow 16 Solvent Red 19 Solvent Red 24 Solvent Red 26 Solvent Red 164 Solvent Red 215 80 Trade Name Developer B/H/MTD Phtalogen Brill Table 9: List of suspected pigments C.I-Nr 20045 20040 21092 21101 21102 21103 21070 21080 21090 21091 21095 21096 21100 21104 21105 21106 21107 21110 21115 21120 21130 21135 21160 21165 21180 21185 21200 21205 21210 21220 23295 10407 20050 21094 21098 21107:1 21111 21162 Pigment Pigment Yellow 77 (Bright Yellow) Pigment Yellow 16 (Greenish Yellow) Pigment Yellow 114 (Reddish Yellow) Pigment Yellow 126 Bright Greenish Yellow) Pigment Yellow 127 (Bright Greenish Yellow) Pigment Yellow 176 (Bright Yellow) Pigment Orange 50 (Reddish Orange) Pigment Orange 39 (Blueish Red) Pigment Yellow 12 (Yellow) Pigment Yellow 63 (Greenish Yellow) Pigment Yellow 14 (Pigment Yellow 55) Pigment Yellow 55 (Reddish Yellow) Pigment Yellow 13 (Yellow) Pigment Yellow 170 (Reddish Yellow) Pigment Yellow 17 (Bright Greenish Yellow) Pigment Yellow 171 (Bright Yellow) Pigment Yellow 124 (Yellow) Pigment Orange 13 (Reddish Orange) Pigment Orange 34 (Orange) Pigment Red 38 (Red) Pigment Orange (Yellowish Orange) Pigment (Yellowish Orange) Pigment Orange 16 (Bright-Orange-Red Orange) Pigment Orange 14 (Yellowish Orange) Pigment Blue 25 (Reddish Navy) Pigment Blue 26 (Reddish Navy) Pigment Red 41 (Red) Pigment Red 37 (Yellowish Red) Pigment Red 42 (Bordeaux) Pigment Yellow 15 (Greenish Yellow) Pigment Red 62 (Red) Pigment Brown 22 (Reddish Brown) Pigment Orange 31 (Orange) Pigment Yellow 186 (Bright Greenish Yellow) Pigment Yellow 174 (Bright Yellow) Pigment Yellow 87 (Reddish Yellow) Pigment Yellow 152 Pigment Orange 44 Table 10: Safer alternatives for suspected pigments C.I-Nr 20170 21090 21100 21095 21107 21091 21101 21102 21105 21080 21103 21106 Suspected pigment Pigment Orange 50 Pigment Yellow 12 Pigment Yellow 13 Pigment Yellow 14 Pigment Yellow 124 Pigment Yellow 63 Pigment Yellow 126 Pigment Yellow 127 Pigment Yellow 17 Pigment Red 39 Pigment Yellow 176 Pigment Yellow 171 C.I.-Nr 12367 60645 50600 11660 73310 48052 81 Alternative Pigment Orange 38 Pigment Yellow 147 Pigment Yellow 148 Pigment Yellow Pigment Red 87 Pigment Yellow 101 21092 21104 Pigment Yellow 114 Pigment Yellow 170 12710 - Pigment Yellow 10 Table 11: Safer alternatives for banned acid dyes C.I-Nr 22195 14710 14905 20530 16140 27290 24125 22245 16150 27200 26665 42640 18075 30336 Banned Acid Dye Acid Orange 45 Acid Red Acid Red 150 Acid Red 114 Acid Red Acid Red 158 Acid Red 24 Acid Red 73 Acid Red 128 Acid Red 85 Acid Red 26 Acid Red 115 Acid Violet 148 Acid Violet 49 Acid Violet 12 Acid Black 94 C.I-Nr 14690 17990 14730 17900 24785 17045 42665 16640 26370 Alternatives Acid Orange 19 Acid Red 157 Acid Red 102 Acid Red 191 Acid Red Acid Red 37 Acid Violet 72 Acid Violet 13 Acid Black 24 Table 12: Safer alternatives for banned direct dyes C.I-Nr 23660 22130 23900 29200 22145 22155 29185 22240 23050 29175 22570 22311 35660 30145 22580 Banned Direct Dye Direct Yellow 48 Direct Orange Direct Red Direct Red 72 Direct Red 10 Direct Red 13 Direct Red 24 Direct Red 37 Direct Red 46 Direct Red 62 Direct Violet Direct Brown Direct Brown 31 Direct Brown 95 Direct Black 29 C.I-Nr 29156 28160 25275 29160 29100 29165 29120 29166 27720 Alternative Direct Yellow 15 Direct Orange 102 Direct Red 81 Direct Red 120 Direct Red 23 Direct Direct Direct Direct Red 31 Red Violet 66 Brown 112 Direct Black 51 Table 13: Safer alternatives for banned disperse dyes C.I-Nr 26090 26070 64500 26130 Banned Disperse Dye Disperse Yellow Disperse Yellow 23 Disperse Blue Disperse Red 151 C.I-Nr 10348 61510 12225 82 Alternative Disperse Yellow 26 Disperse Blue 34 Disperse Red 334 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN MOROCCAN TEXTILE EXPORTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS: A CASE STUDY ON WATER POLLUTION POLICY BRIEF Problematic There is a need to increase the production and market share of Moroccan textile exports at the international level There is also a need to protect the environment from increasing pressure on natural resources The Moroccan government is thus currently preparing laws for the adoption of environmental standards by different industrial sectors A strengthening of environmental standards is also occurring in foreign markets where Moroccan products are sent It should thus be expected that industry would ask for financial compensation and/or a staggering over time for implementing standards that the government hopes to put in place International trade negotiations will also address this issue However, neither government nor industry will be able to adequately respond to this challenge unless the economic impacts of new environmental regulations are estimated in an empirically rigorous fashion This is particularly important for ensuring the competitiveness of Moroccan textile exports Economic Baseline The textile sector occupies a major place the Moroccan economy Nearly 30% of industrial enterprises are in the sector, representing 15% of employment and 44% of exports Within the context of economic globalization, these firms have to prepare themselves for increased competition in international markets, particularly in Europe, which receives 70% of Moroccan exports Environmental Baseline and Environmental Policy Neither the Water Law of 1995, nor the free trade agreement with the European Union allow the standards that the sector will need to adopt in the future to be fixed The law on water only includes general objectives Specific texts for each industrial sector are still in the process of being developed by the Moroccan government and the agreement with the European Union does not include any statement with regard to the environment Furthermore, little information is available on the pollution caused by the textile industry Nevertheless, given the production process and the outputs of each sub-sector, water use does not occur until the finishing stage and during the making of ready-to-wear garments However, many production units integrate at least two production sub-sectors Therefore, this study deals with the textile industry in its entirety The findings should therefore 83 be interpreted like averages that provide an idea based on a sensitivity analysis and specific comments on each sub-sector The average investment for treating a ton of DBO is in the order of 13,000 dirhams This cost necessary for the treatment of DBO represents 0.08% to 0.17% of the value of annual textile exports Findings The study is based on theoretical concepts and methods of estimation offered to show that once the data is available, estimates regarding the interaction between the environment and international competitiveness no pose a serious problem An analysis of available literature on the textile sector allowed the development of some hypotheses and the estimation, thanks to a partial equilibrium model, of the impact of the adopting DBO5 standards on the Moroccan textile exports These hypotheses show that the effect on the textile sector in the short term is very negligible Indeed, the short-term effect on total exports would not surpass - 0.15% 0.3 0% Pessimistic 0.2 Scenario 0.1 Optimistic 5% 5% Scenario 0.1 0% 0.0 5% 0.0 0% Finishing Weaving Total Percentage Reduction in Exports following the Adoption of DBO e Standards (Short Term Effects) The fabrication of ready-made garments represents over 80% of the textile sector’s exports Nevertheless, the sub-sector would be the least affected by the adoption of strong environmental standards because of the limited use of water in the fabrication process Therefore, the portion of operating costs to treat DBO5 relative to exports the estimated to be 0.11% 84 With regards to the spinning and finishing sector, it was not possible to calculate with accuracy the effect of more stringent environmental standards Nevertheless, because these two sub-sectors only represent 5% of total exports, it is estimated that the actual portion of the treatment costs for DBO5 represent only 0.01% of the total Finally, the weaving sub-sector would be the most affected textile sub-sector because it suffers from the lack of technological progress The weaving subsector would thus experience a reduction in exports of 0.27% But, since this sub-sector only represent 10% of total exports, the effect on the entire textile sector would be negligible, with exports falling from 13,016 million dirhams to between 12,997 and 13 million dirhams per year In the medium to long term, the firms in the sector would react by adopting administrative practices and more productive production processes This would allow them to achieve efficiency gains that would compensate for the negative effects in the short term Therefore, the effect of an increase in water treatment costs is significant in the short term (an increase of 1% of this cost could cause a decrease in exports that could surpass 3%), but would become relatively week in the long term once the effect of efficiency gain are taken into consideration (in this case, the largest reduction would be -0.13%) The fall in exports would mostly come from the ready-to-wear garment sub-sector Recommendations There is very little information on the environmental characteristics of the sector (water treatment costs, the number of firms that conduct water treatment, the distribution of firms by region, the type of activity, the actual and the level of business totals, etc.) Therefore it is urgent to put into place a system of collecting environmental data on the textile sector Once the information is available, the methodological instruments needed to evaluate the impact of adopting environmental norms on the competitiveness of firms is easy to establish, and therefore studies of this kind could be performed on other sectors If the hypotheses used in the framework of the study are accurate, it would seem that the impact of adopting DBO5 standards on the competitiveness of Moroccan textile firms would be relatively modest in the short term and could even become zero on the medium and long terms It is therefore possible to consider the revision of standards without impacting the competitiveness of the textile sector This is more evident for companies that are currently practice water treatment For the others, the adoption of environmental norms would be accompanied by incentives allowing the realization of these investments that would also increase their competitiveness 85 86 INTERACTIONS ENTRE EXPORTATIONS MAROCAINES DE PRODUITS TEXTILES ET REGULATIONS ENVIRONNEMENTALES: ETUDE DU CAS DE LA POLLUTION DES EAUX NOTE POLITIQUE Problématique Il est nécessaire d’augmenter la production et la portion de produits de textiles marocains qui se vend sur la marche internationale Il est aussi nécessaire de protéger l’environnement d’une augmentation de pression sur les ressources naturelles Le gouvernement marocain donc prépare actuellement des textes de loi pour l’adoption de normes environnementales par différents secteurs industriels Il y a aussi un renforcement de normes environnementales qui s’établissent dans les marchés extérieurs où les produits marocains se dirigent Il faut s’attendre ce que les industriels demandent des compensations financières et/ou un étalement dans le temps des normes que le gouvernement souhaiterait mettre en place Les négociations internationales de commerce porteront sur ces points Néanmoins, le gouvernement ni l’industrie pourront bien répondre ce défi sans que les impacts économiques de nouvelles normes environnementales soient estimées d’une manière rigoureuse et empirique Celui ci sera particulièrement important pour assurer la compétitivité des exports de textiles marocains Point de référence économique Le secteur des textiles occupe une place prépondérante dans l’économie marocaine Près de 30% des entreprises industrielles agissent dans le secteur et représentent 15% de l’emploi et 44% des exportations Dans un contexte de globalisation des économies, ces entreprises doivent se préparer une concurrence accrue sur les marchés internationaux, en particulier en Europe qui accapare 70% des exportations marocaines Point de référence environnementale environnemental et la politique Ni la loi de 1995 sur l’Eau, ni le texte sur l’accord de libre échange avec l’Union européenne ne permettent de fixer les normes que devra adopter le secteur dans l’avenir La loi sur l’eau ne présente que des objectifs d’ordre général Des textes spécifiques chaque secteur industriels sont encore en cours d’élaboration par le gouvernement marocain et l’accord avec l’Union européenne ne contient aucune disposition relative l’environnement De plus, peu d’informations sont disponibles sur la pollution causée par l’industrie textile Néanmoins, étant donné le processus de production et les outputs de chaque filière, l’usage de l’eau n’intervient qu’aux niveaux du finissage et de la confection Cependant, plusieurs unités de production 87 intègrent au moins deux filières de production Par conséquent, l’étude traite l’industrie textile dans son ensemble Les résultats obtenus donc devront être interprétés comme des moyennes quitte ce qu’ils soient nuancés par une analyse de sensitivité et des commentaires spécifiques chaque filière L’investissement moyen pour traiter une tonne de DBO est de l’ordre de 13 000 dirhams Ce coût nécessaire au traitement de la DBO représenterait 0,08% 0,17% de la valeur des exportations annuelles de textile Résultats Les concepts théoriques et les méthodes d’estimations présentés dans ce rapport montrent que lorsque les informations existent, l’estimation des interactions entre environnement et compétitivité internationale ne pose pas de problèmes particuliers Une analyse de la bibliographie disponible sur le secteur de textile a permis de faire quelques hypothèses et d’estimer, grâce un modèle d’équilibre partiel, l’impact de l’adoption de normes relatives la DBO sur les exportations textiles au Maroc Ces hypothèses montrent que l’effet sur le secteur de textile dans le court terme serait très négligeable En faite, dans le court terme, l’effet sur les exportations totales ne dépasserait pas les -0,15% 0,3 0% Scénario 0,2 Pessimiste 0,1 Scénario 5% 5% Optimiste 0,1 0% 0,0 5% 0,0 0% Confection Tissage Total Baisse en pourcentage des exportations suite l’adoption des normes sur la DBO5 (effets de court terme) 88 La filière de la confection représente plus de 80% des exportations du secteur de textile Néanmoins, la filière confection serait la moins touchée du fait de son exposition déjà assez importante aux marchés internationaux qui exigent l’adoption rigoureuse de normes environnementales Donc, en ce qui concerne la part des frais de fonctionnement du traitement de la DBO5 dans ses exportations, l’hypothèse retenue est de 0,11% En ce qui affecte les filières filature et finissage, il n’a pas été possible de bien calculer l’effet de standards environnementaux plus vigoureux Néanmoins, puisque ces deux filatures ne représentent chacune que 5% du total des exportations, il est supposé que la part actuelle du coût du traitement de la DBO5 ne représente que 0,01% de ce total Finalement, la filière tissage serait la plus touchée du fait de son retard dans le domaine Donc, la filière tissage éprouvera une diminution des exportations de l’ordre de 0,27% Mais comme cette filière ne représente que 10% des exportations totales, l’effet sur l’ensemble du secteur de textile serait négligeable, les exportations chuteraient de 13.016 milliards de dirhams un niveau se situant entre 12.997 et 13 milliards de dirhams par an Dans le moyen long terme, les entreprises du secteur réagiraient par l’adoption de pratiques gestions et de processus de production plus performants Celui ci leurs permettrait de réaliser des gains d’efficience qui leurs compenserait pour les effets négatifs du court terme Donc, l’effet d’une augmentation du coût du traitement de l’eau est significatif dans le court terme (une augmentation de 1% de ce cỏt peut entrner une diminution des exportations pouvant dépasser les 3%), mais reste relativement faible dans le long terme lorsque l’effet du gain d’efficience est pris en considération (dans ce cas, la diminution la plus forte est de -0,13%) La chute des exportations provient principalement de la filière confection Recommandations Il y a très peu d’informations sur les caractéristiques environnementales du secteur (coût du traitement de l’eau, nombre d’entreprises qui font du traitement, répartition de ces entreprises par région, type d’activité, effectif et niveau du chiffre d’affaires, etc.) Donc il est urgent de mettre en place un dispositif de collectes de données environnementales sur le secteur textile Lorsque ces informations sont disponibles, les outils méthodologiques nécessaires l’évaluation de l’impact de l’adoption de normes environnementales sur la compétitivité des entreprises sont faciles mettre en place, et donc études de ce genre pourraient être menées sur d’autres secteurs 89 Si les hypothèses utilisées dans le cadre de l’étude sont correctes, il semblerait que l’impact de l’adoption de normes relatives la DBO sur la compétitivité des entreprises textiles au Maroc soit relativement modeste dans le court terme et peut être même nul dans le moyen long terme Il est donc possible de considérer des révisions aux normes sans affecter la compétitivité du secteur des textiles Celui-ci est le plus évident pour les sociétés qui pratiquent actuellement un traitement de l’eau Pour les autres, l’adoption de normes environnementales serait accompagnée d’incitations permettant de réaliser ces investissements qui augmenteront leur compétitivité aussi 90 ... protecting the environment in the region To improve understanding of the links between environmental policies and international competitiveness, the MedPolicies Initiative of the Mediterranean Environmental... is also being challenged by the enforcement and strengthening of environmental regulations at home Understanding and responding to these challenges is key to maintaining and expanding these export... dimensions: the increased awareness of the issues that lie in the interface between the trade and environment; the enhancement of the analytical capacity in the region for dealing with these issues; and