Frontotemporal branch of the facial nerve and fascial layers in the temporal region a cadaveric study to define a safe dissection plane sihag RK, gupta SK, sahni d, aggarwal a neurol india

14/5/2021 Frontotemporal Branch of the Facial Nerve and Fascial Layers in the Temporal Region: A Cadaveric Study to Define a Safe Dissection Pl… Open access journal indexed with Index Medicus Users online: 43 Home | Login About Editorial board Articles NSI Publications Search Instructions Online Subscribe Submission Videos Etcetera Contact Impact Factor for 2019 is 2.128 Click here to view op Navigate Here Search  GO Resource Links » Similar in PUBMED » Search Pubmed for Sihag RK Gupta SK Sahni D Aggarwal A ORIGINAL ARTICLE Year : 2020 | Volume : 68 | Issue : | Page : 1313-1320 Frontotemporal Branch of the Facial Nerve and Fascial Layers in the Temporal Region: A Cadaveric Study to Define a Safe Dissection Plane Rakesh K Sihag1, Sunil K Gupta1, Daisy Sahni2, Ashish Aggarwal1 Department of Neurosurgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Chandigarh, India » Search in Google Scholar Research, Department of Anatomy, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and for Research, Chandigarh, India Sihag RK Gupta SK Date of Web 19-DecSahni D Publication 2020 Aggarwal A »Related articles Correspondence Address: Dr Sunil K Gupta Department of Neurosurgery, PGIMER, Chandigarh 160012 India Temporal fascia facial nerve dissection plane Key Messages: This article Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None through cadaver studies defines the disposition of the frontotemporal Check branch of the nerve in relation to the different temporal fascia and the DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.304113 fat pads is necessary t https://neurologyindia.com/article.asp?issn=0028-3886;year=2020;volume=68;issue=6;spage=1313;epage=1320;aulast=Sihag 1/13 14/5/2021 Frontotemporal Branch of the Facial Nerve and Fascial Layers in the Temporal Region: A Cadaveric Study to Define a Safe Dissection Pl… » Article in PDF (2,461 KB) » Citation Manager » Access Statistics » Reader Comments » Email Alert * » Add to My List * * Registration required (free) In this Article » Abstract » Material and Methods » Observations and » Discussion » Conclusions » References » Article Figures » Article Tables Article Access Statistics Viewed 1650 Printed 36 Emailed PDF Downloaded 66 Comments [Add] » Abstract Background: Anatomy of the temporal region is complex with controversy over the relationship of fascial planes with the upper division of the facial nerve Objective: This study aimed to identify the safe surgical landmarks to preserve the frontotemporal branch of the facial nerve during surgery and define the safest approach for surgical procedures in this region Material and Methods: The anatomical relationship of the frontal branch of the facial nerve, superficial temporal artery (STA), fascial planes, and fat pads was determined after dissection on 10 cadaveric heads, that is (20 sides) Dissection was performed layer by layer from skin to bone Results: The temporoparietal fascia was made up of multiple (3–4) layers above the zygomatic arch and these layers were integrated with thin fibrous septa The frontotemporal branch of the facial nerve (FTFN) was observed in a deeper part of temporoparietal fascia and superficial fat pad The frontotemporal branch of the facial nerve (FTFN) crossed the zygomatic arch as two branches in 25%, as three branches in 65% and as four branches in 10% of specimens Conclusions: Interfascial dissection between two layers of deep temporal fascia through the intermediate fat pad is superior to other approaches because of the lack of facial nerve branches in this plane The Intermediate fat could be easily separated from deep layer of deep temporal fascia Keywords: Temporal fascia, facial nerve, dissection plane Key Messages: This article, through cadaver studies, defines the disposition of the frontotemporal branch of the nerve in relation to the different temporal fascia and the fat pads is necessary to stay in the correct dissection plane How to cite this article: Sihag RK, Gupta SK, Sahni D, Aggarwal A Frontotemporal Branch of the Facial Nerve and Fascial Layers in the Temporal Region: A Cadaveric Study to Define a Safe Dissection Plane Neurol India 2020;68:1313-20 How to cite this URL: Sihag RK, Gupta SK, Sahni D, Aggarwal A Frontotemporal Branch of the Facial Nerve and Fascial Layers in the Temporal Region: A Cadaveric Study to Define a Safe Dissection Plane Neurol India [serial online] 2020 [cited 2021 May 14];68:1313-20 Available from: https://www.neurologyindia.com/text.asp? 2020/68/6/1313/304113 Knowledge of the anatomical landmarks is an essential prerequisite for any surgical procedure The relationship of the temporal fascial planes with the upper division of the facial nerve remains controversial.[1],[2],[3],[4],[5],[6],[7],[8],[9],[10], [11],[12],[13],[14],[15],[16] https://neurologyindia.com/article.asp?issn=0028-3886;year=2020;volume=68;issue=6;spage=1313;epage=1320;aulast=Sihag 2/13 14/5/2021 Frontotemporal Branch of the Facial Nerve and Fascial Layers in the Temporal Region: A Cadaveric Study to Define a Safe Dissection Pl… The frontotemporal division of the facial nerve (FTFN) supplies muscles of the forehead and face through temporal and zygomatic branches Small branches of the frontotemporal nerve supply the orbicularis oculi, frontalis, and auricularis muscles The anatomy of FTFN in tissue layers has been debated extensively in the literature Many of these studies lack in exact dimension and measurements from fixed landmarks to identify the nerve intra-operatively.[1],[2],[3],[7],[9],[10],[11], [12],[13],[14],[16],[17] FTFN is prone to injury in surgical procedures like pterional, frontotemporal orbitozygomatic (FTOZ) craniotomy either directly or indirectly due to the stretching of a nerve This cadaveric study aimed to identify the safe surgical landmarks to preserve the FTFN during surgery » Material and Methods The anatomical relationships of the FTFN, superficial temporal artery (STA), fascial planes, and fat pads were determined on 10 cadaveric heads, that is (20 sides) Layer by layer dissection was done from skin to bone Different names  were described in the literature for fascia, fat pads, and nerve; therefore, preferred names are taken to avoid confusion [Table 1] Table 1: Nomenclature of fascia, fat pads, and nerve in literature Click here to view Surgical technique The skin incision started cm below the base of the zygomatic arch, cm anterior to the tragus, curving forward toward the frontal region ending in the midline at the hairline [Figure 1] Incision involved skin, subcutaneous tissue superficial to the temporoparietal fascia The temporoparietal fascia was dissected layer by layer inferiorly up to parotidomasseteric fascia and reflected anterolaterally with the scalp flap The STA was identified and separated from the skin by dissection in the subcutaneous plane Figure 1: Surface marking of the skin Incision Incision started cm below the base of the zygomatic arch and cm anterior to the tragus, curving upward and backward above the pinna and then forward toward the frontal region and ended in the midline at the hairline (left side) Click here to view Two standard lines were drawn based on the skeletal landmark, the L1 line connecting the lateral bony canthus (LBC) to the upper level of the tragus, https://neurologyindia.com/article.asp?issn=0028-3886;year=2020;volume=68;issue=6;spage=1313;epage=1320;aulast=Sihag 3/13 14/5/2021 Frontotemporal Branch of the Facial Nerve and Fascial Layers in the Temporal Region: A Cadaveric Study to Define a Safe Dissection Pl… corresponding to the upper border of the zygomatic arch (Z) and line L2 perpendicular to L1 at lateral bony canthus [Figure 2]a Distances were measured at points, where the branches of nerve and vessels crossed L1 and L2 The frontotemporal branch of the facial nerve usually had three rami; the point where anterior rami of a frontotemporal branch of facial nerve crossed L1 is the N1 point, middle rami N2, and posterior rami N3 point If multiple branches were crossing then thickest was selected for an objective If only two branches crossed, then anterior and posterior were considered The point where the uppermost nerve crossed the L2 was designated as F, and distance from lateral bony canthus to where the frontal branch of superficial temporal artery (STA) cross the L2 was A1 [Figure 2]b Figure 2: (a) Surface marking showing line L1 and L2 and (b) the measuring points on the two standard lines LBC- Lateral bony canthus, L1 line connecting the lateral bony canthus to the upper level of the tragus, L2 line perpendicular to L1 at lateral bony canthus, N1 point where anterior rami of FTFN crossed L1, middle rami N2 and posterior rami N3 point, F- distance from LBC to where the upper most nerve crossed L2,  A1 distance between lateral bony canthus to where the frontal branch of STA crosses the L2 (Left side) Click here to view » Observations and Results Following fascial layers and fat pads were observed: temporoparietal fascia, superficial fat pad, the superficial layer of deep temporal fascia, intermediate fat pad, deep layer of deep temporal fascia, deep fat pad and temporal muscle [Figure 3] Figure 3: Coronal dissection of temporal fossa showing fascial planes and fat pads S -skin, TPF -Temporoparietal fascia, DTF -Deep temporal fascia, S-DTF- superficial layer of deep temporal fascia, D-DTF-deep layer of deep temporal fascia, SFP- superficial fat pad, IFPintermediate fat pad, DFP- deep fat pad, STVsuperficial temporal vein, STA- superficial temporal artery, FTFN- frontotemporal branch of facial nerve, Z- zygomatic arch, PG- parotid gland, TM- temporal muscle) Click here to view The temporoparietal fascia was made up of multiple (3–4) layers above the zygomatic arch and these layers integrated with thin fibrous septa deep to the subcutaneous tissue These layers were well defined just above the middle part of https://neurologyindia.com/article.asp?issn=0028-3886;year=2020;volume=68;issue=6;spage=1313;epage=1320;aulast=Sihag 4/13 14/5/2021 Frontotemporal Branch of the Facial Nerve and Fascial Layers in the Temporal Region: A Cadaveric Study to Define a Safe Dissection Pl… the zygomatic archand condensed with each other near the superior temporal line to become a thin single layer This thin layer merged with deep temporal fascia and was attached to the superior temporal line Anteriorly, this fascia inserted into the lateral orbital rim [Figure 4] The temporoparietal fascia which descended below the zygomatic arch continued as a superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) and had no attachment to the zygomatic arch The temporoparietal fascial layers above the zygomatic arch were easier to dissect from the superficial layer of the deep temporal fascia because of the fatty layer present between them, mainly in the middle part Figure 4: Temporoparietal fascia covering STA, STV and FTFN TPF- Temporoparietal fascial layer, Fr-STA- Frontal branch of STA, STVSuperficial temporal vein (Right side) Click here to view The superficial fat pad was present between the temporoparietal fascia and superficial layer of deep temporal fascia The thickness of this fat pad was  variable, depending on the habitu of the cadaver Maximum thickness was found in the middle third The superficial temporal vessels were found in the outer part of temporoparietal fascia whereas the frontotemporal branch of the facial nerve (FTFN) was observed in the deeper part of temporoparietal fascia and superficial fat pad [Figure 4], [Figure 5], [Figure 6] and [Figure 7] Figure 5: Dissection of the layers of temporal fascia STL-Superior temporal line, S-DTFsuperficial layer of deep temporal fascia, DDTF-Deep layer of deep temporal fascia, SFPsuperficial fat pad, IFP- intermediate fat pad 5aRight side; 5b-Left side Click here to view Figure 6: Intermediate fat pad (a) and deep fat pad (b) D-DTF- deep layer of deep temporal fascia, TM- Temporal muscle, DFP- deep fat pad (Left side) Click here to view Figure 7: Frontotemporal branches of facial nerve in planer dissection of temporal region 1, 2,3-branches of FTFN, S-DTF- superficial layer of DTF, TPF- Temporoparietal fascia, STAsuperficial temporal artery, SFP- superficial fat pad 7a-Left, 7b-Right, 7c-Left Click here to view There was tight adhesion observed over the zygomatic arch between the temporoparietal fascia and superficial layer of the deep temporal fascia, which covered the zygomatic arch The deep temporal fascia which covers the temporal muscle is attached to the superior temporal line, and inferiorly this fascia splits https://neurologyindia.com/article.asp?issn=0028-3886;year=2020;volume=68;issue=6;spage=1313;epage=1320;aulast=Sihag 5/13 14/5/2021 Frontotemporal Branch of the Facial Nerve and Fascial Layers in the Temporal Region: A Cadaveric Study to Define a Safe Dissection Pl… into the superficial and deep layer [Figure 5]a The superficial layers continued inferiorly through the anterior surface of the zygomatic arch to form parotidomasseteric fascia, and deep layer inferiorly attached to the posterosuperior margin of the zygomatic arch These two facial layers were well separated in the middle third by the fat pad and fused in their anterior and posterior third The superficial and deep layers become thicker as it descends towards the zygomatic arch from the superior temporal line [Figure 5] In between both layers of deep temporal fascia, the fat pad present termed as an intermediate fat pad [Figure 6]a Multiple fibrous septa extend from superficial layer of the deep temporal fascia to this fat pad and this fat layer was more densely adherent to superficial layer by multiple fibrous septa and was loosely adherent to the deep layer This fat layer was observed near the middle third of the zygomatic arch and disappeared below the arch Sometimes deep fat pad was present below the deep layer of deep temporal fascia [Figure 6]b Frontotemporal branch of facial nerve Facial nerve gave frontotemporal branch within the parotid gland, courses within parotid, emerged from the anterosuperior surface and then crossed over zygomatic  arch Itusually consisted of more than two branches in each cadaver half [Figure 7] The FTFN crossed the zygomatic arch as a single twig in 0.0% cases, as branches in 25%, as branches in 65% and as branches in 10% of specimens It crossed the zygomatic arch area and curved forward inside the deeper layers of temporoparietal fascia and in the superficial fat pad As it coursed upward, it became superficial and near superior orbital rim, pierced temporoparietal fascia to supply frontalis and orbicularis muscles [Figure 8]a The FTFN usually had branches at the upper border of the zygomatic arch, called the anterior, middle, and posterior rami The distance of the most anterior branch of the FTFN from lateral bony canthus (LBC) to 3.2 cm and posterior was 5.1 cm Figure 8: (a) Frontotemporal branches of facial nerve on right side pierced temporoparietal fascia and supply frontalis and orbicularis muscles; (b) Superficial temporal artery and its course in temporoparietal fascia Click here to view Superficial temporal artery It traveled in a superficial plane of the temporoparietal fascia The branches of the FTFN were anteroinferior to superficial temporal artery [Figure 4], [Figure 8]a and [Figure 8]b The average distance of superficial temporal artery bifurcation from the upper border of the zygomatic arch was 24 mm In 90% of cases, the bifurcation took place above the upper border of the zygomatic arch, and in the rest of 10% cases over the arch Measurements The distance from lateral bony canthus (LBC) to the points N1, N2, N3 where the FTFN branches (anterior, middle, posterior) crossed L1 measured and A1, F measured on L2 https://neurologyindia.com/article.asp?issn=0028-3886;year=2020;volume=68;issue=6;spage=1313;epage=1320;aulast=Sihag 6/13 14/5/2021 Frontotemporal Branch of the Facial Nerve and Fascial Layers in the Temporal Region: A Cadaveric Study to Define a Safe Dissection Pl… (N1 point where anterior rami of FTFN crossed L1, middle rami N2 and posterior rami N3 point, F- distance from LBC to where the uppermost nerve crossed L2, A1 distance between lateral bony canthus to where the frontal branch of STA crosses the L2) [Table 2] and [Table 3] Table 2: Measurements (in cms) of different crossing points of branches of frontotemporal brances of frontal nerve and of superficial temporal artery Click here to view Table 3: Average, standard deviation and range of both sides (in cm) Click here to view The average distance between LBC and N1 was 3.2 (±0.55) cm, between LBC and N2 4.2 (±0.59) cm, between LBC and N3 5.1 (±0.49) cm, between LBC and F, 2.4  (±0.54) cm, and between LBC and A1, 3.4 (±0.42) cm The average width of FTFN across the L1 (upper border of the zygomatic arch) was about 1.9 cm and the distance between each ramus was about 1.2 cm [Table 4] The average distance between a frontal branch of superficial temporal artery (STA) and the FTFN was 1.1 cm (range: 0.5–2.3) No significant difference was observed between the two sides in the t test Table 4: Distance between each ramus on L1 (N1-N2-N3) in cm Click here to view » Discussion Anatomical texts of fascial planes in the temporoparietal region are confusing and controversial because of dense adhesions and there is inconsistent use of nomenclature of fascial layers Fascial layers and fat pads Mitz and Peyronie[18] described that temporoparietal fascia presents as a fibromuscular sheet between the facial muscle and the dermis and forms part of the superficial muscular aponeurotic system (SMAS) Hing et al.[19] observed that temporoparietal fascia was attached to the zygomatic arch We observed that temporoparietal fascia was made up of multiples layers (3–4) above the zygomatic arch and these layers were integrated by fibrous septa [Figure 4] Our results are similar that observed by Babakurban et al.[11] and Tellioglu et al.[20] Campiglio et al.[12] and Beheiry et al.[21] observed that above the level of the zygomatic arch, the temporal muscle fascia separated into two sheets, the superficial sheet abutting the zygoma and continuing as parotidomasseteric fascia and the deep sheet abutting the posterior surface of the arch The above two fascial https://neurologyindia.com/article.asp?issn=0028-3886;year=2020;volume=68;issue=6;spage=1313;epage=1320;aulast=Sihag 7/13 14/5/2021 Frontotemporal Branch of the Facial Nerve and Fascial Layers in the Temporal Region: A Cadaveric Study to Define a Safe Dissection Pl… sheets were well separated in the middle third by a fat pad and fused in the anterior and posterior third Yasargil et al.[22] observed that at the orbital level the deep temporal fascia split into two layers The superficial layer was attached to the lateral border of the zygoma and deep layer to the medial border of the zygomatic arch and both layers were separated by a fat layer Our observations are consistent with most of the studies[13],[16],[23],[24], inthat the temporoparietal fascia was made up of multiple (3–4) layers above the zygomatic arch which were integrated with thin fibrous septa deep to the subcutaneous tissue These layers were well defined just above the middle part of the zygomatic arch These multiple layers condensed with each other near the superior temporal line and became a thin single layer This thin layer merged with deep temporal fascia and was attached to the superior temporal line Anteriorly, this fascia inserted into the lateral orbital rim The deep temporal fascia was a thick, dense tough fibrous layer covering the temporal muscle; superiorly it attached to the superior temporal line, anteriorly to the orbital rim as a single layer, and split into two layers cm below the superior temporal line [Figure 5] and [Figure 6] The superficial layer of deep temporal fascia crosses the zygomatic arch and continues as the parotidomasseteric fascia and deep layer inserted to the posterosuperior edge of the zygomatic arch Frontotemporal branch of the facial nerve We observed that FTFN was not a single nerve, but multiple branches crossing the zygomatic arch and anastomosing with each other [Figure 7] The finding of the multiplicity of branches was consistent with the finding of Gosain et al.[15], Sabini et al.[10] but different from Pitanguy et al.[2] who observed a single branch The FTFN crossed the zygomatic arch as a single branch in 0.0% cases, as two branches in 25%, as three branches in 65% and as four branches in 10% of specimens This is at variance with the findings of some other studies[11],[25] [Table 5] Table 5: Number of Branches of FTFN across the zygomatic arch Click here to view In our study, we observed that the frontal branch of superficial temporal artery (STA) was located on average 3.4 cm from lateral bony canthus (LBC) on L2 and distance between artery and nerve was on an average, 1.1 cm The mean distance between lateral bony canthus (LBC) and anterior rami of the frontotemporal branch of the facial nerve (N1) was 3.2 cm, between LBC and middle rami (N2) 4.2 cm, and between LBC and posterior rami (N3) 5.1 cm [Table 3] Our results are consistent with that observed by Ishikawa.[26] Beheiry[21] reported that frontotemporal branches of the facial nerve are found within layers of temporoparietal fascia and fat pad Ammirati et al 16 observed that the terminal branches of the temporal branch penetrated the temporoparietal https://neurologyindia.com/article.asp?issn=0028-3886;year=2020;volume=68;issue=6;spage=1313;epage=1320;aulast=Sihag 8/13 14/5/2021 Frontotemporal Branch of the Facial Nerve and Fascial Layers in the Temporal Region: A Cadaveric Study to Define a Safe Dissection Pl… fascia at different levels In our study, we showed that the FTFN traversed in deeper planes of temporoparietal fascia above the zygomatic arch and then pierced the fascia near the superior orbital rim to supply frontalis and orbicularis muscle Dissection plane for the preservation of frontotemporal branch of the facial nerve (FTFN) In literature, different approaches have been described for safe surgical dissection to preserve the FTFN Ammirati et al.[16] observed that terminal branches of the frontotemporal branch of facial nerve penetrated the temporoparietal fascia at different levels and due to wrong identification of intermediate fat pad as the superficial fat pad, frontotemporal branches were injured during interfacial dissection, so he described submuscular dissection to preserve nerve branches Stuzin et al.9 describes that dissection should start in the superficial fat pad and cm above the zygomatic arch dissection deepen into an intermediate fat pad to preserve nerve Coscarella et al 13 proposed submuscular dissection (deep to the temporal muscle) or subfascial dissection (deep to the deep temporal fascia layer) based on the observation that  the frontotemporal branch courses within the superficial fat pad Beheiry and Hamid[21] observed that the frontotemporal branch of facial nerve coursed within layers of temporoparietal fasciaand recommended interfascial dissection Yasargil[22] described interfascial dissection which comprises splitting of two layers of deep temporal fascia through an intermediate fat pad, thus protecting the FTFN Splitting of two layers directly exposes the zygomatic arch and subperiosteal dissection can be done In another recent article based on cadaver dissections, authors favored the subfascial method, below both the layers of deep fascia, for preservation of facial nerve.[27] Facial nerve danger zones during various plastic surgery procedures have been the object of study for preservation of frontal, cervical and marginal branches.[28] A safety zone for incisions used for supraorbital key hole surgery in relation to the frontozygomatic junction has been described.[29] In our study, we reviewed the results of various approaches that may be used for dissection near the zygomatic arch [Figure 9] In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of these various approached were compared [Table 6] Figure 9: Various surgical approaches shown in figure [1, 2, 3-interfascial (red color line), 4subfascial (blue line), 5-sub muscular approach (black line)] Click here to view Table 6: Comparison of various dissection approaches in temporal region [Figure 9] Click here to view https://neurologyindia.com/article.asp?issn=0028-3886;year=2020;volume=68;issue=6;spage=1313;epage=1320;aulast=Sihag 9/13 14/5/2021 Frontotemporal Branch of the Facial Nerve and Fascial Layers in the Temporal Region: A Cadaveric Study to Define a Safe Dissection Pl… The first approach between temporoparietal fascia and the superficial layer of deep temporal fascia through superficial fat pad [Figure 9] shown by red line 1] The second approach between two layers of deep temporal fascia through an intermediate fat pad [Figure 9] shown by red line 2] The third approach is the combination of the above two approaches which started between temporoparietal fascia and the superficial layer of deep temporal fascia and near the zygomatic arch (around cm above the arch) deepens into intermediate fat pad [Figure 9] shown by red line 3] The fourth approach below the deep layer of deep temporal fascia and above the temporal muscle [Figure 9] shown by blue line 4] Fifth approach the skin, fascia and temporal muscle raised as a single flap, temporal muscle separated from temporal bone [Figure 9] shown by black line 5] In the first approach, we observed that temporoparietal fascia and the superficial layer of deep temporoparietal fascia are separated by the superficial fat pad and these two fascial layers are adherent to each other by fibrous septa over and below  the zygomatic arch The fat pad disappears below the zygomatic arch so dissection between these two layers increases the risk of injury to the frontotemporal nerve (FTFN) In the second approach, both the layers of deep temporal fascia are separated by an intermediate fat pad and this fat pad loosely adheres to the deep layer of deep temporal fascia and contains fewer blood vessels, so dissection done in this relatively avascular plane and no risk of injury to FTFN As the superficial layer of deep temporal fascia crosses over the zygomatic arch, so dissection can be continued in a subperiosteal plane over zygoma In the third approach, it is sometimes difficult to differentiate between superficial fat pads and deep fat pad, so the chance of injury to the facial nerve is more compared to the second approach In the fourth approach, the deep layer of deep temporal fascia is densely adherent to the temporal muscle and contains multiple small blood vessels, so dissection in this plane can lead to more blood loss, but risk of injury to facial nerve branches is minimal The fifth approach combines skin, fascia, and muscle flap, which minimizes the risk of injury to nerve, but due to the large bulk of temporal muscle there is decreased visualization along with the sphenoid ridge and due to excessive retraction, an increased chance of post-operative atrophy of temporal muscle » Conclusions The temporoparietal fascia was made up of multiple layers (3–4) above the zygomatic arch, the superficial temporal artery, and vein traversed in superficial layers and frontotemporal branches of the facial nerve in deeper layers of temporoparietal fascia The frontotemporal branch of the facial nerve usually contained three rami over the upper border of the zygomatic arch and its distance from LBC was nearly constant, and the branches of FTFN were found inferior to https://neurologyindia.com/article.asp?issn=0028-3886;year=2020;volume=68;issue=6;spage=1313;epage=1320;aulast=Sihag 10/13 14/5/2021 Frontotemporal Branch of the Facial Nerve and Fascial Layers in the Temporal Region: A Cadaveric Study to Define a Safe Dissection Pl… the frontal branch of STA Interfascial dissection between two layers of deep temporal fascia through intermediate fat pad was superior to other approaches because of the lack of facial nerve fibers in this plane, with negligible chances of injury to FTFN Financial support and sponsorship Nil Conflicts of interest There are no conflicts of interest » References Furnas DW Landmarks for the trunk and the temporofacial division of the facial nerve Br J Surg 1965;52:694-6  Pitanguy I, Ramos AS The frontal branch of the facial nerve: The importance of its variations in face lifting Plast Reconstr Surg 1966;38:352-6 Gosain AK Surgical anatomy of the facial nerve Clin Plast Surg 1995;22:241-51 Chen TH, Chen CH, Shyu JF, Wu CW, Lui WY, Liu JC Distribution of the superficial temporal artery in the Chinese adult Plast Reconstr Surg 1999;104:1276-9 Marano SR, Fischer DW, Gaines C, Sonntag VK Anatomical study of the superficial temporal artery Neurosurgery 1985;16:786-90 Mwachaka P, 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https://neurologyindia.com/article.asp?issn=0028-3886;year=2020;volume=68;issue=6;spage=1313;epage=1320;aulast=Sihag 11/13 14/5/2021 Frontotemporal Branch of the Facial Nerve and Fascial Layers in the Temporal Region: A Cadaveric Study to Define a Safe Dissection Pl… 2010;12:16-23 12 Campiglio GL, Candiani P Anatomical study on the temporal fascial layers and their relationships with the facial nerve Aesthetic Plast Surg 1997;21:6974 13 Coscarella E, Vishteh AG, Spetzler RF, Seoane E, Zabramski JM Subfascial and submuscular methods of temporal muscle dissection and their relationship to the frontal branch of the facial nerve Technical note J Neurosurg 2000;92:877-80 14 Lettieri S Frontal branch of the facial nerve: Galeal temporal relationship Aesthetic Surg J 2008;28:143-6 15 Gosain AK, Sewall SR, Yousif NJ The temporal branch of the facial nerve: How reliably can we predict its path? Plast Reconstr Surg 1997;99:1224-33 16 Ammirati M, Spallone A, Ma J, Cheatham M, Becker D An anatomicosurgical study of the temporal branch of the facial nerve Neurosurgery 1993;33:1038-43  17 Vasconez LO, Core GB, Gamboa-Bobadilla M, Guzman G, Askren C, Yamamoto Y Endoscopic techniques in coronal brow lifting Plast Reconstr Surg 1994;94:788-93 18 Mitz V, Peyronie M The superficial musculo-aponeurotic system (SMAS) in the parotid and cheek area Plast Reconstr Surg 1976;58:80-8 19 Hing DN, Buncke HJ, Alpert BS Use of the temporoparietal free fascial flap in the upper extremity Plast Reconstr Surg 1988;81:534-44 20 Tellioglu AT, Tekdemir I, Erdemli EA, Tuccar E, Ulusoy G Temporoparietal fascia: An anatomic and histologic reinvestigation with new potential clinical applications Plast Reconstr Surg 2000;105:40-5 21 Beheiry EE, Abdel-Hamid FA An anatomical study of the temporal fascia and related temporal pads of fat Plast Reconstr Surg 2007;119:136-44 22 Yasargil MG, Reichman MV, Kubik S Preservation of the frontotemporal branch of the facial nerve using the interfascial temporalis flap for pterional craniotomy Technical article J Neurosurg 1987;67:463-6 23 Ramirez OM Endoscopic techniques in facial rejuvenation: An overview Part I Aesthetic Plast Surg 1994;18:141-7 24 Hwang K, Kim DJ Attachment of the deep temporal fascia to the zygomatic arch: An anatomic study J Craniofac Surg 1999;10:342-5 25 Zani R, Fadul R, Jr., Da Rocha MA, Santos RA, Alves MC, Ferreira LM Facial nerve in rhytidoplasty: Anatomic study of its trajectory in the overlying skin and the most common sites of injury Ann Plast Surg 2003;51:236-42 26 Ishikawa Y An anatomical study on the distribution of the temporal branch of the facial nerve J Craniomaxillofac Surg 1990;18:287-92 https://neurologyindia.com/article.asp?issn=0028-3886;year=2020;volume=68;issue=6;spage=1313;epage=1320;aulast=Sihag 12/13 14/5/2021 Frontotemporal Branch of the Facial Nerve and Fascial Layers in the Temporal Region: A Cadaveric Study to Define a Safe Dissection Pl… 27 Tayebi Meybodi A, Lawton MT, Yousef S, Sánchez JJG, Benet A Preserving the facial nerve during orbitozygomatic craniotomy: Surgical anatomy assessment and stepwise illustration World Neurosurg 2017;105:359-68 28 Stuzin JM, Rohrich RJ Facial Nerve Danger Zones Plast Reconstr Surg 2020;145:99-102 29 García-García S, González-Sánchez JJ, Kakaizada S, Lawton MT, Benet A Facial nerve preservation for supraorbital approaches: Anatomical mapping based on consistent landmarks Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown) 2020;18:52-9 Figures [Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4], [Figure 5], [Figure 6], [Figure 7], [Figure 8], [Figure 9]  Tables [Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4], [Table 5], [Table 6] Site Map | Home | Contact Us | Advertise With Us | Feedback | Copyright and Disclaimer Online since 20th March '04 Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow Editorial and Ethics Policies https://neurologyindia.com/article.asp?issn=0028-3886;year=2020;volume=68;issue=6;spage=1313;epage=1320;aulast=Sihag 13/13 ... and the fat pads is necessary to stay in the correct dissection plane How to cite this article: Sihag RK, Gupta SK, Sahni D, Aggarwal A Frontotemporal Branch of the Facial Nerve and Fascial Layers. .. Layers in the Temporal Region: A Cadaveric Study to Define a Safe Dissection Plane Neurol India 2020;68:1313-20 How to cite this URL: Sihag RK, Gupta SK, Sahni D, Aggarwal A Frontotemporal Branch of. .. 14/5/2021 Frontotemporal Branch of the Facial Nerve and Fascial Layers in the Temporal Region: A Cadaveric Study to Define a Safe Dissection Pl… into the superficial and deep layer [Figure 5 ]a The